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	British Raj - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On May 10, 1857, soldiers of the British Indian Army (known as "sepoys," from Urdu/Persian sipaahi or sepaahi), drawn from the native Hindu and Muslim population, mutinied in Meerut, a cantonment eighty kilometres northeast of Delhi.
		Most areas ruled by native princes remained largely untouched by the rebellion; in particular, Rajasthan and the maratha states of central India, with the exception of Gwalior, remained calm.
		The first steps were taken toward self-government in British India in the late 19th century with the appointment of Indian counsellors to advise the British viceroy and the establishment of provincial councils with Indian members; the British subsequently widened participation in legislative councils with the Indian Councils Act of 1892.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/British_Raj (3301 words)

	British Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The last territorial expansion of the British Empire was the annexation of Rockall to the west of the Outer Hebrides in 1955.
		British withdrawal from the southern and eastern parts of Africa was complicated by the region's white settler populations: Kenya had already provided an example in the Mau Mau Uprising of violent conflict exacerbated by white landownership and reluctance to concede majority rule.
		Helgoland seized by the British in 1807 ceded to Germany in 1890.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/British_Empire (6194 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, British India
		The consolidation of British rule after the initial military victories fell to Warren Hastings, who did much to dispense with the fiction that the Mughal Emperor was still the sovereign to whom the Company was responsible.
		British rule was justified, in part, by the claims that the Indians required to be civilized, and that British rule would introduce in place of Oriental despotism and anarchy a reliable system of justice, the rule of law, and the notion of 'fair play'.
		This was by far the greatest threat posed to the British since the beginnings of their acquisition of an empire in India in 1757, and within the space of a few weeks in May large swathes of territory in the Gangetic plains had fallen to the rebels.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/British/BrIndia.html (998 words)

	British Raj -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It lasted from 1858, when the rule of the (additional info and facts about British East India Company) British East India Company was transferred to the Crown, until 1947, when British India was (additional info and facts about partitioned) partitioned into two states, India and Pakistan, each of which was granted full independence.
		The uprising, which seriously threatened British rule in India, has been called many names by historians, including the Sepoy Rebellion, the Great Mutiny, and the Revolt of 1857; many people in (additional info and facts about South Asia) South Asia, however, prefer to call it India's first war of independence.
		British attitudes toward Indians shifted from relative openness to insularity and (An irrational fear of foreigners or strangers) xenophobia, even against those with comparable background and achievement as well as loyalty.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/br/british_raj.htm (2767 words)

	The British Raj
		Indeed, British Rule in India, known immortally as the British Raj, was a result of the Victorian eraís infusion of British liberal philosophy in colonial policy and social governance with that of the diverse, regional, religious and princely regimes that defined the Indian mosaic.
		As a result of this distinctly "British" means of governance, one in which the rule of the indigenous populace was managed in much the same manner as it had been prior to Imperial occupation, the Company streamlined the means of Indiaís ruling class, while retaining the basic structure.
		In the eyes of many of the British in India, however, the brown skin of the indigenous man and woman was perceived to be an even greater burden, serving as a badge of inferiority and a bar to progress towards European political rights and freedoms.
	www.drake.edu /artsci/PolSci/ssjrnl/2001/nunn.html (5025 words)

	Democratic Imperialism: A Blueprint by Stanley Kurtz - Policy Review, No. 118 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The earliest period of British colonial rule was marked by extreme exploitation and neglect.
		British rule actually created Indian nationalism, and in many ways the Raj depended for its survival on the initial absence of nationalist sentiment.
		Presumably, American rule in Iraq would be relatively free of the racial and cultural bigotry that so marred British rule in India.
	www.policyreview.org /apr03/kurtz.html (7104 words)

	History of British Rule in India - Indian agents loyal to the British empire, Maharajas, Early Congress
		Money-lenders and the landed gentry were particularly reliable allies of the British, and the new industrial class, though critical of British policies, was invariably constrained by it's conservatism in opposing British rule.
		Loyalist forces made frequent and fervent appeals to the Indian masses to be patient with the British, to be content with the slow pace of political reforms, and to be grateful for minor concessions concerning self-rule.
		In one of his briefs in praise of British General Thornhill, Salar Jung acknowledged that Hyderabad was seeped in disaffection with the British, and seeing the grave danger to British rule, acted quickly to fend off the challenges to British colonial presence.
	india_resource.tripod.com /loyalism.html (2633 words)

	Colonial Rule in India - British Education, racism, eurocentricism, indology
		As has been noted by numerous scholars of British rule in India, the physical presence of the British in India was not significant.
		Yet, for almost two centuries, the British were able to rule two-thirds of the subcontinent directly, and exercise considerable leverage over the Princely States that accounted for the remaining one-third.
		While the strategy of divide and conquer was used most effectively, an important aspect of British rule in India was the psychological indoctrination of an elite layer within Indian society who were artfully tutored into becoming model British subjects.
	members.tripod.com /~INDIA_RESOURCE/britishedu.htm (4351 words)

	Hindu History - British Rule and Independence
		For a brief period of 3 years from 1756 to 1759, the Marathas ruled Punjab and the Mughal emperor was a pensioner of the Marathas recelving an annual pension of as.
		When British rule was established in Bengal and Oudh in the latter part of the 18th century, the colonial administration formed a class of intermediary revenue collectors who were drawn from the native landed nobility itself.
		After the end of British rule, the Indian National Government not only formally abolished Zamindari but also the income tax on agricultural produce and thus removed necessity for having any institution of intermediary revenue collectors between the farmers and the state that had existed from the post-Mauryan times till the British period.
	www.hindubooks.org /sudheer_birodkar/hindu_history/landbritish.html (2932 words)

	The British Rule 1910-1968
		The only reason for the British to be interested in the island was that it lay along the sea route from England to British India and that the French presence in Mauritius was a threat to British shipping.
		The British Admiralty of the time viewed Mauritius as the key to the control of the Indian Ocean and possession of the island became a military imperative.
		It goes to the credit of the British coloniser to have also permitted and to a certain extent encouraged the development of a working democracy.
	www.encyclopedia.mu /History/BritishColony.htm (360 words)

	Hindutva Series : Hindu History - British Rule and Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The countdown to the end of colonial rule began in 1944, when the Indian nationalist leader Subhash Chandra Bose (Netaji) formed the AHF (Azad Hind Fouz) or the Indian Independence Army that was named as the Indian National Army (INA).
		But in its essence, the First Indian War of Independence (the Sepoy Mutiny in British records) was a war fought by the Indian kings and princes to preserve their privileges and rights of succession, which were being threatened by the British policy of the "Doctrine of Lapse".
		Towards the end of British rule, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi maneuvered all his skills to convince Mohammed Ali Jinnah (the conceiver of Pakistan and the leader of the Muslim League) to prevent the partition of pre-independence India.
	hindutva.org /landbritish.html (4967 words)

	British Rule in Palestine Updated
		Supreme Muslim Council created under the jurisdiction of the British government to centralize religious affairs and institutions, but is corrupted by the overzealous Husseini family who used it as an anti-Jewish platform.
		British declare Arab Higher Committee in Palestine illegal and Mufti of Jerusalem escapes to Syria.
		British government authorizes the Jewish Agency to recruit 10,000 Jews to form Jewish units in the British army.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/brits.html (1972 words)

	Expressions of loyalty to British rule
		He had to convince his fellow Muslims of the truth of this position…To the British he had to show that the Muslims were both loyal and important to the stability of their rule...
		In his translation of the Quran he was the first to proclaim the British to be `holders of authority', and obedience to them to be implicit in the obedience of God and the Messenger.
		He obtained the seals and signatures of approval of all the Ulama of Punjab and India in support of the ruling that the taking up of arms by Indian Muslims, and jihad against the British government of India, was opposed to the Sunna and the faith of the believers in One God.
	www.muslim.org /allegs/oviews.htm (1676 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Dadabhai Naoroji: The Benefits of British Rule, 1871
		Political aspirations and the legitimate claim to have a reasonable voice in the legislation and the imposition and disbursement of taxes, met to a very slight degree, thus treating the natives of India not as British subjects, in whom representation is a birthright.
		Summary: To sum up the whole, the British rule has been: morally, a great blessing; politically, peace and order on one hand, blunders on the other; materially, impoverishment, relieved as far as the railway and other loans go.
		The genius and spirit of the British people is fair play and justice.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1871britishrule.html (928 words)

	The British Rule in India by Karl Marx
		Now, the British in East India accepted from their predecessors the department of finance and of war, but they have neglected entirely that of public works.
		Thus the oppression and neglect of agriculture, bad as it is, could not be looked upon as the final blow dealt to Indian society by the British intruder, had it not been attended by a circumstance of quite different importance, a novelty in the annals of the whole Asiatic world.
		British steam and science uprooted, over the whole surface of Hindostan, the union between agriculture and manufacturing industry.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1853/06/25.htm (1981 words)

	British Raj: British Conquest of India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The British conquest of India was not a well plotted design from the government.
		The British view of India was that it became the Jewel in the Crown of a glorious empire.
		As more countries came under British rule, the concept grew that the British were destined to rule by a moral superiority.
	www.lcsc.edu /modernchina/u3s3p1.htm (437 words)

	British Rule in India
		India didn't conform to any of the rules, not being a Dominion, but having some Dominion-like status (it was a member of the League of Nations) and not really being a colony either.
		Until 1858 the British possessions in India were fiefdoms of the East India Company (EIC).
		Finally, India's special status was recognised within the British government too - from 1858 to 1947 India had its own its own department, the India Office, and Secretary of State, quite separate from the Colonial Office.
	flagspot.net /flags/in-colon.html (1925 words)

	India -- Introduction
		It does not deal directly with politics or economics, however, but rather with the social and the cultural, with the experiences of British life in India and with intercultural influences.
		The picture of British India presented by the exhibition has been influenced in part by how the interviewees themselves remembered their experience and India.
		The materials presented here focus on British India as a colonial subculture and on some of the cultural implications of the British-Indian connection.
	www.lib.lsu.edu /special/exhibits/india/intro.htm (815 words)

	Northwest Territory -> British Rule on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Ottawa were somewhat appeased by the British Proclamation of 1763 that closed the region W of the Allegheny Mts.
		The mysterious machinations of Robert Rogers, an American frontiersman, further endangered the British hold on the Old Northwest.
		During the Revolutionary War, an expedition led by the American general George Rogers Clark penetrated deep into the region in 1778-79, in one of the most daring and valuable exploits of the war.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/NWTerry_BritishRule.asp (617 words)

	Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		byname Mahatma (“Great-Souled”) Gandhi leader of the Indian nationalist movement against British rule, considered to be the father of his country.
		He is internationally esteemed for his doctrine of nonviolent protest to achieve political and social progress.
		The British Parliament passed a reform act in 1919, providing for provincial councils of Indians with some powers of supervision over agriculture, education, and public health.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9109421&ref=news0705arciv (675 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: British Imperialistic Anthems - Rule Britannia and Land of Hope and Glory
		Rule Britannia and Land of Hope and Glory, and more
		Famous as Princess Diana's favorite hymn, it was sung at her wedding and funeral.
		It had long been a staple of British school assemblies.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/rulebritannia.html (994 words)

	Ashish's Niti: Impact of British colonial rule on India
		And inspite of all that on an average European nations are in much better situation compared to India in terms of economy.
		Atleast, not until later stage of the colonial rule.
		Basically, British exploited and expanded the feudal structures of the colonies as long as they could and later handed over to the socialists.
	ashish.typepad.com /ashishs_niti/2005/06/impact_of_briti.html (924 words)

	Gold Coast (Ghana under British rule, -1957) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Before the Gold Coast became the self-governing dominion of Ghana on March 6th, 1957, its badge »…« bore the initials "G.C." It was displayed on the Union Flag and the Blue Ensign in like manner.»
		The none-too imaginative British had the same badge for all their minor West African possessions: Identical flags were granted to Gambia and Sierra Leone, differing only by having the initials "G." and "S.L.", instead of "G.C."
		Gold Coast and Gambia were granted arms in 1957 and 1964 respectively, in preparation for independence.
	flagspot.net /flags/gh_col.html (195 words)

	NPR : Author Details Harsh British Rule in Kenya
		A detail from the cover of Elkins' book shows a scene from Kenya during British rule in the 1950s.
		All Things Considered, January 22, 2005 · Caroline Elkins' book Imperial Reckoning exposes a grim period in recent British history.
		In the 1950s, British authorities in Kenya imprisoned thousands of Kikuyu people who were fighting to end colonial rule.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=4462900 (162 words)

	AllRefer.com - Home Rule (British And Irish History) - Encyclopedia
		You are here : AllRefer.com > Reference > Encyclopedia > British And Irish History > Home Rule
		Home Rule, in Irish and English history, political slogan adopted by Irish nationalists in the 19th cent.
		The Irish Free State and the Fourth Home Rule Bill
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/H/HomeRule-1.html (168 words)

	Canada under British Rule 1760-1900 by Sir John George Bourinot - Project Gutenberg
		Canada under British Rule 1760-1900 by Sir John George Bourinot - Project Gutenberg
		Canada under British Rule 1760-1900 by Sir John George Bourinot
		Web site copyright © 2003-2005 Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation — All Rights Reserved.
	www.gutenberg.org /etext/12661 (143 words)

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