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Topic: Brodmann area 20

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	Brodmann area 20 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded medially by the ectorhinal area 36 (H), laterally by the middle temporal area 21, rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 (H) and caudally by the occipitotemporal area 37 (H) (Brodmann-1909).
		Brodmann area 20 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture.
		It is cytoarchitecturally homologous to the inferior temporal area 20 of the human (Brodmann-1909).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brodmann_area_20 (383 words)

	Brodmann area - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Brodmann area is a region in the brain cortex defined in many different species based on its cytoarchitecture.
		Brodmann areas were originally defined by Korbinian Brodmann and referred to by numbers from 1 to 52.
		52 - Parainsular area (at the junction of the temporal lobe and the insula)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brodmann_area (417 words)

	BASIC CEREBRAL CORTEX FUNCTION OTHER THAN VISION
		Brodmann area 42 is the auditory association cortex which probably includes among its functions the discrimination of sequences of sound patterns.
		The posterior and lower portion of area 6 is known as the premotor cortex (PMC), whereas the anterior and upper portion of area 6 is known as the supplementary motor area (SMA).
		Since virtually all sensory areas are posterior to the central sulcus, areas not devoted to primary sensation in the temporal, parietal and occipital lobes are regarded as "sensory association cortex".
	www.benbest.com /science/anatmind/anatmd6.html (5875 words)

	Reliability of Functional MR Imaging with Word-Generation Tasks for Mapping Broca's Area -- Brannen et al. 22 (9): 1711 ...
		opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus; Brodmann area 44,
		area 45, as the pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus;
		Brodmann areas 9, 44, 45 and 46, it was not tabulated.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/22/9/1711 (3549 words)

	Sensory Motor Association
		Visual areas 17, 18, and 19, are in the occipital lobe, somatic sensory areas 3, 1, and 2 are in the parietal lobe, and auditory areas 41 and 42 are in the temporal lobe.
		On the inferior surface of the parietal lobe (the operculum) and buried in the insula is gustatory area 43, devoted to the sense of taste.
		The major motor control areas - primary motor cortex area 4, the supplementary motor area, and the premotor area - lie in the frontal lobe, anterior to the central sulcus.
	mindsci-clinic.com /sensory_motor_association.htm (185 words)

	The Human Brain
		Brodmann assigned numbers to various brain regions by analyzing each area's cellular structure starting from the central sulcus [the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes].
		As you may notice, many of the areas that are involved in the same general cognitive functions are numbered sequentially (or almost).
		Areas that perform the same tasks use essentially the same types of cells.
	www.umich.edu /~cogneuro/jpg/Brodmann.html (242 words)

	Tissue-Specific Proteolysis of Huntingtin (htt) in Human Brain: Evidence of Enhanced Levels of N- and C-Terminal htt ...
		as a doublet, in areas 4 and 6.
		of 45 and 100 kDa fragments in Brodmann area 6 (Fig.
		In Brodmann area 6 of cortex, an N-terminal fragment
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/6/1830 (6345 words)

	Dissociation Between the Effects of Damage to Perirhinal Cortex and Area TE -- Buffalo et al. 6 (6): 572 -- Learning ...
		Area TE is located immediately lateral to the perirhinal cortex and consists of a band of cortex lying primarily on the middle temporal gyrus.
		The boundaries of the perirhinal cortex are indicated in fl, and the boundaries of area TE are indicated in gray.
		of the perirhinal cortex and lesions of area TE are distinct.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/6/6/572 (9314 words)

	ScienceWeek
		The language functions are primarily associated with 3 of the cytoarchitectonic areas defined by Brodmann: 1) Brodmann area 22, at the junction of the parietal and temporal lobes (also known as Wernicke's area); 2) Brodmann areas 44 and 45, in the ventral and posterior region of the frontal lobe (also known as Broca's area).
		Several of these areas are activated only unilaterally in the dominant hemisphere, and one of the regions exhibiting robust unilateral activation during processing of language-related signals is located in the posterior part of the first temporal *gyrus and the posterior temporal plane.
		Activated brain areas utilize more oxygen, which transiently decreases the levels of oxyhemoglobin and increases the levels of deoxyhemoglobin, and within seconds the brain microvasculature responds to the local change by increasing the flow of oxygen-rich blood into the active area.
	scienceweek.com /2000/sw001117.htm (10851 words)

	Neurons Different in Left, Right Brain Structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		On the left side of the brain is an area called Brodmann’s area 22, that help generate and help the understanding of individual words, and on the right side of the brain it helps tell the difference between melody, pitch, and sound intensity.
		Researchers took six men and one woman who had died within 18-24 hours, and took two samples from the Brodmann’s area 22 of their brains to examine, one from the right side and one from the left side.
		He is proof to me that this study is correct because the study said the right side of the brain in the Brodmann’s area 22 helps discriminate between melody, pitch, and sound intensity.
	home.houston.rr.com /waltmon/Item_6.html (597 words)

	Hand Preference in Chimps Linked to Genetics, Birth Order (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Focusing on areas where cells resembling those of Broca’s area in human brains previously have been identified, the scientists found that a particular region of Broca’s area, called Brodmann’s area 44, is larger in the left hemisphere of the ape brain, just as it is in the brains of most humans.
		Broca’s area is named for the French neurologist, Paul Broca, who in 1861, identified the first clinical evidence of a speech center in the human brain.
		Broca’s area is located in the inferior portion of the frontal lobes on each side of the brain and consists of two morphological components, Brodmann’s areas 44 and 45.
	www.yerkes.emory.edu /newsroom/broca.html (378 words)

	The AFNI TTatlas+tlrc Dataset — AFNI and NIfTI Server for NIMH/NIH/PHS/DHHS/USA/Earth
		The complete list of area and gyral names is given in the dataset description below.
		In these TT*.txt files, the blanks in the region names have been replaced by the underscore "_" character, to make it easy to read the lines into a program (e.g.,Â inÂ C, one could use a format "%f%f%f%s" to read each line into 3 floats and a char array).
		This dataset has 2 byte-valued sub-bricks at 1 mm resolution (please note that it is stored at the "small Talairach brick" size).
	afni.nimh.nih.gov /afni/doc/misc/afni_ttatlas (513 words)

	Pre-Supplementary Motor Area Research -- Neurotransmitter.net
		Linkage between the prefrontal cortex and the primary motor cortex is mediated by nonprimary motor-related areas of the frontal lobe.
		For all motor cortical areas, there was a general trend of the labeled neurons to occupy the dorsal and intermediate parts of the claustrum along the dorsoventral axis.
		Two motor areas are known to exist in the medial frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex of primates, the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA).
	www.neurotransmitter.net /presma.html (17167 words)

	Amazon.com: Brodmann's: Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex: Books: K. Brodmann,L.J. Garey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Even today it forms the basis for so-called "localisation" of function in the cerebral cortex, and Brodmann's "areas" are still used to designate functional regions in the cortex, the part of the brain that brings the world that surrounds us into consciousness.
		Indeed, Brodmann's famous "maps" of the cerebral cortex of humans, monkeys and other mammals must be among the most commonly reproduced figures in neurobiological publishing.
		As Laurence Garey, too, used Brodmann’s findings and maps in his neurobiological work, and had the good fortune to have access to a copy of the book, he decided to read the complete text and soon discovered that this was much more than just a report of laboratory findings of a turn-of-the-twentieth-century neurologist.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/external-search?mode=blended&keyword=Brodmann's_area&tag=ecomplex (853 words)

	Psychiatry's Claims Re: Brain Imaging Have Far Outpaced = Science_NYT
		Such material is made available for educational purposes, to advance understanding of human rights, democracy, scientific, moral, ethical, = and social justice issues, etc. It is believed that this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in Title 17 U.S.C. section 107 of the US Copyright Law.
		Using PET scanning technology, Dr. = Mayberg found sharp dips and spikes of activity in about a half-dozen = areas of these patients' brains as their moods improved while they were = taking either antidepressant drugs or placebos.
		She confirmed the importance of this = spot, called Brodmann area 25, by scanning the brains of mentally = healthy people while they remembered painful episodes from their lives: = while sad they, too, showed increased activity in this area.
	www.math.missouri.edu /~rich/psych/brainscans.txt (3651 words)

	The neurology of syntax: Language use without Broca's area
		One, subserving the perception of spoken language, occupies the posterior-superior temporal area (the posterior portion of area 22) and Heschl's gyrus (areas 41 and 42); Wernicke's area comprises the posterior part of area 22 and the parietotemporal junction.
		The third area situated at the posterior end of the inferior frontal convolution is referred to as Broca's area or Brodmann's area 44 and is concerned with the motor aspects of speech.
		The question, obviously, is whether or not this area supports a device dedicated to syntactic analysis of transformationally moved constituents, and if so, what this device is. One possibility is that the comprehension deficit follows from a general disruption to "working memory", not from a language mechanism.
	www.bbsonline.org /documents/a/00/00/05/51/bbs00000551-00/bbs.grodzinsky.html (13682 words)

	The 6th German EEG/EP Meeting, Giessen 19.-20. September, 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The results were explained by a contribution of sensory-specific brain areas during imagery and are relevant for the psychophysiology of perceptual disorders.
		Alterations of segments due to aging and their usefulness for the differential diagnosis between patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and with endogenous depression were studied in 22 young and 10 aged controls, 27 patients with mild dementia of the Alzheimer type, 10 young and 11 aged patients with endogenous depression.
		20 Recognition of facial expressions of emotions and recognition of complex objects was tested in 16 schizophrenic patients and 16 healthy volunteers.
	www.med.uni-giessen.de /physio/dmm/DMM6AB.HTM (11006 words)

	Role of the Nondominant Hemisphere and Undamaged Area During Word Repetition in Poststroke Aphasics : A PET Activation ...
		area was reduced in both fluent and nonfluent aphasics.
		area (BA 37), the bilateral rolandic area (BA 3, 4), the supplementary
		Activated areas were observed in the bilateral PIF cortex and the PST cortex, the rolandic area, the supplementary motor area with left side dominance, and the right cerebellum.
	stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/27/5/897 (4223 words)

	Modality-Specific Cognitive Function of Medial and Lateral Human Brodmann Area 6 -- Tanaka et al. 25 (2): 496 -- ...
		Barbas H, Pandya DN (1987) Architecture and frontal cortical connections of the premotor cortex (area 6) in the rhesus monkey.
		Lu MT, Preston JB, Strick PL (1994) Interconnections between the prefrontal cortex and the premotor areas in the frontal lobe.
		Penfield W, Welch K (1951) The supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex: a clinical and experimental study.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/25/2/496 (4633 words)

	Musical syntax is processed in Broca's area: an MEG study - Nature Neuroscience
		The source of mERAN activity was localized in Broca's area and its right-hemisphere homologue, areas involved in syntactic analysis during auditory language comprehension.
		We find that these areas are also responsible for an analysis of incoming harmonic sequences, indicating that these regions process syntactic information that is less language-specific than previously believed.
		The MGFP was significantly stronger (shaded area) at the fifth position versus the third position.
	www.nature.com /neuro/journal/v4/n5/full/nn0501_540.html (4374 words)

	LONI: Laboratory of Neuro Imaging
		Specifically, reduced brain growth or brain shape abnormalities were observed in the more ventral aspects of the frontal lobes primarily in Brodmann’s areas 44, 45, 46, and inferior regions of area 6.
		Unpredicted but significant reduced brain growth was also observed bilaterally in the temporal lobes, primarily in the more anterior regions in Brodmann’s areas 38, 21 and 20.
		The mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (i.e., Brodmann’s area 45) has been compellingly argued to subserve executive processes for the monitoring of information within working memory.
	www.loni.ucla.edu /Research/Projects/ADHD.shtml (1484 words)

	Roi Alphabetic index
		WOROI: 48 - area striata (Brodmann area 17).
		WOROI: 20 - Gyrus temporalis superior (Superior temporal gyrus).
		WOROI: 263 - Posterior transverse temporal area (Posterior transverse temporal gyrus).
	hendrix.imm.dtu.dk /services/jerne/brede/index_roi_alphabetic.html (3608 words)

	ScienceDaily: 'Word-vision' Brain Area Confirmed
		Thus, neuroscientists have hotly debated whether an area of the cortex called the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) is truly a specific and necessary area for recognizing words.
		The researchers reported in the April 20, 2006, issue of Neuron the results of reading, language, and object recognition tests both before and after the surgery on the 46-year-old man. They found his reading capability before surgery to be normal.
		The primary visual cortex is Brodmann area 17, located in the interior portion of the occipital lobe at the calcarine sulcus...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/04/060422122127.htm (1740 words)

	Brodmann area
		A Brodmann area is a region in the brain cortex defined by its histologic characteristics.
		New research from Harvard Medical School (HMS) investigators has identified an area of the brain where such memories are found.
		Thanks to a closer look at unexpected data, University of Oregon researchers may have tapped into a developmentally based explanation for why kids respond as they do.
	www.mrsci.com /Neuroscience/Brodmann_area.php (314 words)

	Role of primary sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area in volitional swallowing: a movement-related cortical ...
		Area enclosed by lines indicates the face/tongue SMI determined by electrical stimulation.
		Area enclosed by solid lines shows positive motor response to electrical stimulation; area enclosed by broken lines shows negative motor response to electrical stimulation.
		Movement representation in the dorsal and ventral premotor areas of owl monkey: a microstimulation study.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/287/2/G459 (6597 words)

	A decrease of reelin expression as a putative vulnerability factor in schizophrenia -- Impagnatiello et al. 95 (26): ...
		Postmortem prefrontal cortices (PFC) (Brodmann's areas 10 and 46), temporal cortices (Brodmann's area 22), hippocampi, caudate
		In PFC (Brodmann's area 46) of schizophrenia patients (patients 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 15) and nonpsychiatric subjects
		In the PFC (Brodmann's area 46) and in the temporal cortex (Brodmann's
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/26/15718 (5364 words)

	Adaptive Changes in Early and Late Blind: A fMRI Study of Braille Reading -- Burton et al. 87 (1): 589 -- Journal of ...
		the finger-hand area in the cortical motor areas.
		We observed no responses in an anterior-medial extension of the fusiform gyrus (Brodmann area 20/37).
		the inferior frontal gyrus in Brodmann areas 45 and 47.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/87/1/589 (8725 words)

	ScienceDaily: Grasping Metaphors: UC San Diego Research Ties Brain Area To Figures Of Speech
		Patient SJ, for example, a former physician who could maintain the flow of normal conversation and even retained the ability to correctly diagnose descriptions of symptoms, got all 20 of the 20 proverbs he was tested on wrong.
		Disproportionately larger in hominids than other primates, the angular gyrus, given its strategic location at the crossroads of areas specialized for processing touch, hearing and vision, Ramachandran conjectures, is critical both to conceptual metaphors and to cross-modal abstractions more generally.
		Ramachandran's lab is continuing work on linking other brain areas, the supramarginal gyrus and human homologues of mirror neurons, for example, to other types of metaphoric abilities.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/05/050526092321.htm (1762 words)

	Behavior OnLine Forums - Biological predictors of response to treatment
		Treatment was effective for 78% of individuals with depression who had low sustained reactivity in the subgenual cingulate cortex (Brodmann's area 25) after they read and rated negative words.
		However, only 20% of participants who had no fMRI evidence of decreased activity in the same region on the negative-word rating task, had remission of depressive symptoms after completing CBT.
		From the summary, it sounds as though the authors are concluding that CBT will be ineffective for the group that does not show evidence of decreased activity in Area 25.
	www.behavior.net /bolforums/showthread.php?p=3338 (439 words)

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