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	The Human Brain
		Brodmann assigned numbers to various brain regions by analyzing each area's cellular structure starting from the central sulcus [the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes].
		As you may notice, many of the areas that are involved in the same general cognitive functions are numbered sequentially (or almost).
		Areas that perform the same tasks use essentially the same types of cells.
	www.umich.edu /~cogneuro/jpg/Brodmann.html (242 words)

	Brodmann
		Cytoarchitecturally bounded rostrally by the preparietal area 5 and the caudal postcentral area 2; caudally by the peristriate area 19; and medially by the dorsal posterior cingulate area 31.
		Cytoarchitecturally bounded dorsocaudally by the intermediate frontal area 8, caudally by the agranular frontal area 6, and ventrally by the frontopolar area 10, the middle frontal area 46 and the opercular area 44.
		Cytoarchitecturally bounded on the rostral and lateral aspects of the hemisphere by the frontopolar area 10, the orbital area 47, and the triangular area 45; on the medial surface it is bounded dorsally by the area 12 and caudally by the subgenual area 25.
	spot.colorado.edu /~dubin/talks/brodmann/neuronames.html (2127 words)

	Vertigo-Dizziness-Tinnitus: Ménière's Syndrome
		An outstanding frontalization is observed comprising Brodmann areas 25, 38 and 10.
		In Talairach Atlas and in 3D representation, it is observed the left prevalence of Frontal Inferior Lobe, Insula and Sublobar region.
		Our investigation (Bergmann – Bertora, 2004) capable of proving the fact that the Brodmann area 25, subgenual area and parahypocampal gyrus are involved in the Ménière Syndrome has not been described yet in international bibliography.
	www.vertigo-dizziness.com /english/Meniere_syndrom.html (887 words)

	Brodmann area 47 - Psychology Wiki - a Wikia wiki
		Brodmann area 47, or BA47, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain.
		Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally by the triangular area 45, medially by the prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann-1909, and rostrally by the frontopolar area 10 (Brodmann-1909).
		Levitin, D. and Menon, V. (2003). Musical structure is processed in "language" areas of the brain: A possible role for Brodmann Area 47 in temporal coherence.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Brodmann_area_47 (476 words)

	Brodmann area at AllExperts
		A Brodmann area is a region in the brain cortex defined in many different species based on its cytoarchitecture.
		Brodmann areas were originally defined by Korbinian Brodmann and referred to by numbers from 1 to 52.
		* 52 - Parainsular area (at the junction of the temporal lobe and the insula)
	en.allexperts.com /e/b/br/brodmann_area.htm (507 words)

	BioWizard - Musical structure is processed in "language" areas of the brain: a possible role for Brodmann Area 47 in ...
		biowizardhome » Neurology » Musical structure is processed in "language" areas of the brain: a possible role for Brodmann Area 47 in temporal coherence.
		Musical structure is processed in "language" areas of the brain: a possible role for Brodmann Area 47 in temporal coherence.
		Comparing music to its scrambled counterpart, we found focal activation in the pars orbitalis region (Brodmann Area 47) of the left inferior frontal cortex, a region that has been previously closely associated with the processing of linguistic structure in spoken and signed language, and its right hemisphere homologue.
	www.biowizard.com /story.php?pmid=14683718 (270 words)

	[No title]
		Brodmann Area 17: An area of cortex in the occipital lobe.
		Orbitofrontal Cortex (aka Brodmann's Area 47): A region of the frontal cortex which is involved in motor function and communicates with the basal ganglia as well as other limbic structures.
		Wernicke's area: An area of the left temporal lobe that is crucial for language comprehension, Wernicke's area is where words are associated with their meanings.
	www.brainconnection.com /gen/gloss.html (12864 words)

	AANS.org \| Education and Meetings \| AANS Scientific Journals \| Neurosurgical Focus
		In all cases this was confirmed by correlation to Brodmann's areas using the stereotactic atlas of Talairach and Tournoux; allowances were made for individual variations from the idealized atlas brain, usually of the order of ± 5 mm, and for visible distortion, if any, caused by the mass of the lesion seen on MR imaging.
		The anterior speech area (Broca's area) resides within the third frontal convolution in Brodmann's areas 44 and 45.[14,16] The frontal lobe beyond areas 44 and 45 is also the seat of some aspects of language.
		For the concept of cortical reorganization due to the occupation by an AVM of the area in which a particular function is known to reside to be validated, a specific function must be demonstrated to reside outside of its usual Brodmann area.
	www.aans.org /education/journal/neurosurgical/sept96/1_3_4.asp?ShowMenu=false&ShowPrint=false (2700 words)

	International Society for Neurofeedback and Research (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Encoding: In comparison to the memory-impaired TBI group, normal memory subjects demonstrated significantly greater activation in medial frontal regions including anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann areas 24 and 32) and medial frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 9).
		Retrieval: In comparison to the memory-impaired TBI group, normal memory subjects demonstrated significantly greater activation in the inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 47), the anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann areas 24 and 32) and medial frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 9), regions that have been associated in past studies with retrieval success.
		By contrast, the memory impaired TBI cohort demonstrated relatively greater reliance on a posterior activation pattern during retrieval, with significantly greater activation in the posterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann area 31), a region that has been associated in past studies with both retrieval effort and success.
	www.isnr.org /cart/Details.cfm?ProdID=76&category=7 (447 words)

	EFFERENT MOTOR APHASIAS
		Luria regarded the function of the inferior premotor area as similar to that of the superior area, except that it is more specifically concerned with speech activity.
		He regarded the frontal area as particularly necessary for the formulation of the intention to say things.
		The investigation of inferior premotor and frontal area lesions primarily involves tasks that require the patient to reproduce a story, describe a previous experience, make up a story on a given theme, or put together a story using ready-made sentences provided by the examiner in written form.
	www.wanprc.org /luria/efferentmotor1.html (754 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Sex genes for genomic analysis in human brain: internal controls for comparison of probe ...
		Results from all three methods were highly reproducible between the two brain areas, as demonstrated by the closeness of the curves corresponding to the two brain areas for all three methods (Fig.
		Brodmann areas 9 (BA9) and 47 (BA47) were dissected from frozen brain sections that had been transferred from -80C to -20C for two hours.
		Brodmann areas were identified using gyral and sulcal landmarks, cytoarchitecture and a standardized coronal atlas (Robert Perry and Edward Bird, personal communication), as previously described [29].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2105/4/37 (8635 words)

	John Hawks Anthropology Weblog
		However, this area is agranular, whereas area 44 (Broca's area) in the human brain is a dysgranular architectonic entity that lies rostral to the ventral agranular premotor cortex.
		Such an area should have the following three properties: first, it should exhibit the key architectonic characteristics of area 44 of the human brain; second, it should be bounded topographically by the same architectonic areas as in the human brain; and third, it should be involved, at least, with the orofacial musculature.
		Area 44 in the monkey lies rostral to the convexity of the premotor cortex where the mirror neurons were recorded (area F5c).
	johnhawks.net /weblog/reviews/brain/language/index.html (4702 words)

	Broca's area information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Broca's area is the section of the human brain (in the opercular and triangular sections of the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cortex) that is involved in language processing, speech production and comprehension.
		It can also be described as Brodmann's Area 44, and 45 and is connected to Wernicke's area by a neural pathway called the arcuate fasciculus.
		PET and functional MRI have found decreases in activity in the Broca's area in stuttering.There is greater activation of the right hemisphere homologue of the Broca's area (area of Ross)which is believed to be a compensatory response to the hypoactivity in the Broca's area proper.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Broca's_area (663 words)

	Frontal Cortex Hemoencephalography
		In this study of the circuitry of working memory, the activated prefrontal region, Brodmann’s area 47, is part of the orbitofrontal cortex and is in the right and not left hemisphere.
		Treatment of deep brain areas with HEG is limited by their connections to surface cortical positions.
		This prefrontal area is operative in the analysis of sequences of phonemes (Alexander, Benson, A Stuss, 1989).
	www.brainmeeting.com /toomimheg.htm (4654 words)

	A
		On average, the fittest traits in a population are thereby transmitted to descending generations causing the selection for fitness to drive the evolution of the species.
		Also called Brodmann Area 17, after the anatomist who identified the region, or Striate Cortex, because in cross section the primary visual cortex has a distinct band of white myelin within the cell layer.
		Wernicke's area: An area of the left temporal lobe that is crucial for language comprehension.
	www.neurovisuopathy.com /glossary.html (10994 words)

	The AFNI TTatlas+tlrc Dataset — AFNI and NIfTI Server for NIMH/NIH/PHS/DHHS/USA/Earth
		The complete list of area and gyral names is given in the dataset description below.
		In these TT*.txt files, the blanks in the region names have been replaced by the underscore "_" character, to make it easy to read the lines into a program (e.g.,Â inÂ C, one could use a format "%f%f%f%s" to read each line into 3 floats and a char array).
		This dataset has 2 byte-valued sub-bricks at 1 mm resolution (please note that it is stored at the "small Talairach brick" size).
	afni.nimh.nih.gov /afni/doc/misc/afni_ttatlas (513 words)

	The Neural Correlates of Reasoning -- Neurotransmitter.net
		Areas in right temporal, occipital and parietal cortex and the medial superior cerebellum appear to be differentially involved in object-based spatial transformations.
		Thus, area 47/12 designates the specific part of the zone previously labelled as area 47 in the human brain that has the same overall architectonic pattern as that of Walker's area 12 in the macaque monkey brain.
		Conjunction analysis revealed a network of brain areas jointly activated during conscious REST as compared to the nine cognitive tasks, including the bilateral angular gyrus, the left anterior precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex, the left medial frontal and anterior cingulate cortex, the left superior and medial frontal sulcus, and the left inferior frontal cortex.
	www.neurotransmitter.net /reasoning.html (16470 words)

	WOROI: 43 - Brodmann area
		We find a clear separation of activation foci in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for the sensorimotor (Brodmann area 46) and verbal fluency (Brodmann area 45) tasks
		Comparing baseline scans during pain with scans taken after stimulation, when the patient had become pain-free, revealed significant rCBF increases in the prefrontal (Brodmann areas (BA) 9, 10, 11 and 47) and anterior insular cortices, hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray associated with the presence of chronic pain
		The war-related condition, as compared to the neutral, increased rCBF in the right sensorimotor areas (Brodmann areas 4/6), extending into the primary sensory cortex (areas 1/2/3), and the cerebellar vermis
	hendrix.imm.dtu.dk /services/jerne/brede/WOROI_43.html (271 words)

	Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism - Elucidating Dynamic Brain Interactions With Across-Subjects ...
		In describing two areas as functionally coupled, we imply that the two regions some how work together, influence each other, or are commonly influenced by another source, without indicating the source or causality of their functional connection.
		In this approach, functional connectivity is operationally defined as the extent to which activity in one area of the brain is covariant with activity in another area of the brain across subjects.
		Two areas involved in reading may be correlated highly in both conditions, but if their activity is not modified proportionally by the addition of speaking aloud, they will show little between-task correlation.
	www.nature.com /jcbfm/journal/v18/n8/full/9590433a.html (7052 words)

	Silent Ischemia as a Central Problem: Regional Brain Activation Compared in Silent and Painful Myocardial Ischemia -- ...
		These areas show the difference in frontal activation between patients with silent ischemia and those with angina pectoris and the difference in the time course of activation between the frontal areas and the thalami.
		Thus, the regional cerebral blood flow changes in Brodmann area 24 and Brodmann area 10 during myocardial ischemia are significantly greater in patients with angina pectoris than in patients with silent ischemia.
		Although the regional cerebral blood flow increases in Brodmann area 24 and Brodmann area 10 entirely resolved by the baseline 3 scan, thalamic regional cerebral blood flow remained increased in both patient groups during the scan done after ischemia.
	www.annals.org /cgi/content/full/124/11/939 (6250 words)

	"The Hûman Frôntal Löbes," by Therial L. Bynum, M.D.
		The Frontal lobes and pre-Frontal areas of the brain (those parts to the cerebral hemispheres which lie anterior to the motor regions), have been considered to be the locus of the
		Some specific functions of these areas are to selection or control different types of behavior, especially choices of behavioral options dealing with particular social or physical circumstances.
		These composite areas are responsible for an individual's response to varying circumstances.
	www.hypnosisforyou.com /frontal.html (695 words)

	Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Application to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder -- Taber et al. 15 (2): 125 -- J ...
		Areas of significantly increased blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response (measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI]) during traumatic script recall versus baseline between groups is superimposed on T1-weighted MR images and schematics of the brain.
		The areas of greater activation in combat-exposed men with PTSD (n = 8) compared with a similar group of combat-exposed men without PTSD are superimposed on averaged structural MRI data.
		Cover and Figure 1. Several areas believed to be important in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are indicated in color on sagittal and axial T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images from a normal individual: rostral anterior cingulate cortex (blue), amygdala (pink), hippocampus (yellow).
	neuro.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/15/2/125 (2888 words)

	An fMRI Study of Episodic Encoding and Recognition of Words in Patients With Schizophrenia in Remission -- Hofer et al. ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Areas of significant activation, shown in color, were identified on the basis of blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal values during encoding minus values during baseline (p<0.001, uncorrected).
		The locations of these areas are presented in Table 2 and Figure 2.
		Areas of significant activation, shown in color, were identified on the basis of blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal values during retrieval minus values during baseline (p<0.001, uncorrected).
	intl-ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/160/5/911 (4090 words)

	Delusional Thoughts and Regional Frontal/Temporal Cortex Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease -- Sultzer et al. 160 (2): ...
		The image on the left in each row is a lateral view of the brain, and the middle image is a view directly toward the front of the brain.
		The image on the right is a frontal view that has been excavated to the level of the superior frontal pole (Brodmann’s area 9) to reveal metabolic rates in the frontal cortical rim at this level.
		Metabolism is represented according to a color scale in which red indicates the highest relative metabolic rate and yellow and green indicate lower metabolism.
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/160/2/341 (5219 words)

	Estrogen modifies brain cortical serotonin receptors
		Of particular interest, these changes occurred in areas linked to working memory.
		RESULTS: 5-HT(2A) receptor binding was significantly increased after estrogen replacement therapy in the right prefrontal cortex (right precentral gyrus [Brodmann's area 9], inferior frontal gyrus [Brodmann's area 47], medial frontal gyrus [Brodmann's area 6, 10] and the anterior cingulate cortex [Brodmann's area 32]).
		In the inferior frontal gyrus [Brodmann's area 44]), receptor up-regulation was correlated with change in plasma estradiol.
	www.anapsid.org /cnd/hormones/serotonin.html (364 words)

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