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Topic: Broken Windows

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	Daring Fireball: Broken Windows
		It’s similar to the “broken windows” theory of urban decay, which holds that if a single window is left unrepaired in a building, in fairly short order, the remaining windows in the building will be broken.
		Many Windows users are simply resigned to the fact that their computers contain software that is not under their control.
		Windows apologists have long argued that the only reason the Mac has been so strikingly free of security exploits is that it has such a smaller market share than Windows.
	daringfireball.net /2004/06/broken_windows (1831 words)

	a quick overview of an influential fad in policing.
		One of the inevitable critiques, maybe a fundamental critique, of Broken Windows is that the types of "disorderly conduct" it targets are notably offenses typical of the poor.
		And yet the windows themselves have become a metaphor for problems actually blamed on people who are generally not in a position to fix windows.
		Testing "broken windows" was not the point of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, the study planned and conducted by Dr. Earls and colleagues to unravel the social, familial, educational and personal threads that weave together into lives of crime and violence.
	www.ambiguous.org /robin/word/brokenwindows.html (4715 words)

	That's Plenty: The Broken Windows Theory 1864 Style.
		"Broken Windows" was written by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling for the Atlantic in March of 1982.
		The Broken Window Theory was adopted by the country at large, and police were quick to adopt this "Zero Tolerance" policy, as Rudy Giuliani called it.
		These exact concerns, even down to an obsession with broken windows, and a distaste for "the mob", were brought up by a scientist and politician 125 years earlier, one who actually knew Charles Darwin.
	www.thatsplenty.com /2006/11/the_broken_windows_theory_1864.html (1482 words)

	The cracks in 'broken windows' - The Boston Globe
		But according to the broken windows theory, fighting the seemingly minor indicators of neighborhood decay and disorder-broken windows, graffiti, even litter-helps prevent major crimes, and urban police forces like Boston's have applied the theory since the 1980s.
		Bratton employed the broken windows theory as part of what he calls a comprehensive policing strategy, and on his watch, crime on the T dropped by 27 percent.
		Contrary to what broken windows would suggest, there was no decrease in criminality among the relocated public-housing tenants: They continued to offend at the same rates in their new, more orderly neighborhoods as they did in their disorderly ones.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/ideas/articles/2006/02/19/the_cracks_in_broken_windows (1893 words)

	felixsalmon.com: — Broken Windows
		Meanwhile, academics are studying the Broken Windows theory, doing things like literally counting broken windows, and then taking polls which seem to show that there's no correlation between the number of broken windows and how "disordered" people think a neighborhood is. Some of them are coming to the conclusion that Broken Windows isn't empirically rigorous.
		Counting broken windows doesn't prove anything: the point about the theory is not so much that broken windows get fixed, and much more that the police care that windows are being broken in the first place.
		Broken windows theory was never any news to any half-decent community development worker, it's common sense.
	www.felixsalmon.com /000412.html (1346 words)

	Shattering "Broken Windows": An Analysis of San Francisco's Alternative Crime Policies
		The "broken windows" approach stresses increasing the number of officers on the streets and arresting and prosecuting all crimes.
		"Broken window" approaches to crime control have a great impact on how youth are handled by the police and the criminal justice system.
		According to the "broken windows" theory, youth in San Francisco should have had a message sent to them that no one cares and crime should have risen accordingly.
	www.cjcj.org /pubs/windows/windows.html (2141 words)

	The Chronicle: February 9, 2001: Poking Holes in the Theory of 'Broken Windows'
		The essence of "broken windows" is that neighborhood disorder -- physical decay, such as graffiti, litter, and dilapidation; and minor misconduct, such as public drinking and vagrancy -- will, if left unchecked, signal potential miscreants that no one is watching.
		"'Broken windows' remains a hypothesis which has a lot of support in the form of anecdotes and case studies," he says.
		The debate over "broken windows" is just one part of a larger dispute over the lessons of the 1990's.
	chronicle.com /free/v47/i22/22a01401.htm (2647 words)

	Common Craft - Social Design for the Web: Broken Windows Theory and Your Web Site
		The theory says that a broken window that is left unfixed can quickly encourage more crime and vandalism because it sends a message of apathy to everyone that sees it.
		Broken Windows was the brainchild of the criminologists James Q. Wilson and George Kelling.
		If a window is broken and left unrepaired, people walking by will conclude that no one cares and no one is in charge.
	www.commoncraft.com /archives/000561.html (984 words)

	Fix Broken Windows
		Once a window in a building is broken and left unrepaired, the building starts to go downhill rapidly.
		One possible problem with the "broken windows" theory in criminal justice is that cities are large and varied, so its inhabitants have vastly different values.
		The more broken windows you allow to accumulate, the more you will have to fight against people using the logic of the BrokenWindowFallacy when you finally try to fix something.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?FixBrokenWindows (2069 words)

	Broken Windows Theory in software and your personal life
		These examples describe how a single broken window, if left unrepaired for an extended period of time, can cause the inhabitants to lose respect, pride and care in their surroundings.
		If leaving a single window broken leads to more broken windows, then not fixing a window sends a message that vandalism is tolerated.
		So instead of fastidiousness, instead of fixing a broken window immediately, it might sometimes be better to think about how to prevent broken windows.
	www.davecheong.com /2006/06/30/broken-windows-theory-in-software-and-your-personal-life (2013 words)

	Legal Affairs Debate Club - Is Broken Windows Policing Broken?
		This practice is based on the "broken windows" theory of policing, which suggests that a reduction in minor crimes will lead to a decrease in violent ones.
		If the broken windows theory were correct, then there must be some sort of change induced by MTO that generates equally large offsetting effects on crime—for men, but not for women.
		Proposition 1: The broken windows theory—which holds that disorder causes crime, or, in the original formulation by Wilson and Kelling, that "disorder and crime are usually inextricably linked, in a kind of developmental sequence"—is not right.
	www.legalaffairs.org /webexclusive/debateclub_brokenwindows1005.msp (7124 words)

	mamamusings: broken windows and technical debt
		We use the broken window theory as a metaphor for managing technical debt on a project.
		She refers to an article which extends the broken window theory to software development and introduces the term technical debt.
		The so-called "broken window" theory has been heavily criticized, both as a theory and as a practical policy.
	mamamusings.net /archives/2005/01/07/broken_windows_and_technical_debt.php (1281 words)

	Law Enforcement News - December 15/31, 2003
		“Broken Windows,” which broke onto the scene in 1982 in a cover story in The Atlantic Monthly co-authored by George L. Kelling and James Q. Wilson, is rightfully considered, along with community policing and problem-oriented policing, as one of the three foremost ground-breaking ideas in criminal justice over the past two decades.
		“Obviously, Broken Windows was a theory, an idea that really sort of opened people’s eyes,” Stephens told LEN, “and once they started thinking about that and comparing it with their own experiences, the arguments that he and James Q. Wilson were advancing, it had a certain amount of common sense to it, as well.
		What Kelling refers to as “distortions” of Broken Windows include the zero-tolerance policies, sweeps and crackdowns that some jurisdictions have implemented in its name, and for which critics have taken him to task.
	www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu /len/2003/12.31 (2077 words)

	The World As Best As I Remember It : Broken Windows Theory
		The original broken windows theory, first coined by Wilson and Kelling, describes the purported phenomenon whereby an abandoned warehouse with no broken windows is mostly left alone, but as soon as one window is broken, it acts as an open invitation to passers-by that it's open-season for rock-throwing.
		Windows is a best on desktop and a high player on servers because it is easier for a programmer to start programming on windows than on any other plataform.
		It is interesting to think that Windows suffers from 3 types of bloat: Useless Stupid Features that do not belong in the OS bloat, lines of code bloat (a child of the first bloat) and managerial bloat (nothing at all to do with either of the first two bloats).
	blogs.msdn.com /philipsu/archive/2006/06/14/631438.aspx (13605 words)

	Amazon.com: Broken Windows, Broken Business: How the Smallest Remedies Reap the Biggest Rewards: Books: Michael Levine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The "broken windows" that turn customers away could be as simple as poorly maintained restrooms, but more likely it's the customer service problems that slowly degrade a business over time.
		The broken windows theory was such a revolutionary, seminal concept in criminal justice that when it was published in 1982, it was considered a complete and total reversal of everything that had come before it.
		Levin comments that the original paper pointed out the if broken windows were replaced and graffiti removed the overall feeling was people cared and if minor crimes were not tolerated the overall feeling of that strong law enforcement existed.
	www.amazon.com /Broken-Windows-Business-Smallest-Remedies/dp/0446576786 (2700 words)

	Broken Windows, Broken Business by Michael Levine
		This book is about "broken windows" in business: how they happen, why they happen, why they are ignored, and the fatal consequences that can result from their being allowed to go unchecked.
		It is meant as a cautionary tale, a primer, a road map, a manifesto, and a salute to those companies that fix their broken windows promptly.
		Download an excerpt of the Broken Windows Theory from a Michael Levine speech in San Diego.
	www.brokenwindows.com (244 words)

	Mike Linksvayer » Bill Gates for Broken Windows (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		He’s retelling the parable of the broken windows (how appropos!), also known as the broken window fallacy.
		In a nutshell, the fallacy says that breaking windows is good for the economy, as it creates the need for replacements, and thus “creates jobs.” This is of course nuts.
		One reason people sometimes buy the broken window fallacy is that they confuse the purpose of economic activity, which is to fulfill needs, i.e., to create wealth, not to create work.
	gondwanaland.com /mlog/2004/07/11/bill-gates-for-broken-windows (624 words)

	The Pragmatic Programmers, LLC
		One broken window, left unrepaired for any substantial length of time, instills in the inhabitants of the building a sense of abandonment---a sense that the powers that be don't care about the building.
		One broken window---a badly designed piece of code, a poor management decision that the team must live with for the duration of the project---is all it takes to start the decline.
		If you find yourself working on a project with quite a few broken windows, it's all too easy to slip into the mindset of ``All the rest of this code is crap, I'll just follow suit.'' It doesn't matter if the project has been fine up to this point.
	www.pragmaticprogrammer.com /ppbook/extracts/no_broken_windows.html (829 words)

	ACLU News: Broken Theory: "Broken Windows" Policing Carries Potentially High Costs At No Clear Benefit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The broken windows theory posits that public disorder, such as graffiti, solicitation, or fare jumping, causes higher crime by signaling that the neighborhood is out of control, and that combating disorder will reduce serious crime.
		On the other hand, the most comprehensive and thorough study of the broken windows theory is Robert Sampson and Stephen Raudenbush’s 1999 analysis, “Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods.” Sampson and Raudenbush used an extremely careful data collection method called systematic social observation.
		Given the lack of evidence supporting the broken windows theory, these would be better things to focus on.
	www.aclu-sc.org /News/OpenForum/1002/100434 (963 words)

	Bratton's 'broken windows' - Los Angeles Times (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		AT A MEETING of the world's top cops in San Francisco today, the first topic on the agenda will be whether the "broken windows" theory on which Los Angeles Police Chief William J. Bratton has built his career is, in fact, an effective crime-fighting technique.
		At about the same time, Kelling was on hand to help launch a "broken windows" program in Denver's Westwood area, which local officials said would target graffiti removal, among other things.
		Bratton has been on board the "broken windows" bandwagon for many years, since long before he arrived in L.A. As New York's police chief in the mid-1990s, he implemented a quality-of-life initiative to much acclaim, and he campaigned for the top job in L.A. on a "broken windows" platform.
	www.latimes.com /news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-harcourt20apr20,0,5438686.story?coll=la-news-comment-opinions (930 words)

	Meatball Wiki: FixBrokenWindows (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Of course, this evidence has to do with the impact of broken windows on crime; its relevance to wiki, where we are trying more to preserve order or clarity or style rather than to prevent crime, is unknown.
		"Broken windows" are anything that is in a broken way that is unpleasant or annoying to look at: personal attacks, flame wars, genuinely off-topic content, flooding, spam, etc. A "crime" is anything that goes against the community's internal law (c.f.
		A punitive approach to breaking windows, as the New York "quality of life" crimes suggest is not what FixBrokenWindows is about.
	www.usemod.com /cgi-bin/mb.pl?FixBrokenWindows (709 words)

	Broken Windows Syndrome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		'In a 1982 Atlantic Monthly article titled "Broken Windows," James Q. Wilson and George Kelling argued that disorder in a community, if left uncorrected, undercuts residents' own efforts to maintain their homes and neighborhoods and control unruly behavior.
		"If a window in a building is broken and left unrepaired," they wrote, "all the rest of the windows will soon be broken.
		One unrepaired window is a signal that no one cares, so breaking more windows costs nothing.
	www.sjvgreens.org /broken.shtml (231 words)

	William J. Bratton & George Kelling on Broken Windows on National Review Online
		One of us co-originated (with James Q. Wilson) this theory, which has come to be known as "fixing broken windows"; the other implemented it in New York City, first as chief of the transit police under Mayor David Dinkins, and then more broadly as police commissioner under Mayor Rudy Giuliani.
		To debunk broken windows, Harcourt re-analyzed Northwestern University's Professor Wesley Skogan's Disorder and decline: Crime and the spiral of decay in American neighborhoods, originally presented in 1990.
		From the first presentation of broken windows we have argued, to the contrary, that the link, while clear and strong, is indirect.
	www.nationalreview.com /comment/bratton_kelling200602281015.asp (1006 words)

	Broken Windows Theory - Activity Based Costing Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani adopted the Broken Windows Theory and implemented a community-policing strategy focused on order maintenance… graffiti washed nightly from subway cars, $1.25 subway turnstile-jumpers arrested, trash picked up.
		Broken "windows" are characterized by bad designs, wrong decisions, or poor code left unrepaired.
		Symptomatic of a broken cost system are the lack of answers to basic questions.
	www.icms.net /broken_windows.htm (970 words)

	Broken Windows
		The version of 'Broken Windows' outlined below involves all members of the School community in substantial improvement for all.
		Students who repeatedly create 'broken windows' have the chance to learn that are part of a larger world which has a considerable capacity to respond to their actions.
		In a school context, something can be deemed to be implemented when it becomes part of the school culture, ie, it is generally expected and happens as a matter of course without intervention.
	www.users.bigpond.com /ivan.webb/studentsupport/broken_windows.htm (665 words)

	Michael Tsai - Blog - Broken Windows
		In the years since Mac OS X was first released, the basic “Quartz Window” has been increasingly used as the workhorse element in providing the glitzy UI features we take for granted.
		An average user looking at their desktop, with all Finder windows closed, would answer “none” to the question “how many windows are open?” But there are dozens if not hundreds of windows being displayed in part or full on a typical Mac user’s screen.
		They just don’t look like windows.…Broken windows occur when the system or a developer attempts to use a (user level) window to achieve a tricky end, without taping up all the loose ends.
	mjtsai.com /blog/2006/02/14/broken-windows-2 (147 words)

	Broken windows reconsidered. . - Review - two books on crime history - book review Public Interest - Find Articles
		While some academic work on broken windows supports this thesis, police departments have generally implemented broken-windows patrol strategies on the basis of more modest goals of crime prevention.
		Thus he argues that cities ought to "break away from broken windows per se and widen the models upon which they rely, both to predict and to preserve safe and stable neighborhoods with assured and committed residents."
		In Baltimore, Taylor makes a solid case for using broken windows as only one component of a broad social and economic effort to heal wounded neighborhoods and stabilize those in decline.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0377/is_2002_Summer/ai_87774111 (812 words)

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