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Topic: Brodmann area 44

	Brodmann area 45 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Brodmann area 45, or BA45, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain.
		Together with BA 44 it comprises Broca's area a region which is involved in speech production.
		Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally by the opercular area 44, rostrodorsally by the middle frontal area 46 and ventrally by the orbital area 47 (Brodmann-1909).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brodmann_area_45 (168 words)

	Encyclopedia: Brodmann-area
		A Brodmann area is a region in the brain's cortex that is defined by its histologic characteristics.
		Brodmann area 19 is shown in yellow in this image which also shows ares 17 (red) and 18 (orange) Brodmann area 19, or BA19, is part of the occipital lobe cortex in the human brain.
		Brodmann area 23 (BA23) is a region in the brain corresponding to some portion of the posterior cingulate cortex.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Brodmann_area (1065 words)

	Brodmann area - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Brodmann Areas in the Human Brain with an Emphasis on Vision and Language
		A Brodmann area is a region in the brain cortex defined in many different species based on its cytoarchitecture.
		Some of the original areas have been subdivided further and referred to, e.g., as "23a" and "23b".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brodmann_area (150 words)

	Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
		Gyri increase the surface area of the cerebral hemispheres.
		Brodmann's Areas Early in the twentieth century, several attempts were made to describe and classify regional differences in the histological organization of the cerebral cortex.
		For example, Brodmann's area 44 corresponds to the speech center and area 41 to the auditory cortex; area 4 follows the contours of the primary motor cortex.
	media.pearsoncmg.com /ph/esm/esm_martini_fundanaphy_5/bb/obj/14/CH14/html/ch14_4_1.html (3080 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It corresponds to Brodmann's area 4, is located along the anterior bank of the central sulcus, and it includes most of the precentral gyrus.
		It corresponds with Brodmann's area 44 and with part of area 45 and lies in front of the primary motor area that controls the muscles of larynx and oropharynx important for vocalization.
		In most individuals, the cortical areas important for the perception of of language and the motor control of speech are confined principally to one of the two hemispheres.
	www.student.uib.no /~st03006/atlas/materiale/tekst/FUNKSJONELT.txt (1502 words)

	Reliability of Functional MR Imaging with Word-Generation Tasks for Mapping Broca's Area -- Brannen et al. 22 (9): 1711 ...
		opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus; Brodmann area 44,
		area 45, as the pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus;
		Brodmann areas 9, 44, 45 and 46, it was not tabulated.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/22/9/1711 (3476 words)

	Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism - Optimization of Noninvasive Activation Studies with 15O-Water and ...
		Activation was seen in Broca's area of the left inferior frontal gyms--in Brodmann areas 44 and 45 in the 60-second scans, coalescing to a single region with a local maximum in area 44 with 90-second scans, and decreasing to a small portion of area 45 with 120-second scans.
		The large area of activation in the left precentral gyrus observed with a 60-second scan was smaller in the 90-second scans and was not detected with 120-second scans.
		The area of activation in the left premotor area observed with a 60-second scan was smaller with 90-second scans and was not detected with 120-second scans.
	www.nature.com /jcbfm/journal/v17/n7/full/9590256a.html (4656 words)

	The Human Brain
		Brodmann assigned numbers to various brain regions by analyzing each area's cellular structure starting from the central sulcus [the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes].
		As you may notice, many of the areas that are involved in the same general cognitive functions are numbered sequentially (or almost).
		Areas that perform the same tasks use essentially the same types of cells.
	www.umich.edu /~cogneuro/jpg/Brodmann.html (242 words)

	Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism - Collateral Inhibition of Transcallosal Activity Facilitates ...
		The sulcal area of BA 22, i.e., that part of BA 22 that is buried in the superior temporal sulcus.
		Brodmann's area 22 (surface) medially started at the lateral border of the Sylvian fissure and stretched to the lateral surface of the superior temporal gyrus (Karbe et al., 1995).
		Brodmann's area 44, which was defined as the convolution posterior to the ascending ramus of the Sylvian fissure (Foundas et al., 1995).
	www.nature.com /jcbfm/journal/v18/n10/full/9590463a.html (3371 words)

	Brodmann area 44 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Brodmann area 44, or BA44, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain.
		Situated just anterior to premotor cortex (BA6) and on the lateral surface, inferior to BA9.
		Together with BA 45 it comprises Broca's area a region which is involved in speech production.
	www.uncover.us /en/wikipedia/b/br/brodmann_area_44.html (67 words)

	Brodmann area - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		A Brodmann area is a region in the brain cortex defined by its cytoarchitectonic characteristics.
		Brodmann areas were originally defined by Korbinian Brodmann and referred to by numbers from 1 to 52.
		Brodmann (http://spot.colorado.edu/~dubin/talks/brodmann/brodmann.html), Mark Dubin pages on Brodmann areas.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Brodmann_area (129 words)

	Broca's area - Wikpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Broca's area is the section of the human brain (in the opercular and triangular sections of the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cortex) which is involved in language processing, speech production and comprehension.
		It can also be described as Brodmann's Area 44 and 45 and is connected to Wernicke's area by a neural pathway called the arcuate fasciculus.
		Broca's area is named after Paul Pierre Broca, who first described it in 1861, after conducting a post mortem on a speech impaired patient.
	www.bostoncoop.net /~tpryor/wiki/index.php?title=Broca's_area (280 words)

	[No title]
		As Kiley noted in her talk, this area damaged in cases of Broca’s area often encompass more tissue than just the left inferior frontal cortex (Brodmann’s area 44).
		This would suggest that this area of the frontal lobe is important for processing meaningful visual stimuli as well as auditory stimuli (given the results of the auditory discrimination task).
		In contrast, there is underactivation in other areas, including a select group of tissue in the subgenual anterior cingulate, which might contribute to overactivation of the HPA axis, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which would contribute to cognitive deficits in depressed individuals.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /classes/psychology/psy760/handouts/thoughtsonreadingsPart3.doc (1720 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The anterior parts of the middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann's areas 46 and 10) together with that of the superior and parts of the inferior frontal gyri form the prefrontal cortex.
		The frontal lobe is linked with other areas of the cortex via the main association fibre bundles (fasiculae), receiving large inputs from the other cortical lobes, and is linked to the corresponding areas of the contralateral hemisphere via the commissural fibres of the corpus callosum.
		Lesions to the prefrontal areas produce marked personality changes: the profound effect of such lesions on emotional balance led to their use in the treatment of psychosis and extreme depression.
	www.student.uib.no /~st03006/atlas/materiale/tekst/FRONTAL.txt (1359 words)

	Hand Preference in Chimps Linked to Genetics, Birth Order (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Focusing on areas where cells resembling those of Broca’s area in human brains previously have been identified, the scientists found that a particular region of Broca’s area, called Brodmann’s area 44, is larger in the left hemisphere of the ape brain, just as it is in the brains of most humans.
		Broca’s area is named for the French neurologist, Paul Broca, who in 1861, identified the first clinical evidence of a speech center in the human brain.
		Broca’s area is located in the inferior portion of the frontal lobes on each side of the brain and consists of two morphological components, Brodmann’s areas 44 and 45.
	www.yerkes.emory.edu /newsroom/broca.html (378 words)

	verbal
		The latter is housed in brain modules (e.g., of the parietal association areas and the frontal lobes) which are shared by verbal and nonverbal media alike.
		A supplementary-auditory module of the neocortex (in the left temporal lobe; specifically, Brodmann's areas 39, 40, posterior 21 and 22, and part of 37) identified as involved in the understanding of auditory words.
		"The homologue of Broca's area in nonhuman primates is the part of the lower precentral cortex that is the primary motor area for facial musculature" (Lieberman 1991:106).
	members.aol.com /doder1/verbal1.htm (1473 words)

	www.whonamedit.com
		Area of the left hemisphere of the brain containing the motor speech area.
		The occipital and pre-occipital area of the cerebral cortex.
		A rare idiopathic disease which manifests in middle age characterized by punctate areas of non-arteriosclerotic calcination in parts of the gray and dentate nuclei, particularly of smaller brain vessels.
	www.whonamedit.com /syndlist.cfm/69 (5418 words)

	Viewer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The aim of the present study was to explore the involvement of specific areas of human auditory cortex (AC) in a WM task as a function of the time span between stimuli.
		Three slices of 8 mm thickness were oriented in parallel to the Sylvian fissure covering the superior temporal gyrus and Brodmann Area 44 in both hemispheres.
		On the other hand the activations of Brodmann area 47 and left TA (anterior of Heschl’s gyrus) increased or did not change with increasing delay.
	www.meetingassistant.com /ohbm/FORMATTED/CategoryAbstracts/566.html?abstractlist=A22A566A103A1590A1622A1729A493A115A1578A1089A1644A535A458A1094A841A795A482A174A1020A233A1051A566A1023A1038A678A1586A40A498A717A747A326A1689A1264A46A563A1285A333A478A1130A1112A748A1212A1363A1542A577A7A912A1528A94A1202A1210A730A1358A1632A132A1061A81A1574A512A1168A1697A598A258A1062A1409A521A774A175A1231A50A1571A24A593A1096A977A773A867A1250A1441A974A968A395A126A625A102A873A286A1136A1635A1184A201A312A1256A914A1052A20A90A1365A724A680A919A1562A761A100A*&path=anything&abspath=anything (402 words)

	Brodmann area 44 -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Brodmann area 44, or BA44, is part of the (A drapery that covers the front of an altar) frontal cortex in the (additional info and facts about human brain) human brain.
		Situated just anterior to premotor cortex ((additional info and facts about BA6) BA6) and on the lateral surface, inferior to (additional info and facts about BA9) BA9.
		Together with (additional info and facts about BA 45) BA 45 it comprises (additional info and facts about Broca's area) Broca's area a region which is involved in speech production.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/B/Br/Brodmann_area_44.htm (125 words)

	The Scientist :: Nonhuman brain asymmetry doubts, Mar. 15, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Based on magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the brains of chimps, bonobos, and gorillas, authors Claudio Cantalupo and William Hopkins of the Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University reported that the surface area of a region known as Brodmann's area 44 was significantly larger in the left hemisphere than in the right.
		Area 44 is a part of Broca's area—the region that Broca identified as being crucial for speech production in the left hemisphere of humans.
		A.L. Foundas et al, “MRI asymmetries of Broca's area: the pars triangularis and pars opercularis,” Brain and Language, 64:282-296, October 1998.
	www.biomedcentral.com /news/20040315/03 (854 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Ape brains show linguistic promise
		Brodmann's area 44 is part of the Broca's area in the human brain.
		"The part possession by great apes of a homologue of Broca's area is puzzling, particularly considering the discrepancy between sophisticated human speech and the primitive vocalisations of great apes," they write in the journal Nature.
		Their theory is that as the ancestors of humans and great apes learned to grunt and gesticulate, the left side of their area 44s grew larger.
	news.bbc.co.uk /low/english/sci/tech/newsid_1680000/1680851.stm (341 words)

	Modulation of Motor and Premotor Activity during Imitation of Target-directed Actions -- Koski et al. 12 (8): 847 -- ...
		of the dorsal premotor cortex (Brodmann’s area 6).
		Leichnetz GR (1986) Afferent and efferent connections of the dorsolateral precentral gyrus (area 4, hand/arm region) in the macaque monkey, with comparisons to area 8.
		Matsumura M, Kubota K (1979) Cortical projection to hand–arm motor area from post-arcuate area in macaque monkeys: a histological study of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.
	cercor.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/12/8/847 (6423 words)

	The AFNI TTatlas+tlrc Dataset — AFNI and NIfTI Server for NIMH/NIH/PHS/DHHS/USA/Earth
		The complete list of area and gyral names is given in the dataset description below.
		In these TT*.txt files, the blanks in the region names have been replaced by the underscore "_" character, to make it easy to read the lines into a program (e.g.,Â inÂ C, one could use a format "%f%f%f%s" to read each line into 3 floats and a char array).
		This dataset has 2 byte-valued sub-bricks at 1 mm resolution (please note that it is stored at the "small Talairach brick" size).
	afni.nimh.nih.gov /afni/doc/misc/afni_ttatlas (513 words)

	Brodmann area 44 - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Brodmann area 44 - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This page was last modified 17:24, 19 May 2005.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Brodmann area 44 contains research on
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Brodmann_area_44 (102 words)

	Neurobiology of Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The lesion in Wernicke’s aphasia is to Wernicke’s area and often extends to the superior portions of the temporal lobe, Brodmann’s areas 39 and 40, and inferior portions of Brodmann’s area 37.
		Wernicke’s area is located in the left posterior inferior frontal part of the brain and is adjacent to the lateral sulcus.
		Broca’s aphasia is caused by damage to the motor association cortex in the frontal lobe, usually extending to the posterior portion of the third frontal gyrus (Brodmann’s area 44 and 45), which forms part of the frontal operculum (Broca’s area).
	www.duke.edu /~pk10/language/neuro.htm (3611 words)

	The T2T-Database Java Applet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Brodmann areas and lobes, refined 10-20 scalp coordinates (Xs, Ys) and intracranial coordinates (X, Y, Z).
		In this case the output would be a series of 265 database entries, representing information about the optimal TMS stimulation site of Broca's area in terms of refined 10-20 coordinates, graphical illustration and all corresponding MNI coordinates including distance to the scalp.
		Vice versa the output of a query for the SPM coordinate (-46, 38, 30), for example, would lead to the result, that this coordinate lies within Brodmann area 46, has a distance of 16 mm to the scalp and can be optimal stimulated by TMS at the EEG position F3.
	208.164.121.55 /hbm2003/abstract/abstract980.htm (457 words)

	Read about Brodmann area 44 at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Brodmann area 44 and learn about Brodmann area 44 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Read about Brodmann area 44 at WorldVillage Encyclopedia.
		Brodmann area 44, or BA44, is part of the frontal
		Broca's area a region which is involved in speech production.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Brodmann_area_44 (89 words)

	Glossary of Neuroscience Terms A - B
		Acceleration-deceleration trauma causes discrete lesions which affect only certain areas of the brain, occurs when the head is accelerated and then stopped suddenly, as in a car accident, and causes discrete, focal lesions to two areas of the brain, The prefrontal areas and the anterior portion of the temporal lobes.
		lack of sensory recognition as the result of a lesion in the sensory association areas or association pathways of the brain.
		frequently accompanies this type of aphasia as it is also caused by lesions to area 44.
	www.csuchico.edu /~pmccaff/syllabi/glossary.htm (1812 words)

	The neurology of syntax: Language use without Broca's area
		One, subserving the perception of spoken language, occupies the posterior-superior temporal area (the posterior portion of area 22) and Heschl's gyrus (areas 41 and 42); Wernicke's area comprises the posterior part of area 22 and the parietotemporal junction.
		The third area situated at the posterior end of the inferior frontal convolution is referred to as Broca's area or Brodmann's area 44 and is concerned with the motor aspects of speech.
		The question, obviously, is whether or not this area supports a device dedicated to syntactic analysis of transformationally moved constituents, and if so, what this device is. One possibility is that the comprehension deficit follows from a general disruption to "working memory", not from a language mechanism.
	www.bbsonline.org /documents/a/00/00/05/51/bbs00000551-00/bbs.grodzinsky.html (13682 words)

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