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| | EH.Net Encyclopedia: Money in the American Colonies |
 | | The Johanneses were gold coins, 8 escudos (12,800 reis) in denomination; their name derived from the obverse of the coin, which bore the bust of Johannes V. Minted in Portugal and Brazil, they were commonly known in the colonies as “joes.” The fractional denominations were 4 escudo and 2 escudo coins of the same origin. |
 | | The 4 escudo (6,400 reis) coin, or “half joe,” was one of the most commonly used coins in the late colonial period. |
 | | The ratings attached to individual coins were not haphazard: they were designed to reflect the relative weight and purity of the bullion in each coin, as well as the ratio of gold to silver prices prevailing in the wider world. |
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