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Topic: British rulers by year

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	Great Britain. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		After the death of William’s second son, Henry I, the country was subjected to a period of civil war that ended one year before the accession of Henry II in 1154.
		Domestically the long ministry of Sir Robert Walpole (1721–42), during the reigns of George I and George II, was a period of relative stability that saw the beginnings of the development of the cabinet as the chief executive organ of government.
		The years prior to the outbreak of World War II were characterized by the ineffective attempts to stem the rising tide of German and Italian aggression.
	www.bartleby.com /65/gr/GreatBri.html (7942 words)

	The British Raj
		Indeed, British Rule in India, known immortally as the British Raj, was a result of the Victorian eraís infusion of British liberal philosophy in colonial policy and social governance with that of the diverse, regional, religious and princely regimes that defined the Indian mosaic.
		Some years later, the governor-general Lord Ellenborough, remarked to a babu (an English speaking Indian clerk), "You know, if these gentlemen succeed in educating the natives of India, to the utmost extent of their desire, we should not remain in the country three months." "Not three weeks," was the babuís reply.
		In the eyes of many of the British in India, however, the brown skin of the indigenous man and woman was perceived to be an even greater burden, serving as a badge of inferiority and a bar to progress towards European political rights and freedoms.
	www.drake.edu /artsci/PolSci/ssjrnl/2001/nunn.html (5025 words)

	Ceawlin of Wessex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In this year, Ceawlin succeeded to the kingdom of the West Saxons.
		In this year, Cuthwulf fought against the British Welsh at Bedcanford and took 4 towns, Lygeanburg, Aegelesburg, Baenesington and Egonesham, and in the same year he passed on.
		In this year, Ceawlin, Cuichelm and Crida perished, and Ãthelfrith succeeded to the kingdom in Northumbria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ceawlin_of_Wessex (1602 words)

	Babylonian, Jewish, Muslim, Luni-Solar, Indian, Iranian Calendars
		Year 17 also happens to be the one with the earliest New Year, so we could adopt the rule that the year with the earliest New Year, which will always be an intercalary year, is also the one with an extra Ululu instead of an extra Addaru.
		The year 1 AH is thus the year 1369 AN.
		For a lunar calendar adjusting to the solar year, the best approximations (by continued fractions) to the difference between twelve synodic months and the tropical year would be to add one month every three years, three every eight, four every eleven, seven every nineteen, or 123 every 334.
	www.friesian.com /calendar.htm (8375 words)

	Year 501: Chapter Eight [1/9]
		They had been reduced to a few hundred within 50 years from a pre-Colombian population estimated variously from hundreds of thousands to 8 million, with none remaining at all, according to contemporary French scholars, when France took the western third of Hispaniola, now Haiti, from Spain in 1697.
		After ten years of structural adjustment, health care and education have radically declined, electricity cutoffs up to 24 hours are used to ration power, unemployment exceeds 25 percent, and poverty is rampant.
		It established British dominance of the Caribbean, and impelled its former colonies a long step further on their westward course as Napoleon, abandoning his hopes for an empire in the New World, sold the Louisiana territory to the United States.
	www.zmag.org /chomsky/year/year-c08-s01.html (1445 words)

	British atrocities - or British history as it is not taught in their school history books
		British Atrocities in India (1) 1857: The "natives" of “British” India, whose grounds of discontent with their Government, unlike those of the Southern rebels, were substantial and grievous, rose in arms to strike for their freedom.
		Two years later this policy was expanded under the Lindemann Plan to deliberately targeting the most thickly populated areas of industrial cities — working-class neighborhoods near factories, where workers and their families lived in crowded tenements.
		This was a time when British soldiers were paid five shillings for each African they killed, when they nailed the limbs of Kikuyu guerrillas to crossroads posts and had themselves photographed with the heads of Malayan "terrorists" in a war that cost 10,000 lives.
	www.geocities.com /british_atrocities/?20067 (3835 words)

	South Asian History: The Two Nation Theory, Partition, Riots, 1947, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
		Unlike British administrators who knew their terms were limited, and could therefore get away with all manner of lies and cruelty - Islamic administrators knew that they had to live amongst the Indian people, and therefore, could become victims of their wrath.
		British propaganda was thus consciously and deliberately designed to provoke animosity and hatred between the communities.
		The manner in which the British promoted the Muslim League, the manner in which senior officials in the colonial administration allowed Hindus and Sikhs to be forced out from Pakistan makes it apparent that it was a continuation of it's long premeditated policy of divide and conquer.
	members.tripod.com /~INDIA_RESOURCE/hist-2nation.html (6040 words)

	Happy New Year
		The year began for the Egyptians, Phoenicians, and Persians with the autumn equinox (September 21) and for the Greeks, until the 5th century BC, with the winter solstice (December 21).
		By the Roman republican calendar the year began on March 1; after 153 BC the official date was January 1, and this was confirmed by the Julian calendar (46 BC).
		Observances of the secular New Year in the West vary regionally but typically entail the preparation of a customary meal (as "hoppin' John," a dish of peas and rice, in the U.S. South) and the making of personal resolutions for the coming year.
	qumran.com /Holiday_Files/newyear.htm (868 words)

	Untitled Document
		In the year 1809, a treaty of amity and concord was concluded between the British Government and the late Muharaja [Maharajah] Runjeet Singh, the conditions of which have always been faithfully observed by the British Government, and were scrupulously fulfilled by the late Muharaja.
		All subjects of the British Government, and those who possess estates on both sides of the river Sutlej, who, by their faithful adherence to the British Government, may be liable to sustain loss, shall be indemnified and secured in all their just rights and privileges.
		ARTICLE 10 If the British Government should, at any time, desire to pass troops through the territories of his Highness the Muharaja for the protection of the British territories, or those of their allies, the British troops shall on such special occasions, due notice being given, be allowed to pass through the Lahore territories.
	hkuhist2.hku.hk /history/firstyear/Owen/owenE20.htm (1627 words)

	Index J (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		After three years in the legislature, he was elected governor in 1779 and served for two years.
		She was removed from office after a year of charges that the provincial government was corrupt and mismanaged.
		During the early years of his administration, he was faced with the political and economic reconstruction of his country, weakened by revolution and the world economic depression.
	www.rulers.org /indexj.html (18241 words)

	PT3311 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Not for three years would Sophia be brought to trial along with many others arrested in 1874 but, unlike her, kept for the entire three years in pre-trial detention.
		Years later he wrote that the voice of the mystical Sophia had told him to seek her in the desert.
		Years later in words influenced by the symbolic language of the mystics and by the description of Wisdom in the Book of Proverbs, he would try to describe that indescribable experience.
	www.emich.edu /public/history/moss/atpt3.htm (16533 words)

	2002 Pulitzer Prizes-PUBLIC SERVICE, Works
		When a British envoy was murdered in 1879, British forces occupied Kabul and forced Yakub to abdicate, replacing him with his cousin.
		He ruled for 40 years and was overthrown after he left the country to go to Italy for eye treatment.
		Known for being cruel and crude, he lasted about a year until he was assassinated by being suffocated to death on the orders of his vice president.
	www.pulitzer.org /year/2002/public-service/works/textversion.html (741 words)

	The Avalon Project : History Of The Britons (Historia Brittonum) by Nennius Translated by J. A. Giles
		From the beginning of the world, to the fifth year of king Logiore, when the Irish were baptized, and faith in the unity of the individual Trinity was published to them, are five thousand three hundred and thirty years.
		In his twenty-fifth year, he was consecrated bishop by Saint Matheus,[2] and he was eighty-five years the apostle of the Irish.
		From the year in which the Saxons came into Britain, and were received by Vortigern, to the time of Decius and Valerian, are sixty-nine years.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/medieval/nenius.htm (8225 words)

	THINNING OUT THE USELESS EATERS : Miami IMC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		British empiricist philosophy was dominant in England until near the end of the century, and in France until a somewhat earlier time; then, gradually, Kant and Hegel conquered the universities of France and England, so far as their teachers of technical philosophy were concerned."
		In a few years, no doubt, marriage licenses will be sold like dog licenses, good for a period of twelve months, with no law against changing dogs or keeping more than one animal at a time.
		The population increased very gradually in the following years; sometimes there were long periods of standstill and sometimes there were even periods of decrease, as in the years immediately following 1348, when the Black Death killed off 30 percent of the population of Europe and nobody knows how much of the population of Asia.
	miami.indymedia.org /news/2005/05/1315.php (6000 words)

	Egypt: History - British Occupation Period
		Tawfik remained the khedive, the consular courts dealt justice, the administration was foreign and the British occupied the Citadel.
		By the year 1900 there were four tramways in Cairo and a fifth was being built to run from Giza to the pyramids.
		The British resident minister was similar to the prime minister in England.
	www.touregypt.net /hbritish.htm (1311 words)

	Hindu History - British Rule and Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		For a brief period of 3 years from 1756 to 1759, the Marathas ruled Punjab and the Mughal emperor was a pensioner of the Marathas recelving an annual pension of as.
		When British rule was established in Bengal and Oudh in the latter part of the 18th century, the colonial administration formed a class of intermediary revenue collectors who were drawn from the native landed nobility itself.
		Whenever the British saw competition from craftsmen, it suppressed their arts as in the case of the cutting off the thumbs of the skilled superfine saree weavers of Bengal.
	www.hindubooks.org /sudheer_birodkar/hindu_history/landbritish.html (2932 words)

	Pakistan Times \| Op-Ed: British Mischief in Partition
		AFTER ruling over India for more than 150 years using the ‘divide and rule’ policy by pitting the Hindu majority against the Muslims, the British rulers partitioned the subcontinent into Hindustan and Pakistan and explicitly Pakistanis and the Kashmiris in the process.
		In short, the Arab and Pakistani Muslims are suffering because of the policies of the British rulers’ due to their sub-conscious enmity are of the order of 300 million and the Indians that are getting hurt collaterally and inadvertantly are 700 million.
		The total population now suffering due to wrong policies of the British rulers is of the order of about one and a half billion compared to the British population of forty million.
	www.pakistantimes.net /2005/03/26/oped2.htm (760 words)

	chronos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In August, Bonaparte is defeated by Horatio Nelson and the British Navy at the Bay of Aboukir.
		British forces in the War of 1812 are commanded by General Brock.
		In return, the British government pledges to protect both British subjects and Maoris in the document which is usually cited as the beginning of New Zealand's modern identity.
	www-personal.umd.umich.edu /~nainjaun/chronos.html (16715 words)

	Asia Times: Violence threatens Kashmir ceasefire
		Things have been further complicated for New Delhi with Pakistan's military rulers insisting that the violence in Kashmir and resumption of India-Pakistan talks should not be linked.
		During a mid-January meeting with Pakistan's military ruler Pervez Musharraf, India's high commissioner in Islamabad failed to get an assurance that the militants would be reined in, say Indian foreign ministry officials here.
		The Indian prime minister, who began the new year declaring that New Delhi was ready to explore new ways to solve the Kashmir issue, said that there could be no talks with Pakistan as long as "the guns of terrorists do the talking".
	www.atimes.com /ind-pak/CA23Df01.html (494 words)

	THE THREATENED TRIBAL: THE BAIGAS. Chapter 9
		British administrators had decided to unite these two areas under one district administration to facilitate the immigration of farmers from the plains to the uplands.
		A local group which the British officials highly praised and contrasted with the Baiga, was the Powar "agricultural caste." The Powars practiced intensive rice cultivation in settled villages in the plains south of the uplands and in the valleys of the uplands.
		In ten years (1891 to 1901) the population of the Chak fell from 1,551 Baigas of 362 families to 700 Baigas of 132 families.
	www.lib.virginia.edu /area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/ch09baiga.html (13530 words)

	Musical Nirvana - Introduction to Indian Classical Music
		In 1801 Carnatic was transferred to the British in exchange for military protection and a portion of the revenues collected.
		He learnt violin for 3 years and used to play it in the court of Ettayapuram kings, as an accompaniment to vocal music.
		Varahappa Iyer, a minister in the Tanjore Maratha court, was close to the British Governor in Madras.
	www.musicalnirvana.com /introduction/british_raj4.html (859 words)

	[No title]
		Myanmar, as Burma was renamed by its current rulers, is currently being shaken by the worst repression of the last five years.
		It is the first time in more than a year that I have had time to stand and stare." Since the weekend, the Government has maintained a barrage of criticism of her, saying its crackdown was necessary to prevent her from fomenting disorder and even riots.
		The British people are increasingly behind them in their struggle for freedom, many are now prepared to demonstrate that fact by taking their custom elsewhere.
	www.burmanet.org /bnn_archives/1996/bnn1096n532.txt (6057 words)

	Year One - January/February 2006 - Sierra Magazine - Sierra Club
		As climate change pushes polar temperatures higher, each summer's melt takes a bigger toll—and by last year, the scientists were saying, it seemed to have become a self-reinforcing process.
		For 10,000 years of human civilization, we've relied on the planet's basic physical stability.
		So let Katrina mark Year One of our new calendar, the start of an age in which the physical world has flipped from sure and secure to volatile and unhinged.
	www.sierraclub.org /sierra/200601/year_one.asp (1473 words)

	Musical Nirvana - Introduction to Indian Classical Music
		The poetic form was brought to India by the Muslim rulers.
		Urdu as the preferred language of Ghazals first emerged in the courts of southern muslim rulers of Golconda and Bijapur in the 17th century by poets like Wali Mohammed Wali (1667 - 1707).
		In the 5th All-India Music Conference in 1925 it was decided to open a College of Music at Lucknow and the following year the Marris College of Hindustani Music was established in the name of Governor of the province.
	www.musicalnirvana.com /introduction/british_raj2.html (1173 words)

	Year 501: Chapter One [4/12]
		British officials, merchants, and investors "amassed vast fortunes," gaining "wealth beyond the dreams of avarice" (Parker).
		That was particularly true in Bengal, which, Keay continues, "was destabilized and impoverished by a disastrous experiment in sponsored government" -- one of the many "experiments" in the Third World that have not exactly redounded to the benefit of the experimental subjects.
		Two English historians of India, Edward Thompson and G.T. Garrett, described the early history of British India as "perhaps the world's high-water mark of graft": "a gold-lust unequalled since the hysteria that took hold of the Spaniards of Cortes' and Pizzaro's age filled the English mind.
	www.zmag.org /chomsky/year/year-c01-s04.html (607 words)

	March against a year of lies and brutality – Socialist Worker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		One British soldier is to be charged with manslaughter after Iraqi prisoner Baha Mousa was beaten to death.
		Abdul Mousa, a 53 year old school headmaster, being beaten with rifle butts the last time his son saw him alive.
		Radi Nu'ma, arrested by British military police last May. Later the same day his family was told he had died of a heart attack.
	www.socialistworker.co.uk /print_article.php4?article_id=821 (516 words)

	CNN.com - Blair's address to Britain - Mar. 20, 2003
		Tonight British servicemen and women are engaged from air, land and sea.
		For 12 years the world tried to disarm Saddam; after his wars in which hundreds of thousands died.
		But it is also true -- as we British know -- that the best way to deal with future threats peacefully is to deal with present threats with resolve.
	cnn.com /2003/WORLD/europe/03/20/sprj.irq.blair.address/index.html (718 words)

	Race Matters - 2011: Sept. 11 Ten Years From Now
		Year after year it becomes easier for small bands of fanatics to perpetrate mass destruction because the means of destruction get cheaper and more readily available.
		And the obvious lesson the United States can draw from the British experience of formal empire is that the world's most successful economy can do a very great deal to impose its preferred values on less technologically advanced societies.
		Forty-three years later, on the eve of World War I, imperialism had reduced the number to 59.
	www.racematters.org /sept11tenyearsfromnow.htm (3220 words)

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