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Topic: British rule in India

	British Raj - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Much of the territory under British sway during this time was not directly ruled by the British, but were nominally independent Princely States which were directly under the rule of the Maharajas, Rajas, Thakurs and Nawabs who entered into treaties as sovereigns with the British monarch as their feudal superior.
		Native industries in India were also decimated in the aftermath of the 1857 rebellion, particularly during the three decades from 1870 to 1900 (with the notable exception of the jute industry, which benefited from the global industrial revolution).
		The first steps were taken toward self-government in British India in the late 19th century with the appointment of Indian counsellors to advise the British viceroy and the establishment of provincial councils with Indian members; the British subsequently widened participation in legislative councils with the Indian Councils Act of 1892.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/British_India (4572 words)

	Wikinfo \| British Raj (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The British Raj is an informal term for the period of British rule of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
		In the late 1800s, the first steps were taken toward self-government in British India with the appointment of Indian councilors to advise the British viceroy and the establishment of provincial councils with Indian members; the British subsequently widened participation in legislative councils.
		The Government of India Act of 1909 - also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms (John Morley was the secretary of state for India, and Gilbert Elliot, fourth earl of Minto, was viceroy)-- gave Indians limited roles in the central and provincial legislatures, known as legislative councils.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=British_Raj (2425 words)

	British Raj (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The British Raj is an informal term for the of British rule of the Indian subcontinent or present-day India Pakistan and Bangladesh.
		The Government of India Act of 1909 also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms (John Morley was the secretary of state for and Gilbert Elliot fourth earl of Minto was viceroy)-- Indians limited roles in the central and legislatures known as legislative councils.
		The British repressed opposition and on the press and on movement were An apparently unwitting example of violation of against the gathering of people led to massacre at Jalianwala Bagh in Amritsar in April 1919.
	www.freeglossary.com /British_India (2727 words)

	indian history, mauryas empire, mughal era, british rule in india, history of india, india insight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		India is one of the few countries in the world, today, in which the social and religious structures, which define the nation's identity, are intact for over 4000 years.
		India was the birth place of the two of the world's great religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) and one of its smallest (Jainism).
		The demand for a separate nation, to be ruled by Mohammed Ali Jinnah became a major hurdle in declaring India as an "Independent Nation" by the British Empire.
	www.indiamart.com /rrindia/history.html (646 words)

	British Rule in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		India didn't conform to any of the rules, not being a Dominion, but having some Dominion-like status (it was a member of the League of Nations) and not really being a colony either.
		In 1876, at Disraeli's behest, Queen Victoria adopted the title of Empress of India, and henceforth India became known officially as the "Indian Empire" with a Viceroy instead of a Governor-General.
		It was used between 1945 and 1947 in the context of India's membership of the United Nations, and possibly used earlier to denote India's membership of the League of Nations.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/in-colon.html (1925 words)

	History of British Rule in India - Indian agents loyal to the British empire, Maharajas, Early Congress
		Money-lenders and the landed gentry were particularly reliable allies of the British, and the new industrial class, though critical of British policies, was invariably constrained by it's conservatism in opposing British rule.
		Loyalist forces made frequent and fervent appeals to the Indian masses to be patient with the British, to be content with the slow pace of political reforms, and to be grateful for minor concessions concerning self-rule.
		In one of his briefs in praise of British General Thornhill, Salar Jung acknowledged that Hyderabad was seeped in disaffection with the British, and seeing the grave danger to British rule, acted quickly to fend off the challenges to British colonial presence.
	india_resource.tripod.com /loyalism.html (2633 words)

	The National Archives Learning Curve \| British Empire \| Living in the British empire \| India \| Background
		The rule of the British in India is possibly the most controversial and the most hotly debated aspect of the history of the British empire.
		Admirers of British rule counter this by saying that most Indians were poor and oppressed by their own leaders before the British arrived, and that British rule was less harsh on ordinary Indians than rule by Indian princes.
		India, however, had a huge population and was just as developed as Britain in the 1700s when the British arrived.
	www.learningcurve.gov.uk /empire/g2/cs4/background.htm (1446 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, East India Company
		Under his dispensation, the expansion of British rule in India was pursued vigorously, and the British sought to master indigenous systems of knowledge.
		For the next fifty years, the British were engaged in attempts to eliminate Indian rivals, and it is under the administration of Wellesley that British territorial expansion was achieved with ruthless efficiency.
		In 1858 the East India Company was dissolved, despite a valiant defense of its purported achievements by John Stuart Mill, and the administration of India became the responsibility of the Crown.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/British/EAco.html (584 words)

	British India 1763 - 1815
		The endurance of British rule was remarkable given the physical size of the country.
		Edmund Burke had become interested in India in 1773: he and his brother were shareholders in the East India Company and both, along with many friends, had lost money in the stock exchange disasters.
		By 1823 all India was directly or indirectly under British control although the attitude of the British towards the country and people today appears to be questionable.
	dspace.dial.pipex.com /town/terrace/adw03/c-eight/india/india.htm (2730 words)

	British Empire: Articles: Concession & Repression British Rule in India 1857-1919
		Instead when British lives and trading interests (represented by the East India Co.) were threatened by violent reaction to encroaching westernization, London felt obligated to step in to take control of both the situation and the country.
		Having quashed the Indian Mutiny, British rule was embodied by the new position of Viceroy.
		There was, however, some recognition that a debt was owed to India: in August 1917 the new Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu acknowledged the need for "the gradual development of self-governing institutions, with a view to the progressive realization of responsible government in India".
	www.britishempire.co.uk /article/concession.htm (1904 words)

	Colonial Rule in India - British Education, racism, eurocentricism, indology
		As has been noted by numerous scholars of British rule in India, the physical presence of the British in India was not significant.
		Yet, for almost two centuries, the British were able to rule two-thirds of the subcontinent directly, and exercise considerable leverage over the Princely States that accounted for the remaining one-third.
		This view of India, as an essentially unchanging society where there was no intellectual debate, or technological innovation - where a hidebound caste system had existed without challenge or reform - where social mobility or class struggle were unheard of, became especially popular with European scholars and intellectuals of the colonial era.
	members.tripod.com /~INDIA_RESOURCE/britishedu.htm (4351 words)

	British India
		Amongst the modern Europeans, the Portuguese were the first to establish themselves in India and the last of the Europeans to leave.
		The East India Company chartered by the British Crown and ultimately responsible to the parliament, launched the British rule in India.
		The British East India Company was established under a Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I for 15 years for spice trading on 31st December 1600 AD with the capital of £70,000.
	www.india4u.com /history/british.asp (356 words)

	British Rule And India
		She administers India with an eye single to England's interests, not India's, and she passes upon every question as a judge would were he permitted to decide his own case.
		Under British rule there is no official corruption and the government is probably as impartial as an alien government can be expected to be, but British rule has the defects which are inherent in a colonial policy.
		Gokhale, one of the ablest of India's public men, presided over the meeting of the last Indian national congress (held in December) and declared in his opening speech that the death rate had steadily risen from twenty-four to the thousand in 1882-4 to thirty in 1892-4 and to thirty-four at the present time.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles34/world-cultures-26.shtml (4362 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, British India
		Gandhi led the non-cooperation movement against the British in 1920-22, as well as a campaign of civil disobedience in 1930-31, and in 1942 he issued the call to the British to 'Quit India'.
		The political and administrative institutions of independent India operate on the assumption that the country is still under colonial rule, and that the subjects are to have no voice in governance, unless they make an extreme fuss.
		Though the Indian languages were well developed before the arrival of the British in India, the standardization of these languages, and the creation of the first grammars and dictionaries, was achieved under British rule.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/British/BrIndia2.html (921 words)

	The British Rule in India by Karl Marx
		The British Rule in India by Karl Marx
		As in Egypt and India, inundations are used for fertilizing the soil in Mesopotamia, Persia, andc.; advantage is taken of a high level for feeding irrigative canals.
		Now, the British in East India accepted from their predecessors the department of finance and of war, but they have neglected entirely that of public works.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1853/06/25.htm (1981 words)

	Jerruk and the Ismailis during the British rule in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The British had grown to be a paramount power in India in the course of the 18th and 19th century.
		About the time that the Aga Khan was having troubles in Iran, the British were deeply involved in Afghanistan, and their efforts were aimed at establishing in Kabul a rule that would be friendly to Britain, and prevent the Russian influence penetrating the borders of India, that would possibly threaten the existence of British empire.
		On March 24, 1843, at the battle of Dubba, Napier defeated the Mir and the annexation of Sind to the British territories was formally announced on August, 1843.
	www.ismaili.net /Source/jerruk/1.html (6449 words)

	British Invasion in India - India British Rule
		Economic competition among the European nations led to the founding of commercial companies in England (the East India Company, founded in 1600) and in the Netherlands (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie--the United East India Company, founded in 1602), whose primary aim was to capture the spice trade by breaking the Portuguese monopoly in Asia.
		South India witnessed the first open confrontation between the British and the French, whose forces were led by Robert Clive and François Dupleix, respectively.
		At the end of a protracted struggle between 1744 and 1763, when the Peace of Paris was signed, the British gained an upper hand over the French and installed their man in power, supporting him further with arms and lending large sums as well.
	www.indianchild.com /british_invasion_in_india.htm (1180 words)

	HIST 328 British Empire: India Speeches
		The commercial connection between India and the United Kingdom has been long and friendly, and will continue to be to their mutual advantage.
		It will be the wish of everyone in these islands that, notwithstanding constitutional changes, the association of the British and Indian peoples should not be brought to an end, and they will wish to continue to do all that is in their power to further the well-being of India.
		At the dawn of history India started on her unending quest, and trackless centuries are filled with her striving and the grandeur of her successes and failures.
	www.lclark.edu /~campion/hist328/india-speeches.htm (3069 words)

	British India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The British presence in India began in Elizabeth's times with a few trading centers at Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta.
		During the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth, India was the place where many of the second sons of titled families (who would not inherit the family estate, and consequently had to choose between the Church and the Army) went as Army officers to make their fortunes.
		Its immediate cause was the cartridge for the new Enfield rifle, which had to be bitten before it was loaded: Rumors spread that the cartridge was greased with cow-fat and pig-lard; and since the cow is sacred to the Hindus and the pig considered unclean by the Moslems, both religious groups were offended.
	www.victorianweb.org /history/empire/India.html (457 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Dadabhai Naoroji: The Benefits of British Rule, 1871
		Political aspirations and the legitimate claim to have a reasonable voice in the legislation and the imposition and disbursement of taxes, met to a very slight degree, thus treating the natives of India not as British subjects, in whom representation is a birthright.
		Even with this relief, the material condition of India is such that the great mass of the poor have hardly tuppence a day and a few rags, or a scanty subsistence.
		Summary: To sum up the whole, the British rule has been: morally, a great blessing; politically, peace and order on one hand, blunders on the other; materially, impoverishment, relieved as far as the railway and other loans go.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1871britishrule.html (928 words)

	Kamat Research Database - The British Raj
		The "British Raj" or the British Rule of India is period of British colonization of the Indian subcontinent.
		The British Raj started soon after the 1857 riots for independence (see: Sepoy Mutiny) when the power controlled by the East India Company was transferred to the British Government, and ended with home-rule for India (and Partition of India) in 1947.
		This is a collection of period portraits, oral histories, and period social life of British Raj.
	www.kamat.com /database/content/british_raj (149 words)

	Ashish's Niti: Impact of British colonial rule on India
		And inspite of all that on an average European nations are in much better situation compared to India in terms of economy.
		Maybe India would not have been united (politically) as much as it is today without the British Raj.
		Basically, British exploited and expanded the feudal structures of the colonies as long as they could and later handed over to the socialists.
	ashish.typepad.com /ashishs_niti/2005/06/impact_of_briti.html (882 words)

	The National Archives Learning Curve \| British Empire \| Living in the British empire \| India
		In this case study you will examine a range of sources that look at life in India under British rule.
		Study each of the sources carefully and look for ways in which they support or contradict the views given in the first case study.
		The Background will help with an introduction to India as part of the British empire.
	www.learningcurve.gov.uk /empire/g2/cs4/default.htm (113 words)

	India
		Shackleton, R, Jr, "The French in India," The New Englander, vol.
		Robert D. Blackwill, Ambassador to India, "The United States, India and Asian Security," Presented to the Institute for Defense Analyses 5th Asian Security Conference, New Delhi, India, January 27, 2003
		Nicholas Burns, Under Secretary for Political Affairs, "India and Pakistan: On the Heels of President Bush's Visit," Remarks to the Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC, March 6, 2006
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/india.htm (1117 words)

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