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Topic: Brodmann area 46

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	Brodmann area 46 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Brodmann area 46, or BA46, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain.
		This area is known as middle frontal area 46.
		Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded dorsally by the granular frontal area 9, rostroventrally by the frontopolar area 10 and caudally by the triangular area 45 (Brodmann-1909).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brodmann_area_46 (117 words)

	Area
		Brodmann area A Brodmann area is a region in the cortex defined by its cytoarchitectonic characteristics.
		Brodmann area 23 Brodmann area 23 (BA23) is a region in the cingulate sulcus.
		BA40 is in the area of the supramarginal gyrus,...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/area.html (4456 words)

	Brodmann area 45 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Brodmann area 45, or BA45, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain.
		Together with BA 44 it comprises Broca's area a region which is involved in speech production.
		Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally by the opercular area 44, rostrodorsally by the middle frontal area 46 and ventrally by the orbital area 47 (Brodmann-1909).
	www.toshare.info /en/Brodmann_area_45.htm (143 words)

	Reliability of Functional MR Imaging with Word-Generation Tasks for Mapping Broca's Area -- Brannen et al. 22 (9): 1711 ...
		area 45, as the pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus;
		Brodmann areas 9, 44, 45 and 46, it was not tabulated.
		A, Activation is evident in the pars triangularis and pars opercularis of the left inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann areas 44 and 45) in a patient performing an LWG task.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/22/9/1711 (3476 words)

	The Human Brain
		Brodmann assigned numbers to various brain regions by analyzing each area's cellular structure starting from the central sulcus [the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes].
		As you may notice, many of the areas that are involved in the same general cognitive functions are numbered sequentially (or almost).
		Areas that perform the same tasks use essentially the same types of cells.
	www.umich.edu /~cogneuro/jpg/Brodmann.html (242 words)

	Brodmann area 46 -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Brodmann area 46 -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Brodmann area 46, or BA46, is part of the (A drapery that covers the front of an altar) frontal cortex in the (additional info and facts about human brain) human brain.
		Sandwiched between (additional info and facts about BA10) BA10 and (additional info and facts about BA45) BA45 it is believed to play a role in memory retrieval.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/B/Br/Brodmann_area_46.htm (95 words)

	Paper: Pq269815718p :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A BSTR ACT Postmortem prefrontal cortices (PFC) (Brodmann's areas 10 and 46), temporal cortices (Brodmann's area 22), hippocampi, caudate nuclei, and cerebella of schizophrenia patients and their matched nonpsychiatric subjects were compared for reelin (RELN) mRNA and reelin (R ELN) protein content.
		In all of the brain areas studied, R ELN and its mRNA were significantly reduced (50%) in patients with schizophrenia; this decrease was similar in patients affected by undifferentiated or paranoid schizophrenia.
		In Brodmann's area 46, these findings are predominantly the result of a reduction in the interneuronal neuropil in layer II.
	www.medical-papers.com /eln+schizophrenia+reln+patients+mrna (560 words)

	The Spatial Brain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Other areas of the human brain which are called upon during spatial tasks include the frontal lobes which are considered as crucial for remembering a spatial location.
		In a region in the middle of the frontal cortex (Brodmann's area 46 in the illustration), scientists hypothesised that they would find the human spatial working memory circuits (just in front of an area specialised for controlling eye movements (frontal eye field).
		A region in the lower left frontal cortex (area 47 in the illustration) showed sustained activation during pauses in working memory tasks, thus clearly differentiating itself from the spatial working memory area.
	www.ul.ie /~mearsa/9519211/the.htm (346 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Based on the Talairach coordinates, these foci are located in the anterior part of Brodmann's area 6 in the middle frontal gyrus.
		Tasks involving complex finger movements activate area 6 (Catalan et al., 1998; Sadato et al., 1996) so without further control experiments we can not rule out the possibility that this activation is associated with the finger movements necessary to register the bids.
		Tasks involving verbal reasoning activate area 46 in the left hemisphere (Goel et al., 1998), and it is possible that this subject was attempting to solve the bidding task through verbal reasoning.
	www.hss.caltech.edu /~drowe/mri/prelimresults.txt (633 words)

	Comparative analysis of group II metabotropic glutamate receptor immunoreactivity in Brodmanns area 46 of the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Using immunocytochemistry and Western immunoblotting, we compared the localization and levels of group II mGluRs in Brodmann's area 46 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from patients with schizophrenia and normal subjects.
		Consistent with previous reports, we found that immunolabeling of group II mGluRs is prominent in Brodmann's area 46.
		We conclude that while the function of group II mGluRs in Brodmann's area 46 of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may be altered in patients with schizophrenia, this is not evident at the level of protein expression using an antibody against mGluR2 and mGluR3.
	www.nature.com /mp/journal/v7/n2/abs/4000966a.html (388 words)

	Low Muscarinic Receptor Binding in Prefrontal Cortex From Subjects With Schizophrenia: A Study of Brodmann's Areas 8, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Brodmann’s area 9 was taken as being posterior to Brodmann’s
		Brodmann’s area 10 was demarcated by the superior rostral
		Brodmann K: Description of individual brain maps, in Brodmann’s "Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex." Edited by Garey LJ.
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/158/6/918 (3616 words)

	"Willed action": A functional MRI study of the human prefrontal cortex during a sensorimotor task -- Hyder et al. 94 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		for the sensorimotor (Brodmann area 46) and verbal fluency (Brodmann
		To locate the areas of interest in the frontal lobes, an initial set of sagittal anatomical images were collected, positioned
		A5 Inferior frontal sulcus/middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 8)
	pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/13/6989?terms=awareness&... (5286 words)

	Paper: 190405.qxd :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Finally, it is shown in a study of monkeys that removal of the ventral prefrontal area 12 (including 45 A) impairs the ability of monkeys to relearn a visual associative task (visual matching), even though there were no demands on working memory.
		However, strictly speaking, it is the animal that selects, and not one area of the brain.
		It comprises the inferior prefrontal convexity (areas 45 A, 12/47) and the orbital surface (11, 13, 14) (Petrides and Pandya 1995).
	www.medical-papers.com /cortex+prefrontal+motor+learning+ventral (642 words)

	Differences in neuroanatomical sites of apoD elevation discriminate between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Increased apoD levels were observed in the lateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann Area 46) in both schizophrenia (46%) and bipolar disorder (111%), and in the orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann Area 11) (44.3 and 37.9% for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, respectively).
		In subjects with schizophrenia, but not bipolar disorder, apoD levels were significantly elevated in the amygdala (42.8%) and thalamus (31.7%), while in bipolar disorder, but not schizophrenia, additional increases were detected in the parietal cortex (Brodmann Area 40; 123%) and the cingulate cortex (Brodmann Area 24; 57.7%).
		These data demonstrate that there is anatomical overlap in the pathophysiologies of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, as well as areas of pathology that distinguish the two disorders.
	www.nature.com /mp/journal/v8/n2/abs/4001223a.html (286 words)

	MAPS - Listening for the Logos - a study of reports of audible voices at high doses of psilocybin
		If tryptamines, particularly psilocybin, are shown to have specific and somewhat unique abilities to stimulate auditory voice phenomena in human beings, their mere similarity to serotonin is not sufficient explanation.
		However, the serotonergic system is somehow specially involved in auditory experience, as is Brodmann areas 41-42 in the temporal cortex and Broca's area (P. McGuire, Shah, & Murray, 1993).
		Of the total questionnaire responses (N = 128), 35.9% (n = 46) of the participants reported having heard a voice(s) with psilocybin use, while 64.0% (n = 82) of the participants stated that they had not.
	www.maps.org /news-letters/v07n1/07112bea.html (4133 words)

	Decisional role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in ocular motor behaviour -- Pierrot-Deseilligny et al. 126 (6): ...
		area 46 in the DLPFC in the middle portion of the middle frontal
		This area is also involved in short-term spatial memory (2) and prediction (3) when anticipatory saccades must be performed.
		Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Israël I, Berthoz A, Rivaud S, Gaymard B. Role of the different frontal lobe areas in the control of the horizontal component of memory-guided saccades in man. Exp Brain Res 1993; 95: 166–71.
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/126/6/1460 (6811 words)

	WOROI: 317 - Brodmann area 45
		Cytoarchitectonic brain area corresponding to the triangular area.
		It is situated on the lateral side of the frontal lobe.
		We find a clear separation of activation foci in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for the sensorimotor (Brodmann area 46) and verbal fluency (Brodmann area 45) tasks
	hendrix.imm.dtu.dk /services/jerne/brede/WOROI_317.html (81 words)

	Neural Networks: Neural Systems I: Neural Systems I -- MEDOFF and MCINTOSH 157 (6): 877 -- American Journal of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		the pattern of correlations between brain areas is mediated
		area 37 (inferior temporal cortex), extending to Brodmann’s
		to Brodmann’s area 46 were increased relative to interactions
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/157/6/877 (383 words)

	WOROI: 43 - Brodmann area
		An area defined according to Brodmann's cytoarchitectonic scheme
		Comparing baseline scans during pain with scans taken after stimulation, when the patient had become pain-free, revealed significant rCBF increases in the prefrontal (Brodmann areas (BA) 9, 10, 11 and 47) and anterior insular cortices, hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray associated with the presence of chronic pain
		The war-related condition, as compared to the neutral, increased rCBF in the right sensorimotor areas (Brodmann areas 4/6), extending into the primary sensory cortex (areas 1/2/3), and the cerebellar vermis
	hendrix.imm.dtu.dk /services/jerne/brede/WOROI_43.html (263 words)

	Sustained Mnemonic Response in the Human Middle Frontal Gyrus during On-Line Storage of Spatial Memoranda -- Leung et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		area (BA) 46/9 in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) has been proposed
		We here show that BA 46 can support a sustained mnemonic response
		in this area exceeded that in the other prefrontal areas examined.
	jocn.mitpress.org /cgi/content/abstract/14/4/659 (626 words)

	List of regions in the human brain Article, Listregionsthehumanbrain Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Human brain image constructed from computer scan data
		Brodmann areas : 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 24, 25, 32, 33, 44, 45, 46, 47
		Brodmann areas : 9, 20, 21, 22, 27, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42
	www.anoca.org /system/systems/list_of_regions_in_the_human_brain.html (148 words)

	Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Prefrontal Cortex Activation During a Spatial Working Memory Task -- ...
		Conscious and Unconscious Processing of Nonverbal Predictability in Wernicke's Area
		Matching Patterns of Activity in Primate Prefrontal Area 8a and Parietal Area 7ip Neurons During a Spatial Working MemoryTask
		An Area Specialized for Spatial Working Memory in Human Frontal Cortex
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/91/18/8690 (1929 words)

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