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Topic: Brodmann area 31

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	Brodmann
		Cytoarchitecturally bounded rostrally by the preparietal area 5 and the caudal postcentral area 2; caudally by the peristriate area 19; and medially by the dorsal posterior cingulate area 31.
		Cytoarchitecturally bounded on the rostral and lateral aspects of the hemisphere by the frontopolar area 10, the orbital area 47, and the triangular area 45; on the medial surface it is bounded dorsally by the area 12 and caudally by the subgenual area 25.
		Cytoarchitecturally bounded internally by the pregenual area 33, externally by the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, and caudally by the ventral posterior cingulate area 23 and the dorsal posterior cingulate area 31.
	spot.colorado.edu /~dubin/talks/brodmann/neuronames.html (2127 words)

	Brodmann area 23 -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Brodmann area 23 (BA23) is a region in the (That part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord) brain corresponding to some portion of the posterior cingulate cortex.
		It lies between Brodmann area 30 and Brodmann area 31 and is located on the medial wall of the (A long curved structure on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres; the cortical part of the limbic system) cingulate gyrus between the callosal sulcus and the (additional info and facts about cingulate sulcus) cingulate sulcus.
		23a, adjacent to the callosal sulcus thus closest to Brodmann area 30.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/br/brodmann_area_23.htm (246 words)

	Brodmann area 23 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It lies between Brodmann area 30 and Brodmann area 31 and is located on the medial wall of the cingulate gyrus between the callosal sulcus and the cingulate sulcus.
		Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded dorsally by the dorsal posterior cingulate area 31, rostrally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, and ventrorostrally in its caudal half by the retrosplenial region (Brodmann-1909).
		Brodmann regarded it as topographically and cytoarchitecturally homologous to the combined ventral posterior cingulate area 23 and dorsal posterior cingulate area 31 of the human (Brodmann-1909).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brodmann_area_23 (324 words)

	Postcentral gyrus - TheBestLinks.com - Brodmann area 2, Brain, Cortex, Neuron, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Brodmann area 3 is in red, area 1 in green, and area 2 in yellow.
		Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2 comprise the primary somatosensory cortex of the human brain.
		Because Brodmann sliced the brain somewhat obliquely, he encountered area 1 first; however, from rostral to caudal the Brodmann designations are 3, 1 and 2, respectively.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Brodmann_area_2.html (308 words)

	Cytology
		The subgenual subregion (SGSR) is comprised of areas 33, 25, and 24a and the caudal extensions of areas 32 and 12.
		The granular layer of areas 26 and 29 is outlined to emphasize the commonality of this layer to ectosplenial area 26 and granular retrosplenial area 29.
		Brodmann (1909) referred to area 30 as agranular and von Economo and Koskinas (1925) were quite explicit that area LD is not just agranular but that the “granulous” layer of area LE (Brodmann’s area 29) is not continuous with the isocortical layer of area LC2 (Brodmann’s area 23).
	www.cingulumneurosciences.org /pages/cyto.html (11544 words)

	Reliability of Functional MR Imaging with Word-Generation Tasks for Mapping Broca's Area -- Brannen et al. 22 (9): 1711 ...
		area 45, as the pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus;
		Brodmann areas 9, 44, 45 and 46, it was not tabulated.
		A, Activation is evident in the pars triangularis and pars opercularis of the left inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann areas 44 and 45) in a patient performing an LWG task.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/22/9/1711 (3476 words)

	[No title]
		The common, overlapping activation is in precuneus or posterior cingulate cortex [Brodmann area (BA) 31 The lack of overlap in significant activity detected for the two tasks suggests that probabilistic and deductive reasoning were performed via different underlying neural mechanisms.
		For example, Wernicke’s area has been reported to be at (-48, -32, 6) in a recent report of a study of verb generation (Xiong et al., 2000), and to be at (-54, -41, 8) in a meta-analysis of four papers on word reading (Fiez and Petersen, 1998).
		These areas (which are still being vigorously explored with a variety of methods) have been associated with executive attention and strategy functions, including controlling or monitoring the contents of working memory (Petrides et al., 1993; Posner and Dehaene, 1995; Baker et al., 1996; Fiez et al., 1996).
	psych.rice.edu /mmtbn/thinking/section1/thinking.html (6757 words)

	Pre-Supplementary Motor Area Research -- Neurotransmitter.net
		Cells projecting to the forelimb area of the MI were distributed in the two separate regions situated rostrocaudally in the dorsal and ventral banks of the cingulate sulcus, namely the rostral cingulate motor area (CMAr) and caudal cingulate motor area (CMAc).
		Linkage between the prefrontal cortex and the primary motor cortex is mediated by nonprimary motor-related areas of the frontal lobe.
		Two motor areas are known to exist in the medial frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex of primates, the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA).
	www.neurotransmitter.net /presma.html (17167 words)

	The Cortical Representation of the Hand in Macaque and Human Area S-I: High Resolution Optical Imaging -- Shoham and ...
		The area explored in this study was the surface of the left postcentral gyrus of the macaque monkey focusing on the somatosensory
		The anterior part of the somatosensory strip is Brodmann's area 1, and the posterior part is area 2.
		Note that a much larger area was activated (light gray area darker than the top of the image), but the common patch was the strongest area activated and occupied much of the dynamic range of this figure.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/17/6820 (10559 words)

	Roi Alphabetic index
		WOROI: 284 - Area cingularis anterior dorsalis (Dorsal anterior cingulate).
		WOROI: 263 - Posterior transverse temporal area (Posterior tranverse temporal gyrus).
		WOROI: 259 - Subgenual prefrontal cortex (Subgenual area).
	hendrix.imm.dtu.dk /services/jerne/brede/index_roi_alphabetic.html (2014 words)

	The Role of Rostral Brodmann Area 6 in Mental-operation Tasks: an Integrative Neuroimaging Approach -- Hanakawa et al. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The motor-execution areas comprise the PMdc, located on the convex portion of the precentral gyrus, and M1 buried in the central sulcus (CS) at this level.
		Barbas H, Pandya DN (1987) Architecture and frontal cortical connections of the premotor cortex (area 6) in the rhesus monkey.
		Lu MT, Preston JB, Strick PL (1994) Interconnections between the prefrontal cortex and the premotor areas in the frontal lobe.
	cercor.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/12/11/1157 (8668 words)

	Modulation of Cortical Activity During Different Imitative Behaviors -- Koski et al. 89 (1): 460 -- Journal of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Areas of increased activity outside our regions of interest are shown in Table 2.
		Fogassi L, Gallese V, Fadiga L, and Rizzolatti G. Neurons responding to the sight of goal-directed hand/arm actions in the parietal area PF (7b) of the macaque monkey.
		Movement representation in the dorsal and ventral premotor areas of owl monkeys: a microstimulation study.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/89/1/460 (7830 words)

	Neural Correlates of Episodic Encoding and Recognition of Words in Unmedicated Patients During an Acute Episode of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Brodmann’s area 10) regions and in the left anterior cingulate
		area 6) and in the left precuneus (Brodmann’s area 31).
		areas 4, 6, 2, and 40) regions, bilateral anterior cingulate
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/160/10/1802 (3539 words)

	MAPS - Listening for the Logos - a study of reports of audible voices at high doses of psilocybin
		If tryptamines, particularly psilocybin, are shown to have specific and somewhat unique abilities to stimulate auditory voice phenomena in human beings, their mere similarity to serotonin is not sufficient explanation.
		However, the serotonergic system is somehow specially involved in auditory experience, as is Brodmann areas 41-42 in the temporal cortex and Broca's area (P. McGuire, Shah, & Murray, 1993).
		There were several sources of participants for the study: subscribers to the MAPS Newsletter, the membership of The Fane of the Psilocybe Mushroom Association, the subscribership of The Entheogen Review, and the Internet.
	www.maps.org /news-letters/v07n1/07112bea.html (4133 words)

	Hypofrontality in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder During Higher-Order Motor Control: A Study With Functional ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		brain areas (15, 16), the caudate nucleus (17, 18), and parietal
		medioinferior frontal lobe (Brodmann areas 45 and 9/45), and
		lobe (Brodmann area 32) and in the posterior cingulate gyrus
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/156/6/891 (4486 words)

	List of regions in the human brain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Brodmann areas: 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 24, 25, 32, 33, 44, 45, 46, 47
		Brodmann areas: 9, 20, 21, 22, 27, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42
		; 5, 7, 23, 26, 29, 31, 39, 40
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/list_of_regions_in_the_human_brain (152 words)

	Musical syntax is processed in Broca's area: an MEG study - Nature Neuroscience (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The source of mERAN activity was localized in Broca's area and its right-hemisphere homologue, areas involved in syntactic analysis during auditory language comprehension.
		We find that these areas are also responsible for an analysis of incoming harmonic sequences, indicating that these regions process syntactic information that is less language-specific than previously believed.
		The MGFP was significantly stronger (shaded area) at the fifth position versus the third position.
	www.nature.com /neuro/journal/v4/n5/full/nn0501_540.html (4429 words)

	Activity in the Supplementary Motor Area Related to Learning and Performance During a Sequential Visuomotor Task -- Lee ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Activity in the Supplementary Motor Area Related to Learning and Performance During a Sequential Visuomotor Task.
		Activity of a supplementary motor area (SMA) neuron during the movements in the random condition.
		The gray area indicates the zone defined by the mean ± SD of the spike density function.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/89/2/1039 (8396 words)

	New Evidence for Distinct Right and Left Brain Systems for Deductive versus Probabilistic Reasoning -- Parsons and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		or posterior cingulate cortex [Brodmann area (BA) 31].
		area (in BA 44/45), sub-Broca's area (in BA 47), or Wernicke's
		cingulate (BA 31), globus pallidus, temporoparietal (BA 39)
	cercor.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/11/10/954 (7989 words)

	Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		occipitotemporal cortex (Brodmann's area 21 at the border
		area 47), posterior inferior frontal gyrus bilaterally (Brodmann's
		in areas on the left side but a lower rate on the right side.
	www.bic.uci.edu /ajp_feb_2002.htm (4525 words)

	The functional neuroanatomy of comprehension and memory: the importance of prior knowledge -- Maguire et al. 122 (10): ...
		cingulate (BA 31) and ventromedial orbitofrontal (BA 11) cortex
		area was not due to a role in memory encoding alone, as the
		This area of the ventromedial orbitofrontal cortex is seldom
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/122/10/1839 (6602 words)

	Dream Views :: View topic - Physiology of Sleep FAQ (Updated Feb. 18/05)
		During a night of sleep, the brain waves of a young adult record by the electroencephalogram (EEG) gradually slow down and become larger as the individual passes into deeper stages of slwo wave sleep.
		After about an hour, the brain re-emerges through the saem series of stages, and there is usually a brief period of REM sleep (on dark area of graph), during which the EEG is similar to wakefulness.
		In blind subjects, both tasks evoked extensive bilateral excitation in the lateral visual occipital lobes and Brodmann areas of the brain.
	www.dreamviews.com /forum/viewtopic.php?t=4879 (8619 words)

	A PET Study of the Pathophysiology of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia -- Potkin et al. 159 (2): 227 -- American ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		area 9), frontal eye fields (Brodmann’s area 8), motor
		and premotor cortices (Brodmann’s area 4, 6), supramarginal/angular
		MRI Assessment of Gray and White Matter Distribution in Brodmann's Areas of the Cortex in Patients With Schizophrenia With Good and Poor Outcomes
	intl-ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/159/2/227 (4773 words)

	LITERATURE MONITOR: RECENT ARTICLES OF INTEREST IN NEUROLOGY
		The investigators determined regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate (GMR) using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET).
		However, in multiple areas of the inferior temporal cortex, including the entorhinal cortex (one of the areas affected earliest by Alzheimer’s disease), GMR was significantly lower in the Alzheimer’s group compared with their controls but was significantly higher in the Down syndrome group compared with their controls.
		According to the researchers, one possible explanation for this relative hypermetabolism observed in individuals with Down syndrome is that it represents “very early events in the development of Alzheimer’s disease–like neuropathology” prior to overt cell loss.
	www.neurologyreviews.com /jan04/nr_jan04_litmon.html (1640 words)

	School of Psychology, UH
		Amunts, K., Weiss, P.H., Mohlberg, H., Pieperhoff, P., Gurd, J.M., Shah, J.N., Marshall, J.C., Fink, G.R. and Zilles, K (2004) Analysis of the neural mechanisms underlying verbal fluency in cytoarchitectonically defined stereotactic space - The role of Brodmann's areas 44 and 45.
		Fink, G.R., Manjaly, Z.M., Stephan, K.E., Gurd, J.M., Zilles, K., Amunts, K. and Marshall, J.C. (in press): A role for Broca's area beyond language processing: evidence from neuropsychology and fMRI.
		Amunts, K., Weiss, P.H., Mohlberb, H., Pieperhoff, P., Eickhoff, S., Gurd, J.M., Marshall, J.C., Shah, J.N., Fink, G.R. and Zilles, K. (2004): Analysis of neural mechanisms underlying verbal fluency in cytoarchitectonically defined stereotaxic space - the role of Brodmann areas 44 and 45.
	www.psy.herts.ac.uk /res/research_output_03-04.html (7446 words)

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