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Topic: British Twelfth Army

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	Editorial 113: October 2003
		How things are remembered is a key issue, and in the British tradition the British army is an integral part of the official remembrance ceremonies which makes remembrance also a celebration and glorification of militarism today.
		It is doubly unacceptable when we see the role that the British army played, and is playing, in Iraq, allied to the world’s superpower.
		Some who wear a red poppy would be totally uncritical of the British army; others wear it as a symbol of the struggle against fascism in the Second World War.
	www.innatenonviolence.org /editorials/ed113.shtml (1236 words)

	The British Army's campaign in Italy, 1917-1918
		British and French forces were deployed as a result of a decision by the Supreme War Council during a crisis after the Italians had been pushed back 40 miles west, across the River Tagliamento to the River Piave, by a German-managed attack at Caporetto (the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo) in late 1917.
		An initial British force, consisting of the XIV Corps under the command of the Earl of Cavan, with the 23rd and 41st Divisions, was despatched and began to arrive on 11 November 1917.
		By then, units of the British Army had also advanced in the Trentino and were the first such troops to enter the home soil of a European enemy during the war.
	www.1914-1918.net /italy.htm (880 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The British Twelfth Army was formed on May 28, 1945 to take control of operations in Burma from the Fourteenth Army, which was being withdrawn to plan for Operation Zipper, the planned invasion of Malaya by amphibious assault, which was due to take place in August 1945.
		The army HQ was created by re-designating the HQ of the Indian XXXIII Corps, under Lieutenant General Sir Montagu Stopford.
		Twelfth Army assumed direct command of 7th and 20th Indian Divisions, together with 22nd East African Brigade.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=British_Twelfth_Army (242 words)

	British Twelfth Army
		The British Twelfth Army was formed on May 28, 1945 to take control of operations in Burma from the Fourteenth Army, which was being withdrawn to plan for Operation Zipper, the planned invasion of Malaya by amphibious assualt, which was due to take place in August 1945.
		Twelfth Army took over one of the main combat formations of Fourteenth Army; IV Corps.
		Twelfth Army also assumed direct command of 7th and 20th Divisions, along with 22nd Brigade.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/b/br/british_twelfth_army.html (198 words)

	THE GERMAN CAMPAIGN IN THE BALKANS (SPRING 1941): PART IV
		British naval superiority in the eastern Mediterranean remained uncontested and a seaborne landing in Crete could not be effected until the British fleet had been destroyed or at least driven out of the Aegean.
		The Army's lack of enthusiasm was based on the assumption that the British would defend to the bitter end this key position in the Aegean since it protected their flank in North Africa and at the Suez Canal.
		The British fleet was split into two forces: a light one, consisting of two cruisers and four destroyers, was to intercept a seaborne invader north of Crete and a strong one, composed of two battleships and eight destroyers, was to screen the island against a possible intervention of the Italian fleet northwest of Crete.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/wwii/balkan/20_260_4.htm (7282 words)

	GI -- World War II Commemoration
		On Aug. 18, 1942, Montgomery assumed command of the Eighth Army ("Army of the Nile
		On September 1 he was made a field marshal, the highest rank in the British Army.
		On Dec. 17, 1944, after a German thrust through the Ardennes had split the Allied Twelfth Army Group, Montgomery was given temporary command of all British and American forces on the north side of the bulging line.
	www.grolier.com /wwii/wwii_montgomery.html (550 words)

	[No title]
		The experience of one representative, whose army was for a time under the Twenty-First Army Group, demonstrated that the forms of appreciations and periodic reports prescribed by American manuals were not so well adapted to this task as were the more informal type of notes used by the British.
		In one case a British military adviser on the Watch stated that a fuel depot "disposed of" a certain amount of fuel; his meaning - that the specified amount of fuel was on hand and available -- escaped some Of the representatives.
		Daily liaison between the representatives serving with an army and with its supporting TAC was not uncommon; most of the air representatives relied largely upon the army representative for information concerning the ground situation, in which the TAC HQ had a keen interest.
	www.ibiblio.org /pha/ultra/army-1.html (6505 words)

	British India 1818-1875 by Sanderson Beck (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Metcalfe also warned that if the British empire kept its inhabitants in ignorance, their dominance would be a curse; but if they promoted enlightenment with arts and sciences to improve conditions, then the gratitude of India and the admiration of the world would accompany their name in the future.
		The British minister McNeill complained to the Shah in his camp that the siege of Herat violated their treaty, and meeting with the Herat ruler he arranged a treaty, which the Persian shah refused to ratify.
		In 1852 the Mir of Khairpur was deposed.
	www.san.beck.org /2-11-BritishIndia1818-75.html (21693 words)

	Association of the United States Army: REVIEWS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the summer of 1973, the Army was undergoing one of its periodic self-examinations and reorganizations, this time in response to the end of the Vietnam War.
		Robert Cassidy argues that the Army’s historic preference for large-scale conventional war is so ingrained into its culture that it has not allowed itself to prepare for the most frequently fought (and most likely future) wars, the kind we are in now.
		The author notes the Roman army’s adaptability to “low-level warfare,” in which disciplined regular soldiers could be trained to employ tactics of “concealment, rapid movement and ambush” to defeat its enemies.
	www.ausa.org /webpub/DeptArmyMagazine.nsf/byid/KHYL-72EK3K (3871 words)

	World War II - MSN Encarta
		On June 6, 1944, D-Day, the day of invasion for Overlord, the U.S. First Army, under General Omar N. Bradley, and the British Second Army, under General Miles C. Dempsey, established beachheads in Normandy (Normandie), on the French channel coast.
		Although Army Group Center was holding Belorussia—the only large piece of Soviet territory still in German hands—and although signs of a Soviet buildup against the army group multiplied in June, they did not believe it was in real danger.
		Bradley assumed command of a newly activated Twelfth Army Group consisting of U.S. First and Third armies under General Courtney H. Hodges and General George S. Patton.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563737_11/World_War_II.html (982 words)

	Food Service United Nations Korea
		The differences lie with the Eighth Army in Korea which is responsible for supplying the various Korean forces supporting the United Nations’ effort, such as the Republic of Korea Army and the Korean Service Corps, as well as the American troops and the troops of other United Nations.
		With the exception of the British Commonwealth Division, which is treated as a separate case, all the United Nations fighting forces are attached to American divisions and draw their rations just as any other divisional unit.
		However, both the Army supply points and the division Quartermaster keep records of the amounts drawn so that the accounts can be settled on an inter-nation basis.
	www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil /korea/food_UN_korea.htm (1736 words)

	World War 2 Timelines 1939-1945 - Asian Mainland 1945 - Worldwar-2.net
		The British 19th Indian Division crosses the river Irrawaddy, to the North of Mandalay.
		The British Fourteenth Army in central Burma captures the Chaulk oil centre on the Irrawaddy.
		The Fourteenth Army moves South in central Burma and links up with troops from Arakan in the west, trapping all Japanese to the west of the river Irrawaddy.
	www.worldwar-2.net /timelines/asia-and-the-pacific/asian-mainland/asian-mainland-index-1945.htm (659 words)

	British soldier killed in southern Iraq - Worldnews.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A British soldier has been shot dead while on patrol in the southern Iraqi city of Basra, in what has been the bloodiest month for British forces in Iraq since the US-led invasion in 2003.
		BAGHDAD - British troops in Iraq passed a bloody milestone this week with the killing of soldier Alan Joseph Jones, 20, a gunner on a Warrior fighting vehicle, who was shot dead by gunmen in the southern city...
		A British soldier killed by small arms fire in Basra is expected to be named later.
	article.wn.com /view/2007/04/29/British_soldier_killed_in_southern_Iraq_p (550 words)

	Operation Grenade
		The Ninth Army, under command of Montgomery's Twenty-first Army since the Battle of the Bulge, was to cross the Roer and linkup with the Canadians coming from the Nijmegen area of Holland.
		Coverage of the right flank of the Ninth Army was assigned to the VII Corps of the U.S. First Army commanded by Maj Gen J. Lawton Collins and on loan from First Army for this task.
		Next in line was the Sixth Army Group, on the south end of the line, commanded by Lt. General Jacob L. Devers, and it was to remain on the defensive until Bradley reached the Rhine.
	www.104infdiv.org /grenade.htm (2025 words)

	Army Helmets -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps was a First World War army corps of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force that was formed in Egypt in 1915 and operated during the Battle of Gallipoli.
		The British Secretary of State for War, Horatio Kitchener, appointed General William Birdwood, an officer of the British Indian Army, to the command of the corps and he furnished most of the corps staff from the Indian Army as well.
		There is still much confusion between numbered Area Armies and Armies, some being referred to in IJA records by both terms.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/6/army-helmets.html (1376 words)

	German Invasion of Greece
		Hitler was also alarmed by the arrival of British troops in Greece, shipped from North Africa on March 5, which threatened to establish a permanent hostile foothold on the continent.
		The remainder of the campaign was fought by the British as a delaying action to cover their retreat to the ports of the Peloponnesus.
		Despite a hot pursuit, in which the remnants of the Greek Army suffered severely, the British succeeded in evacuating 45 000 soldiers, but they left 11 000 casualties and most of their equipment behind.
	www.expage.com /wwiimed03 (423 words)

	US Army World War II Corps Commanders
		HE United States Army corps commander in World War II was the highest-level officer who was engaged in battle at the front and who concentrated on high-level tactics.
		In 1926, the army totaled less than 135,000 officers and men, and it was not until 1938 that the army had over 185,000.
		General Hodges, commander of the First Army, was also unhappy with the way Major General John Millikin handled the situation at the Remagen bridge and the bridgehead, and so he ordered his relief on 17 March 1945-just prior to the collapse of the bridge.
	www-cgsc.army.mil /carl/resources/csi/Berlin2/BERLIN2.asp (6943 words)

	Army History Research
		To avoid confusion with the British Eighth Army, Simpson's command was quickly redesignated the Ninth Army.
		After the Brittany campaign, Simpson was ordered east with his army and assigned to the northern flank of the Twelfth Army Group.
		By the end of December, four infantry divisions, three armored divisions, and twenty-eight nondivisional units from the Ninth were in the First Army's sector, fighting to push the Germans back, a feat on par with the more celebrated efforts of Patton's Third Army.
	www.armyhistory.org /armyhistorical.aspx?pgID=868&id=8&exCompID=32 (925 words)

	Montgomery
		Bernard Law Montgomery, (1887-1976), British field marshal, who was one of the leading Allied commanders of World War II.
		On September 1 he was made a field marshal, the highest rank in the British Army.
		On Dec. 17, 1944, after a German thrust through the Ardennes had split the Allied Twelfth Army Group, Montgomery was given temporary command of all British and American forces on the north side of the bulging line.
	www.angelfire.com /hi/wwiifrontline/montgomery.html (550 words)

	First World War.com - Battles - The Battle of Vittorio Veneto, 1918
		This was despite appeals from both Ferdinand Foch - the Allied Supreme Commander - and Lord Cavan, commander of British forces in Italy.
		Separately to the west, at Mount Grappa, the Italian Fourth Army would penetrate the Austro-Hungarian lines held by Archduke Josef (in the west) and Boroevic von Bojna (in the east running along the Piave).
		On 27 October his force was again to the fore, succeeding - in spite of a river flood - in establishing a bridgehead across the river, meeting with relatively light Austro-Hungarian resistance.
	www.firstworldwar.com /battles/vittorioveneto.htm (666 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Max von Gallwitz
		Max von Gallwitz (1852-1937) served as a General of Artillery in the German army during the First World War, having started the war as commander of an independent cavalry corps on the Western Front for the siege of Namur in August.
		During this period Gallwitz was awarded the Pour le Merite, Germany's highest honour, for outstanding leadership and distinguished military planning during the successful offensive against Russian forces in Galicia, and for the capture of the Russian fortress at Pultusk as well as the heavily fortified position at Narev.
		Switching commands again in August 1916 Gallwitz was given charge of Fifth Army, a position he held until 1918, during which time he was called upon to defend against the U.S.-French advance into the St. Mihiel salient, as well as playing a minor role at Third Ypres.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/gallwitz.htm (353 words)

	Psychological Warfare, Psychological Operations
		British Government War Cabinet memoranda reporting on psychological warfare to Germany between 1939-1940.
		An official British Government report on the organisation of the Psychological Warfare Section, the Federation of Malaya, in 1957.
		PSYOP of the Aden Emergency by SGM Herbert A. Friedman (Ret)
	www.psywar.org /histories.php (1874 words)

	Trout: Vulture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		However, the duties of a peacetime army in the eighties were not as onerous as they are today, and this gave the 'Laddies' the chance to learn the ropes.
		The Twelfth Queen's Own Arquebusiers was a regiment proud of its traditions, and its marksmen were equally proud of their prowess with their smooth-bore matchlock weapons.
		However, it quickly became apparent that the arquebusiers of the Twelfth (due, it was later determined, to their somewhat drab tweed uniforms) were immune.
	www.troutmag.org /vult54.html (1347 words)

	The Invasion and Battle for Greece
		The British tanks turned about and a violent engagement developed, the result of which could not be accurately gauged because of growing darkness.
		The position of the Greek First Army, still fighting in Albania, was seriously jeopardized by the rapid advance of the XL Panzer Corps via Florina and by the British withdrawal to positions behind the Aliakmon.
		Before evacuating the Aliakmon position the British forces had repelled all 9th Panzer Division attacks until 17 April, when the first troops of the XVIII Mountain Corps, driving through the Pinios Gorge, entered the Plain of Thessaly, thus threatening to cut the British route of withdrawal through Larisa.
	www.feldgrau.com /greecewar.html (5022 words)

	Army Air Forces in World War II
		Because not enough Army medics were available at first to organize effective medical support for U.S. troops, the theater surgeon had to send about 30 percent of Army and AAF patients to British hospitals.
		The Army had set up several fixed hospitals, and AAF flight surgeons attached to them were effective in handling the disposition of AAF patients referred to Army facilities.
		As the ground troops advanced toward Germany, most AAF medical units became more independent from their British medical counterparts and gave less support to British troops because USSTAF’s goal in Operation Overlord was to preserve the autonomy of its combat and support forces—a goal that had not been possible in North Africa.
	www.usaaf.net /ww2/medical/mspg7.htm (3035 words)

	The Mediterranean Theater of Operations
		The field armies (or army groups, if two or more field armies were organized into a group headed by a commanding general) and the communications zone organization, or Services of Supply, were the principal types of subordinate commands directly under the theater command; they held position parallel to each other in the chain of command.
		The preventive medicine section was responsible for field sanitation in all army units, the direction of programs for insect control and venereal disease control, and the prevention of cases of trenchfoot which harassed Fifth U.S. Army troops in the winter of 1943.
		The British Royal Army Veterinary Corps was not a part of the British Army Medical Services; at Allied Force Headquarters the British Veterinary and Remount Services formed an element of the office of the British Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General.
	history.amedd.army.mil /booksdocs/wwii/orgadmin/org_admin_wwii_chpt7.htm (18045 words)

	The Battle of Germany
		Under Operation Lumberjack, the U.S. Twelfth Army Group was to rid the enemy at Moselle, Bohn, and Coblenz.
		Mannheim was captured by the U.S. Seventh Army on March 29th, and Nuremberg was taken on April 20th, and Munich on April 30th.
		The 2nd Armored Division of the Ninth Army established a bridgehead at the Elbe River, and were close to Magdeburg.
	library.thinkquest.org /26742/batger.html (917 words)

	1945
		In a new offensive, the U.S. Tenth Army reaches the suburbs of Naha, the capital of Okinawa.
		A British midget submarine attack on Singapore sinks the Japanese heavy cruiser Takao.
		A non-fraternisation rule with the Japanese is to be enforced by the U.S. As the Red Army now hold much of Manchuria, the Japanese Kwantung Army surrenders formally to Major General Shelakor at Harbin.
	www.wargamer.com /ww2timeline/1945asia.asp (2590 words)

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