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Topic: Brodmann area 9

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	Brodmann
		Cytoarchitecturally bounded rostrally by the preparietal area 5 and the caudal postcentral area 2; caudally by the peristriate area 19; and medially by the dorsal posterior cingulate area 31.
		Cytoarchitecturally bounded dorsocaudally by the intermediate frontal area 8, caudally by the agranular frontal area 6, and ventrally by the frontopolar area 10, the middle frontal area 46 and the opercular area 44.
		Cytoarchitecturally bounded on the rostral and lateral aspects of the hemisphere by the frontopolar area 10, the orbital area 47, and the triangular area 45; on the medial surface it is bounded dorsally by the area 12 and caudally by the subgenual area 25.
	spot.colorado.edu /~dubin/talks/brodmann/neuronames.html (2127 words)

	Brodmann area - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Brodmann area is a region in the brain cortex defined in many different species based on its cytoarchitecture.
		Brodmann areas were originally defined by Korbinian Brodmann and referred to by numbers from 1 to 52.
		52 - Parainsular area (at the junction of the temporal lobe and the insula)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brodmann_area (423 words)

	Brodmann area 44 - Psychology Wiki - A Wikia wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Brodmann area 44, or BA44, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain.
		This area is also known as opercular area 44, and it refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined frontal region of cerebral cortex.
		Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally and dorsally by the agranular frontal area 6, dorsally by the granular frontal area 9 and rostrally by the triangular area 45 (Brodmann-1909).
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Brodmann_area_44 (491 words)

	BASIC CEREBRAL CORTEX FUNCTION OTHER THAN VISION
		Brodmann area 42 is the auditory association cortex which probably includes among its functions the discrimination of sequences of sound patterns.
		Since virtually all sensory areas are posterior to the central sulcus, areas not devoted to primary sensation in the temporal, parietal and occipital lobes are regarded as "sensory association cortex".
		Brodmann area 18 is regarded as a secondary sensory area concerned with the elaboration and synthesis of visual information.
	www.benbest.com /science/anatmind/anatmd6.html (5875 words)

	Brodmann area 9 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Brodmann area 9, or BA9, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain.
		The term Brodmann area 9 refers to a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the frontal lobe of the guenon.
		Brodmann-1909 regarded it on the whole as topographically and cytoarchitecturally homologous to the granular frontal area 9 and frontopolar area 10 in the human.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brodmann_area_9 (294 words)

	Reliability of Functional MR Imaging with Word-Generation Tasks for Mapping Broca's Area -- Brannen et al. 22 (9): 1711 ...
		opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus; Brodmann area 44,
		area 45, as the pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus;
		Brodmann areas 9, 44, 45 and 46, it was not tabulated.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/22/9/1711 (3549 words)

	Untitled Document
		Brodmann mapped the cortex according to types of neurons and their density in different cortical layers.
		Further suppose that the exclusivity assumption is violated, and that the functions are implemented in overlapping brain regions: A depends on areas 1 and 2; B depends on areas 1 and 3; C depends on areas 2 and 3.
		Conversely, the typical Brodmann area is differentially engaged in 40% of behavioral (cognitive, perceptual, emotive) domains.
	www.trincoll.edu /~dlloyd/brodmann.html (4433 words)

	The Human Brain
		Brodmann assigned numbers to various brain regions by analyzing each area's cellular structure starting from the central sulcus [the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes].
		As you may notice, many of the areas that are involved in the same general cognitive functions are numbered sequentially (or almost).
		Areas that perform the same tasks use essentially the same types of cells.
	www.umich.edu /~cogneuro/jpg/Brodmann.html (242 words)

	read1
		The area most strongly activated during both English and ASL storytelling was found at the junction of the lateral posterior superior temporal gyrus and the superior temporal sulcus in the left hemisphere.
		However, when the "theory of mind" and "physical" stories were compared, activation was observed in the left medial frontal gyrus (predominantly BA 8 extending posteriorly to area 9 and the anterior cingulate cortex), as well as the posterior cingulate cortex and right inferior parietal lobe.
		A number of frontal areas that have been implicated in narrative expression and comprehension also appear necessary for the selection and causal-temporal sequencing processes that are hypothesized to underlie all use of narratives.
	psych.utoronto.ca /~raymond/cpr/read1.html (5321 words)

	[No title]
		She is even less specific about area 9, but appears to consider it as providing analogous manual competence.
		The circuits proposed as the mechanism for the transition to Stage 2 are assumed to act to differentiate Broca's area, and this is implicitly taken as evidence that the area was not functionally differentiated before the circuits developed.
		She suggests that the input is coming from anterior prefrontal areas and writes: "To test my prediction, Thatcher analyzed his cross-sectional data and found [..] a spurt of increased connectivity between approximately two and four years of age." (p.
	tecfa.unige.ch /tecfa/publicat/tecfa-working-papers/WP-93-1.txt (4997 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Sex genes for genomic analysis in human brain: internal controls for comparison of probe ...
		Results from all three methods were highly reproducible between the two brain areas, as demonstrated by the closeness of the curves corresponding to the two brain areas for all three methods (Fig.
		Brodmann areas 9 (BA9) and 47 (BA47) were dissected from frozen brain sections that had been transferred from -80C to -20C for two hours.
		Brodmann areas were identified using gyral and sulcal landmarks, cytoarchitecture and a standardized coronal atlas (Robert Perry and Edward Bird, personal communication), as previously described [29].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2105/4/37 (8635 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Mechanisms underlying fatigue: a voxel-based morphometric study of chronic fatigue syndrome
		In the brain, the acetyl moiety of acetyl-L-carnitine is utilized mainly for the biosynthesis of L-glutamate [9].
		In CSF patients, a significant decrease in the uptake of acetyl-L-carnitine was found in several regions of the brain, including the prefrontal (Brodmann's area (BA) 9/46d), temporal (BA21 and 41), and anterior cingulate (BA24 and 33) cortices and cerebellum [9].
		Within the areas showing a significant volume reduction in patients, linear correlates between volume reduction and the degree of fatigue were examined under the threshold of P < 0.005.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2377/4/14 (2886 words)

	Low Muscarinic Receptor Binding in Prefrontal Cortex From Subjects With Schizophrenia: A Study of Brodmann's Areas 8, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Brodmann’s area 9 was taken as being posterior to Brodmann’s
		Brodmann’s area 10 was demarcated by the superior rostral
		Brodmann K: Description of individual brain maps, in Brodmann’s "Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex." Edited by Garey LJ.
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/158/6/918 (3606 words)

	Segregation of Areas Related to Visual Working Memory in the Prefrontal Cortex Revealed by rTMS -- Mottaghy et al. 12 ...
		Walker's areas 12 and 45 in the monkey correspond to Brodmann's
		area’ in the frontal inferior prefrontal cortex homologous
		Walker AE (1940) A cytoarchitectonical study of the prefrontal area of the macaque monkey.
	cercor.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/12/4/369 (4863 words)

	The AFNI TTatlas+tlrc Dataset — AFNI and NIfTI Server for NIMH/NIH/PHS/DHHS/USA/Earth
		The complete list of area and gyral names is given in the dataset description below.
		In these TT*.txt files, the blanks in the region names have been replaced by the underscore "_" character, to make it easy to read the lines into a program (e.g.,Â inÂ C, one could use a format "%f%f%f%s" to read each line into 3 floats and a char array).
		This dataset has 2 byte-valued sub-bricks at 1 mm resolution (please note that it is stored at the "small Talairach brick" size).
	afni.nimh.nih.gov /afni/doc/misc/afni_ttatlas (513 words)

	[P&S; Medical Review:Fall 1998, Vol.5, No.2]
		This work suggested to us that bilateral removal of analogous areas from the cortex of psychotic patients might well result in specific behavior changes which would be of benefit to the patient.
		No attempt was made in this series to ablate area 9 in its entirety owing to the proximity of its caudal margins to the motor and speech areas.
		Richter and Hines, in discussing changes following removal of area 9, state that "the increased activity may be regarded as a result of a release phenomenon, i.e., the removal of the inhibitory influence from the higher centers may permit external stimuli to pass on freely without hindrance or interference to lower reflex centers.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /news/review/archives/medrev_v5n2_0004.html (3487 words)

	"Willed action": A functional MRI study of the human prefrontal cortex during a sensorimotor task -- Hyder et al. 94 ...
		for the sensorimotor (Brodmann area 46) and verbal fluency (Brodmann
		Data from 9 of the 16 subjects were assessed to be free of movement artifacts.
		(9) study, and the present study are the sensorimotor and verbal
	pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/13/6989?terms=awareness&... (5310 words)

	LONI \| LONIR \| Collaboration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The second average cortical model of cortex was developed by aligning individual sMRIs to a template, intensity averaging, and extracting the cortex from the resulting average image.
		In the patient group, increased activation with task difficulty was seen in the left Brodmann's area 10 and in the right Brodmann's area 18.
		Significantly decreased activation with task difficulty was found in the left and right Brodmann's area 9 of the patient group; this was not observed in the control group.
	www.loni.ucla.edu /NCRR/Collaboration/LONIR_CollabAbstract.jsp?collaboration_id=94 (321 words)

	NPR : The Long, Strange Journey of Einstein's Brain
		Her plan was to count individual neurons and two types of glial cells known as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, to come up with four total counts: neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and combined glial cells.
		The possibility is especially intriguing because it suggests a theoretical diagnosis that, had Einstein's parents been aware of it, might have led them to steer their son toward the civil service instead of academia.
		The part of the frontal cortex in question is Brodmann area 9, a block adjacent to the one that Harvey had sent to Marian Diamond.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=4602913 (2885 words)

	Cortical selective vulnerability in motor neuron disease: a morphometric study -- Maekawa et al. 127 (6): 1237 -- Brain
		(Brodmann areas 9 and 10), the anterior cingulate region (Brodmann
		The boxes indicate the approximate locations of areas 4 (A), 9 (B) and 24 (C) and the asterisks indicate area 24c in the ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus, investigated in this study.
		areas 9 and 10) and ACC (Brodmann areas 24 and 32).
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/127/6/1237 (6477 words)

	fMRI Study of Maintenance and Manipulation Processes Within Working Memory in First-Episode Schizophrenia -- Tan et al. ...
		in the medial frontal (Brodmann’s area 10) and posterior
		gyri (Brodmann’s area 9) to a lesser extent and the bilateral
		Blue areas indicate regions with relatively less activation in patients; red areas indicate regions with relatively greater activation in patients.
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/162/10/1849 (4209 words)

	"The Hûman Frôntal Löbes," by Therial L. Bynum, M.D.
		The Frontal lobes and pre-Frontal areas of the brain (those parts to the cerebral hemispheres which lie anterior to the motor regions), have been considered to be the locus of the
		Some specific functions of these areas are to selection or control different types of behavior, especially choices of behavioral options dealing with particular social or physical circumstances.
		These composite areas are responsible for an individual's response to varying circumstances.
	www.hypnosisforyou.com /frontal.html (695 words)

	Roi Alphabetic index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		WOROI: 48 - area striata (Brodmann area 17).
		WOROI: 9 - Mid cingulate (Middle cingulate gyrus).
		WOROI: 263 - Posterior transverse temporal area (Posterior transverse temporal gyrus).
	hendrix.imm.dtu.dk /services/jerne/brede/index_roi_alphabetic.html (3640 words)

	Prefrontal Cortex in Bipolar Disorder -- Neurotransmitter.net
		METHODS: Dorsolateral prefrontal area 9 was analyzed using a three-dimensional morphometric method in postmortem brains from 10 BPD patients and 11 matched nonpsychiatric control subjects.
		RESULTS: Area 9 in BPD was characterized by reduced neuronal density in layer III (16%-22%) and reduced pyramidal cell density in layers III and V (17%-30%).
		This area is close to that previously addressed in studies of familial bipolar depression and familial unipolar depression, although our participants did not satisfy criteria for depression.
	www.neurotransmitter.net /bipolarpfc.html (17057 words)

	Reorganization of Sensory and Motor Systems in Hemiplegic Stroke Patients : A Positron Emission Tomography Study -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		These areas were identified in a multigroup study analysis by subtracting increases of rCBF during passive movements vs rest of normal subjects from those of patients.
		The bilateral inferior parietal cortex (Brodmann area 40) was
		Cortical areas and the selection of movement: a study with positron emission tomography.
	stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/30/8/1510 (4396 words)

	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression
		Changes in Brodmann area 9 were relatively consistently identified in resting, cognitive activation and treatment studies included in the meta-analysis.
		Economic analysis may identify areas in which research would be best targeted by identifying parameters where reducing the level of uncertainty would have the most effect in helping to make the decision on whether ECT is a cost-effective treatment.
		Marked clinical improvement observed in 19 out of the 22 patients was associated with a significant increase of the MEP/M-wave area ratio, decrease of the aMT and reduction of the ICI in the left hemisphere.
	www.psycom.net /tms.html (6469 words)

	ISNR 2006 Conf, Scientific Papers, Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		LORETA showed anterior cingulate Brodmann area 24 dysfunction in Asperger’s and dysfunction in the posterior cingulate Brodmann area 31 and in the cuneus and precuneus in the autistic cases.
		Retrieval: In comparison to the memory-impaired TBI group, normal memory subjects demonstrated significantly greater activation in the inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 47), the anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann areas 24 and 32) and medial frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 9), regions that have been associated in past studies with retrieval success.
		By contrast, the memory impaired TBI cohort demonstrated relatively greater reliance on a posterior activation pattern during retrieval, with significantly greater activation in the posterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann area 31), a region that has been associated in past studies with both retrieval effort and success.
	www.isnr.org /2006/06papers.htm (12347 words)

	Development and Neurobiology: Genetics of Childhood Disorders: XLIII. Autism, Part 2: Neural Foundations
		These include brain areas responsible for emotional and social functions, perceptual systems specific to face and affect recognition, and social-cognitive systems involved in understanding the intentions of others.
		Functional neuroimaging and lesion data show that the fusiform gyrus, a region on the underside of the temporal lobe, is normally an area for face perception, while neighboring regions in the posterior regions of the middle and superior temporal gyri are important for reading facial expressions and social intent through eye-gaze direction.
		Studying younger children may be a prerequisite for a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of autism because the disorder evolves into its full form in a rather short period of time in the first 2 years of life.
	info.med.yale.edu /chldstdy/plomdevelop/genetics/02octgen.htm (2188 words)

	Understanding the pathology of schizophrenia: recent advances from the study of the molecular architecture of ...
		was not altered in Brodmann's areas 9 and 10 from subjects with
		Decreased serotonin2A receptors in Brodmann's area 9 from schizophrenic subjects.
		H]muscimol binding, in Brodmann's area 9 from subjects with bipolar disorder.
	pmj.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/78/917/142 (4782 words)

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