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Topic: British colonial India

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British India

British Raj

Colonial India

Viceroy of India

Company rule in India

Muslim League

British colonial period

Indian Independence Movement

British East India Company

Indian Mutiny

India

History of India

History of Pakistan

Bombay Presidency

Mohandas KaramChand Gandhi

	British Raj (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The British Raj is an informal term for the period of British rule of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
		In the late 1800s, the first steps were taken toward self-government in British India with the appointment of Indian councilors to advise the British viceroy and the establishment of provincial councils with Indian members; the British subsequently widened participation in legislative councils.
		The Government of India Act of 1909 - also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms (John Morley was the secretary of state for India, and Gilbert Elliot, fourth earl of Minto, was viceroy)-- gave Indians limited roles in the central and provincial legislatures, known as legislative councils.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/b/br/british_raj.html (2360 words)

	Colonial India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1498, the Portuguese set foot in India, landing near the city of Calicut in the present-day state of Kerala in South India.
		At the battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757 fought between the British under the command of Robert Clive and the Nawab, Mir Qasim's forces betrayed the Nawab and defeated him.
		The battle transformed British perspective as they realized their strength and potential to conquer petty Indian kingdoms, and marked the beginning of the imperial or colonial era.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Colonial_India (426 words)

	British Raj - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aden was part of "British India" from 1839, as was Burma from 1886; both became separate crown colonies of the British Empire in 1937.
		Native industries in India were also decimated in the aftermath of the 1857 rebellion, particularly during the three decades from 1870 to 1900 (with the notable exception of the jute industry, which benefited from the global industrial revolution).
		The first steps were taken toward self-government in British India in the late 19th century with the appointment of Indian counsellors to advise the British viceroy and the establishment of provincial councils with Indian members; the British subsequently widened participation in legislative councils with the Indian Councils Act of 1892.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/British_colonial_India (4572 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, British India
		British rule was justified, in part, by the claims that the Indians required to be civilized, and that British rule would introduce in place of Oriental despotism and anarchy a reliable system of justice, the rule of law, and the notion of 'fair play'.
		This was by far the greatest threat posed to the British since the beginnings of their acquisition of an empire in India in 1757, and within the space of a few weeks in May large swathes of territory in the Gangetic plains had fallen to the rebels.
		The East India Company was abolished, though John Stuart Mill, the Commissioner of Correspondence at India House, London, and the unacknowledged formulator of British policy with respect to the native states, furnished an elaborate but ultimately unsuccessful plea on behalf of the Company.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/British/BrIndia.html (998 words)

	India
		India’s secularity is framed in terms of neither favouring nor officially adopting any particular religion, and Article 26 guarantees the freedom to manage religious affairs (subject to constraints imposed by the requirements of public order, morality and health) for every recognised religious denomination or sect.
		India became a signatory to the CEDAW in 1980 and ratified it in 1993.
		India acceded to the CRC in 1992, with a declaration regarding the progressive implementation of Article 32 thereof on child labour, particularly with reference to paragraph 2(a) on the provision of a minimum employment age.
	www.law.emory.edu /IFL/legal/india.htm (2852 words)

	Colonial Rule in India - British Education, racism, eurocentricism, indology
		As the architect of Colonial Britain's Educational Policy in India, Thomas Macaulay was to set the tone for what educated Indians were going to learn about themselves, their civilization, and their view of Britain and the world around them.
		In this manner, India's awareness of it's history and culture was manipulated in the hands of colonial ideologues.
		This view of India, as an essentially unchanging society where there was no intellectual debate, or technological innovation - where a hidebound caste system had existed without challenge or reform - where social mobility or class struggle were unheard of, became especially popular with European scholars and intellectuals of the colonial era.
	members.tripod.com /~INDIA_RESOURCE/britishedu.htm (4351 words)

	Hindu-Muslim Conflict and the Partition of India
		Yet partition of British colonial India into the free nations of India and Pakistan did not solve the problem; Hindus and Muslims are still at loggerheads -- through their nations -- the focal point of the strife being the disputed territory of Kashmir.
		The British offered independence at the end of the war, and the Indian National Council cooperated for much of the war, perhaps seeing a worse future for India if Britain lost the war, as was looking quite likely in 1940.
		India is also dealing with a mounting struggle by the Dalits, the oppressed outcastes in the Hindu caste system, to claim their legal rights.
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/essays/cot/t3w30pakistanindia.htm (2068 words)

	The Cafe Connection - India Coffee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		India, the world's second most populous nation (after China), is located in South Asia on the Indian subcontinent.
		In 1956, India was divided into States, along linguistic lines, with the goal of preserving regional cultures and aspirations.
		British colonial rulers took cuttings from these trees and developed a small commercial coffee crop around 1840 and produced until 1870 when India's coffee crop was devastated from Coffee Leaf Rust.
	www.thecafeconnection.com /CCPages/india.htm (407 words)

	India Security Perceptions - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		During the British colonial period, India was a large political entity bordered by the buffer states of Afghanistan, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Tibet to the north and Ceylon (as Sri Lanka was then called) to the south.
		India opposed any attempts by powers external to the region, whether by invitation of New Delhi's neighbors or not, to involve themselves or to establish a presence in the region.
		Therefore India was critical of Pakistan's alliance with China, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and the United States naval presence on Diego Garcia in the central Indian Ocean and its military relations with Pakistan.
	www.photius.com /countries/india/government/india_government_security_perceptions.html (668 words)

	British Colonial Imports offers Antique teak reproduction british colonial furniture and many other accessories.
		British colonial furniture evokes the style and romance of the late 19th century British Empire when the British colonies dominated parts of India and the South Seas.
		British colonial furniture, Dutch colonial furniture, Portuguese colonial furniture and Anglo-Indian furniture continue to be very popular as it has the look and feel of an antique and blends well with most other styles of furniture.
		British Colonial Imports is a designer and manufacturer of high quality British colonial furniture for retailers and designers around the world.
	www.britishcolonialimports.com /index.asp (304 words)

	Kim
		Kim is a novel set in British colonial India during the rule of the Raj (British colonial rule of India).
		Colonial rule began in 1757 when the British East India company took over, and changed a century later as a result of the Sepoy Mutiny: for the next century, the crown would rule India, not the British East India Company.
		In Kim, the British colonial system of rule wins out in a large way, as the invaders from the two rival countries are duped, fooled, and left with nothing - not even the rotting hides they could have sold to make a little money.
	www.wmich.edu /dialogues/texts/kim.html (734 words)

	Education World® - History : By Region : Asia : India : Colonial Rule : British Rule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)*
		British Colonization and The Freedom Struggle Offers the writings of Nehru, Vivekananda, Tagore, and Gandhi and details the Quit India Movement and several battles for Indian autonomy.
		British India Details the history of the East India Trading Company and the Governor Generals of India who expanded its territory.
		British Raj Details the structure of the British presidencies in India, and the distinction between British India and the Indian states.
	db.education-world.com /perl/browse?cat_id=10636 (624 words)

	Trade to Colonization - Historic Dynamics, East India Companies - History, British Colonization, India, African Slave ...
		Abbe de Pradt, author of "Les Trois Ages des colonies, Paris, 1902" wrote that with the victory at Plassey and the establishment of sovereign rights, England had demonstrated to all of Europe that it was no longer necessary for it to send precious metals obtained from the "New World" to India.
		In essence, the race for the colonization of India had been won by the British, and what Abbe de Pradt was saying was that it was in French interest to enjoy the "general" benefits of this victory and not bemoan the loss of "specific" benefits from the British victory.
		The conquest of India continued with conclusive defeats of the Marathas in 1818, the Sikhs in 1848 and the annexation of Awadh in 1856.
	members.tripod.com /~INDIA_RESOURCE/eastindia.html (2559 words)

	Passage to India, A (US - DVD R1) in Reviews > Video Discs at DVDActive
		The story begins with a young British woman, Adela Quested (Judy Davis), traveling to India, where her prospective husband is a judge in the British colonial administration.
		Once Adela arrives in India, the pace of the film slows down and we can experience what the movie is really about: the characters, their relationships, and their experiences with the mystery that is India.
		In A Passage to India, the soundtrack is actually quite crucial to certain parts of the movie, especially the key scenes in the Marabar Caves, and adds a great deal to the atmosphere of other scenes, with the sounds of music, crowds, drums, rainfall, and so on.
	www.dvdactive.com /reviews/dvd/passage-to-india-a.html (746 words)

	CNN.com - India, Pakistan resuming air links - Dec. 1, 2003
		India and Pakistan have agreed to resume civilian air traffic between the two countries in January, aviation officials say.
		But India insists there cannot be bilateral talks on the margins of the summit until Pakistan stops sponsoring Islamic militants fighting its rule in Muslim-majority Kashmir.
		Pakistan and India have gone to war three times since they were carved out of British colonial India in 1947, twice over Kashmir, which they both claim, where tens of thousands have died in a 14-year Muslim insurgency.
	www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/asiapcf/south/12/01/india.pakistan.airlinks/index.html (486 words)

	Colonial & Postcolonial Literary Dialogues: Text Page
		The native people were subjected to the whims of British colonialism, which involved a strict system of monopolization to afford greater profits for the English.
		The effect of colonial rule in India was one of 'breaking up the old system of self-sufficient and self-perpetuating villages and supporting an elite whose self-interests would harmonize with British Rule (britannica.com)'.
		A good representation of British colonial ideology in literature is in the novel Kim, by Rudyard Kipling.
	www.wmich.edu /dialogues/themes/indiagandhi.html (1588 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, British India
		Gandhi led the non-cooperation movement against the British in 1920-22, as well as a campaign of civil disobedience in 1930-31, and in 1942 he issued the call to the British to 'Quit India'.
		The political and administrative institutions of independent India operate on the assumption that the country is still under colonial rule, and that the subjects are to have no voice in governance, unless they make an extreme fuss.
		Though the Indian languages were well developed before the arrival of the British in India, the standardization of these languages, and the creation of the first grammars and dictionaries, was achieved under British rule.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/British/BrIndia2.html (921 words)

	The Indian Diaspora
		After abolition, planters and colonial authorities were surprised to find that without the forced labour of slaves, they would lack the labour that they would need in order to exploit the potentially wealth but empty lands of Surinam and Trinidad.
		Though the Dominion of Canada and the Australasian colonies barred Indian immigration on racist grounds, even more Indian labourers were recruited for the sugar plantations of Natal and the mines of the Transvaal.
		Even though the areas of north India from which most diasporic Indians traced their ancestry were rather less prosperous than the booming southern and western states, India's economic success inspired nationalistic pride among the members of the diaspora.
	www.ahtg.net /TpA/indiasp.html (2652 words)

	The Amritsar Massacre
		After the was British officials, who in the first flush of patriotism had abandoned their ICS posts to rush to the front, returned to oust the Indian subordinates acting in their stead and carried on their prewar jobs as though nothing had changed in British India.
		It is thus hardly surprising that the flash-point of postwar violence that shook India in the spring of 1919 was Punjab province.
		The actual issue that served to rally millions of Indians, arousing them to a new level of disaffection from British rule, was the government of India's hasty passage of the Rowlatt Acts early in 1919.
	www.postcolonialweb.org /india/history/colonial/massacre.html (628 words)

	Prof. Trent Schroyer's page - India Study Abroad
		India has been home to many diverse social philosophies and cultural practices; major religions like Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism emerged in India and today the second largest Muslim population is found here.
		In visualising a future for India, many of these intellectuals understood industrialization as a necessary transformatory process and saw the state as the agent for ushering in social progress.
		India is the second largest Muslim country in the world with a population of about 150 million Muslims.
	phobos.ramapo.edu /~tschroye/india_n.htm (3410 words)

	South Asian History - Colonial India
		India under the British - links to primary sources.
		Statistical Information on British India - maintained by the Digital South Asia Library of the University of Chicago.
		The British Empire - a timeline of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.
	www.lib.berkeley.edu /SSEAL/SouthAsia/india_colonial.html (736 words)

	books on british colonialism \| Ask MetaFilter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The British in Africa - try Weep Not, Child by Ngugi wa Thiong'o for a description of growing up during the Mau Mau 'insurgency' in Kenya in the 1950's.
		Social writer Mike Davis examines the "coincidence" between the series of famines that swept accross Egypt to China at the end of the 19th century and the advent of British Colonialism.
		The book has great descriptions of colonial India, and is intricate play on Kipling's literature of spies and intrigue in the region.
	ask.metafilter.com /mefi/16340 (1284 words)

	Family History in India
		India has no birth, marriage or death certificates, so the best place to start searching for your ancestors in colonial India is in the church records.
		If your ancestors served in the British Army in India, then you may be interested to read the histories of some of the regiments that served in India during colonial times.
		They include British, New Zealand and Dutch organisations - some of which are directly related to genealogy and others of which are related to the general subject of Europeans in India.
	members.ozemail.com.au /~clday (812 words)

	British Empire: Forces: Campaigns: Afghanistan 1878 - 1880
		The closer the Russians came to British India the more weight was attached to the claims of this school of diplomatic thought.
		The British forces were only to pleased to pull out of Afghanistan to avoid the horrendous summer temperatures and to avoid the constant attacks on isolated supply and relief columns.
		That the British were returning to reek some sort of revenge over the murder of Cavagnari and his escort was never in dispute.
	www.britishempire.co.uk /forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/campafghan1878.htm (4310 words)

	India
		The government of India should ensure that all reports of extrajudicial executions, deaths in custody, torture and rape by security forces and unofficial paramilitary forces in Kashmir are investigated promptly by a judicial authority empowered to subpoena security force officers and official registers and other documents.
		Both India and Pakistan claim control of Kashmir; the unresolved status of Kashmir continues to be the most serious impediment to ending tensions between the two South Asian enemies which many observers fear could lead to another, possibly nuclear, war.
		British authorities had urged that the question of Kashmir's accession be settled by a plebiscite as soon as law and order was reinstated and the invading forces had left.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1996/India2.htm (20721 words)

	Chapter One: The passage to India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		As that empire declined, the British took political and military control of Indian territory, defeating the French and various Indian rulers to become the dominant power.
		Britain ruled India through the East India Company until after the terrible rebellion of 1857-58, when India came to be ruled directly by the British crown.
		Family tradition: Colonel W.A. Salmon, who served in India in the 1930s with the Highland Light Infantry and as aide to the Governor of Sind, poses with a portrait of an ancestor who was in East India Company Service; photograph by Rosan Augusta Jordan; 1979.
	www.lib.lsu.edu /special/exhibits/india/chap1.htm (598 words)

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