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Topic: Brodmann area 4

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	Area Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface.
		Surface area is the summation of the areas of the exposed sides of an object.
		A is the area of the square in square units.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Area.html (592 words)

	BASIC CEREBRAL CORTEX FUNCTION OTHER THAN VISION
		Fibers from the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus terminate in layer 4 of the primary auditory cortex (Brodmann area 41).
		Brodmann area 42 is the auditory association cortex which probably includes among its functions the discrimination of sequences of sound patterns.
		The posterior and lower portion of area 6 is known as the premotor cortex (PMC), whereas the anterior and upper portion of area 6 is known as the supplementary motor area (SMA).
	www.benbest.com /science/anatmind/anatmd6.html (5875 words)

	Brodmann area 6 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Brodmann area 6, or BA6, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain.
		In the human it is located primarily in the caudal portions of the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus and the rostral portions of the precentral gyrus not occupied by the gigantopyramidal area 4.
		Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded rostrally by the frontal region and caudally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 (Brodmann-1909).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brodmann_area_6 (296 words)

	Brodmann area 4 -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Brodmann area 4 comprises the primary (The cortical area that influences motor movements) motor cortex of the human (That part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord) brain.
		This area of cortex, as shown by (additional info and facts about Wilder Penfield) Wilder Penfield and others, has the pattern of a (A tiny fully formed individual that (according to the discredited theory of preformation) is supposed to be present in the sperm cell) homunculus.
		Because Brodmann area 4 is in the same general location as primary motor cortex, the (A tiny fully formed individual that (according to the discredited theory of preformation) is supposed to be present in the sperm cell) homunculus here is called the motor homunculus.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/br/brodmann_area_4.htm (213 words)

	Brodmann area - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Brodmann Areas in the Human Brain with an Emphasis on Vision and Language
		A Brodmann area is a region in the brain cortex defined in many different species based on its cytoarchitecture.
		Brodmann areas were originally defined by Korbinian Brodmann and referred to by numbers from 1 to 52.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brodmann_area (150 words)

	The Human Brain
		Brodmann assigned numbers to various brain regions by analyzing each area's cellular structure starting from the central sulcus [the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes].
		As you may notice, many of the areas that are involved in the same general cognitive functions are numbered sequentially (or almost).
		Areas that perform the same tasks use essentially the same types of cells.
	www.umich.edu /~cogneuro/jpg/Brodmann.html (242 words)

	Brodmann area 4 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term area 4 of Brodmann-1909 refers to a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the frontal lobe of the guenon.
		It is located predominantly in the precentral gyrus.
		Brodmann-1909 regarded it as topographically and cytoarchitecturally homologous to the human gigantopyramidal area 4 and noted that it occupies a much greater fraction of the frontal lobe in the monkey than in the human.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brodmann_area_4 (234 words)

	Neuroananatomy_Exam_II
		Brodmann’s area 4 (post central gyrus) is one of the motor areas of the brain.
		Brodmann’s area 8 is the region of the brain that is responsible for the saccades
		The pretectal area of the brain stem is caudal to the superior colliculi.
	www.mc.edu /campus/users/sbaldwin/Neuroanatomy_Exam_II.html (1428 words)

	HBM2004
		Brodmann’s research was based on the working hypothesis that the cerebral cortex is composed of multiple cortical areas, each of them characterized by a distinct cytoarchitecture and function.
		Brodmann’s map and cytoarchitectonic analyses constitute an impressive scientific achievement and they have influenced research on the structural and functional organization of the human cerebral cortex for many decades.
		For each exposed film, a blank area (= reference field) is placed on an illumination box, and the intensity of the light source and aperture of the macro lens are adjusted to obtain a mean gray value of 220, which is calculated as the mean gray value of all the pixels in the reference field.
	www.conferences.hu /hbm2004/Zilles_Karl.htm (5253 words)

	Lobes of the Brain:
		The breadth of information in this knowledge area module is specific to the anatomy and physiology of the lobes of the brain and the specific functional relationships of specific brain areas to general and specific plastic human expression.
		These asymmetries suggest that hand preference is associated with increased connectivity (demonstrated by an increased neuropil compartment in left area 4) and an increased intrasulcal surface of the precentral gyrus in the dominant hemisphere.
		Thus, the postnatal development of the architectonic asymmetry in the supra- and infragranular layers of area 4 follows the same sequence of maturation as found during neuronal migration, i.e.
	www.dendrites.com /module_10.htm (15822 words)

	Behavioral and Brain Functions \| Full text \| Atypically diffuse functional connectivity between caudate nuclei and ...
		Among the brain areas suspected to be involved in both sensorimotor and cognitive deficits are the caudate nuclei [14-16].
		Frontopolar area 10 is thought to serve the highest-level executive functions within prefrontal cortex involving integration of multiple supramodal cognitive operations [68].
		In the between-group analysis, enhanced functional connectivity for area 6 was found in the autism group for the superior most portion on the left and the inferior portion on the right.
	www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com /content/2/1/34 (6732 words)

	Ear, Nose & Throat Journal: Cortical representation of the vestibular system as evidenced by brain electrical ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This area corresponds to the posterior part of the frontal lobe (Brodmann's area 4, the primary motor field of the isocortex) and the anterior parts of the cerebral parietal lobe (the gyrus postcentralis, which corresponds to the primary somatosensory fields, Brodmann's areas 1, 2, and 3).
		In cats, the area of maximal activation during an evoked potential study was found to be located bilaterally within the anterior sylvian sulcus between the facial somatosensory area and the auditory cortex.
		The vestibular sensory area in humans has been thought to be located in the anterior portion of the parietal sulcus (Brodmann's area 2).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0BUM/is_4_80/ai_75176939 (1455 words)

	Variability and asymmetry in the human precentral motor system: A cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic brain ...
		of cytoarchitectonic BA 4 and myeloarchitectonic PRPT fibre
		BA 4 (fl areas) is shown on the precentral gyrus laterally and on the paracentral lobule medially.
		The extent of BA 4 and PRPT in the sagittal, coronal and horizontal
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/124/11/2232 (7983 words)

	Dysafferentation: A Novel Term
		The heaviest projections come from the primary motor area (Brodmann area 4), the primary sensory area (Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2), a somatosensory association area (Brodmann area 5) and from parts of the visual areas related to the peripheral visual field (95).
		Area 17 in the occipital lobe is for-vision.
		Area 41 in the temporal lobe is for audition, and areas 3,1 and 2 in the parietal lobe are for sornatosensory input.
	www.chiro.org /ChiroZine/ABSTRACTS/Seaman_dysafferentiation.shtml (10541 words)

	The AFNI TTatlas+tlrc Dataset — AFNI and NIfTI Server for NIMH/NIH/PHS/DHHS/USA/Earth
		The complete list of area and gyral names is given in the dataset description below.
		In these TT*.txt files, the blanks in the region names have been replaced by the underscore "_" character, to make it easy to read the lines into a program (e.g.,Â inÂ C, one could use a format "%f%f%f%s" to read each line into 3 floats and a char array).
		This dataset has 2 byte-valued sub-bricks at 1 mm resolution (please note that it is stored at the "small Talairach brick" size).
	afni.nimh.nih.gov /afni/doc/misc/afni_ttatlas (513 words)

	Reliability of Functional MR Imaging with Word-Generation Tasks for Mapping Broca's Area -- Brannen et al. 22 (9): 1711 ...
		area 45, as the pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus;
		Brodmann areas 9, 44, 45 and 46, it was not tabulated.
		A, Activation is evident in the pars triangularis and pars opercularis of the left inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann areas 44 and 45) in a patient performing an LWG task.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/22/9/1711 (3476 words)

	QEEG: Methodological Issues
		Electrode placements are labelled for the adjacent brain area to facilitate communication between researchers and laymen alike.
		Notwithstanding, a proposed minimum of eight electrodes, over specific cortical areas, is recommended for studying higher cognitive functions and subsequent acceptance in psychophysiological and related journals.
		The recommended areas from which EEG is to be acquired include left and right regions of frontal, central, temporal, and parietal cortex (Kooi, 1971; Etevenon, 1986).
	www.skiltopo.com /papers/applied/articles/dakdiss2.htm (3724 words)

	The Pyramidal Cell of the Sensorimotor Cortex of the Macaque Monkey: Phenotypic Variation -- Elston and Rockland 12 ...
		Elston GN (2001) Interlaminar differences in the pyramidal cell pheno-type in cortical areas 7m and STP (the superior temporal polysensory area) of the macaque monkey.
		Matelli M, Luppino G, Rizzolatti G (1991) Architecture of superior and mesial area 6 and the adjacent cingulate cortex in the macaque monkey.
		Neal JW, Pearson RCA, Powell TPS (1987) The corticocortical connections of area 7b, PF in the parietal lobe of the monkey.
	cercor.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/12/10/1071 (5230 words)

	WOROI: 43 - Brodmann area
		Comparing baseline scans during pain with scans taken after stimulation, when the patient had become pain-free, revealed significant rCBF increases in the prefrontal (Brodmann areas (BA) 9, 10, 11 and 47) and anterior insular cortices, hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray associated with the presence of chronic pain
		The war-related condition, as compared to the neutral, increased rCBF in the right sensorimotor areas (Brodmann areas 4/6), extending into the primary sensory cortex (areas 1/2/3), and the cerebellar vermis
		For all three emotions investigated, we also found activation of the inferior part of the left frontal cortex (Brodmann area 47)
	hendrix.imm.dtu.dk /services/jerne/brede/WOROI_43.html (271 words)

	[No title]
		First clue: Cortex in primary motor cortex (Brodmann's area 4) is noticably thicker than that of primary somatosensory cortex (areas 1,2,3).
		Note that each of Brodmann's areas can be distinguished by variations in the "cytoarchitecture" of the several cortical layers.
		Association fibers (i.e., axons from pyramidal cells in other areas of cortex) as well as all the various local neurons (granule cells, stellate cells, horizontal cells, etc.) synapse in Layers I, II, and III as well as deeper layers.
	www.siumed.edu /~dking2/ssb/lab7exer.doc (613 words)

	Page1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Alternatively, passive tasks may be utilized for obtaining activation of the sensorimotor area in non-cooperative patients.
		This result is in accordance with previous studies that demonstrate similar overlapping activation between active and passive sensorimotor tasks.
		Because Brodmann's area 4 (primary motor) and areas 3, 1, and 2 (primary sensory) are richly interconnected, primary activation of sensory areas would elevate the rate of neuronal depolarization in the motor cortex.
	www.mni.mcgill.ca /neuroimage/jan2001/jan2000_p7.htm (285 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A primary motor area of the cortex is responsible for this.
		This area occupies the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe and corresponds to Brodmann's area #4.
		The cortical areas providing motor output to the hand and face are disproportionately large, because we have the most delicate voluntary control of our fingers and facial muscles (for facial expression and speech).
	www.wsu.edu /~jmallatt/biol315/Lecture17.doc (3577 words)

	Ear, Nose and Throat Journal: Cortical representation of the vestibular syste... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		However, the shortest VestEP latencies and the highest amplitudes are registered in the relatively distinct cortical area that is covered by the transversal electrode line T3-C3-Cz-C4-T4 according to the 10/20 international scheme of electrode placement.
		This area corresponds to the posterior part of the frontal lobe (Brodmann's area 4, the primary motor field of the isocortex) and the anterior parts of the cerebral parietal lobe (the gyrus postcentralis, which corresponds to the primary somatosensory fields, Brodmann's areas 1,2, and 3).
		In studying evoked potentials, neurophysiology is being used to consider the area of shortest latencies and higher amplitudes as a focus of maximal activity--that is, as a representative functional area for the corresponding modality.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:75176939&refid=holomed_1 (4224 words)

	motor-systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Premotor Cortex (PM Cortex): According to Wise (1985), this term was introduced by Hines (1929), and may safely be taken to be the "laterally situated part of the agranular frontal cortex, the region outside of the boundaries of both the primary motor cortex (M1) and the supplementary motor cortex (M2)....." (Wise, 1985:3).
		The body's motor systems are traditionally dealt with under two headings according to whether the main descending pathway passes through that area of the ventral medulla known as the pyramids.
		Problem 4 - Merging the Voluntary with the Involuntary: This is the problem of suddenly imposing a voluntary excitation upon the background of ongoing involuntary excitation.
	www.smithsrisca.demon.co.uk /motor-systems.html (4249 words)

	Energy Hypometabolism in Posterior Cingulate Cortex of Alzheimer's Patients: Superficial Laminar Cytochrome Oxidase ...
		area 23 in the cingulate gyrus (PCC) (Fig.
		cortical areas being axodendritic as opposed to axosomatic (Wong-Riley
		Peters A, Sethares C, Moss MB (1998) The effects of aging on layer 1 in area 46 of prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/13/4923 (6989 words)

	Abstract14 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although the extraordinary size and idiosyncratic nature of Betz cells are well documented (Betz, 1874; Scheibel and Scheibel, 1978), little quantitative data exist with regard to their developing dendritic systems.
		The present investigation compares basilar/horizontal dendritic and spine systems in Betz cells and layer V pyramidal cells in infant human motor cortex (Brodmann's area 4).
		As expected, the somata of Betz cells (1004 µm2) were more than twice as large in cross-sectional surface area as those of layer V pyramidal cells (482 µm2).
	www.coloradocollege.edu /idprog/neuroscience/Abstracts/abs14.html (259 words)

	BASIC MOTOR PATHWAY
		The precentral gyrus has many names: primary motor cortex, Brodmann's area 4, M1, etc. It provides the bulk of the corticospinal tract, but other cortical areas contribute as well.
		One such area is area 3a, part of primary somatosensory cortex, which is hidden down inside the central sulcus.
		All areas of cerebral cortex have six varying layers of cells, from the most superficial and cell-free layer I to the deep layer VI.
	thalamus.wustl.edu /course/basmot.html (1580 words)

	[No title]
		(4) - Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell - Lymphoblast - B cell - Plasma cell What are the blood cell differentiation names of the PLATELET CELL line beginning with the hematopoietic stem cell?
		B cells are found within the white pulp of the spleen.
		T cells are found in the PALS and the red pulp of the spleen.
	umed.med.utah.edu /usmle/PDA/Anatomy.txt (10754 words)

	Lateralization of Cortical Function in Swallowing: A Functional MR Imaging Study -- Mosier et al. 20 (8): 1520 -- ...
		Areas of activation in the cortex and subcortical areas were
		areas), area 22 (the superior temporal gyrus), and areas 5 and
		In subcortical areas, activation of the posterior limb of the
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/20/8/1520 (4010 words)

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