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| | Gold Standard |
 | | The Roman Empire minted two important gold coins: the aureus, which was approximately 7 grams of gold alloyed with silver, and the smaller solidus, which weighed 4.4 grams, of which 4.2 was gold. |
 | | The primary Spanish gold unit of account was the escudo, and the basic coin the 8 "escudos" piece, or "doblón", which was originally set at 27.4680 grams of 22 carat (92%) gold, using current measures, and was valued at 16 times the equivalent weight of silver. |
 | | Coins were struck in smaller and smaller amounts, and there was a proliferation of bank and stock notes used as money. |
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