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NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Bromate   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04) Bromates are known to be formed when there is bromine dissolved in water and high levels of ozone as well as high pressure tank contact systems are used to disinfect it. Bromate was measured at concentrations of 8–180 µg/L, depending on temperature, pH, ozone and peroxone dose, ammonia-nitrogen concentration and bromide concentrations in raw water (0.3–1.4 mg/L). Bromate levels for distributed water ranged from 0.55 to 4.42 µg/L, with an average value of 1.71 µg/L. In many instances, bromate levels reached their maximum at the treatment plant and decreased in the distribution system. www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Bromate   (469 words)

Glossary: Bromate Normally, bromate is not found in nature, but it is a water disinfection byproduct. Bromate is the main cause for concern of ozonation as water treatment method. The amount of bromate produced is influenced by the amount of (naturally occurring) bromide in the water. www.greenfacts.org /glossary/abc/bromate.htm   (124 words)

Bromate Bromate is therefore rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, partially converted to bromide in the tissues and excreted rapidly. Micronucleus induction in peripheral blood reticulocytes by a potassium bromate dose of 60 mg/kg bw was similarly inhibited in male rats, in the same protocol as the preceding study. Potassium bromate induced chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster fibroblast cells at concentrations of 0.0625–0.25 mg/mL in both the presence and absence of metabolic activation. www.hc-sc.gc.ca /ewh-semt/pubs/water-eau/doc_sup-appui/bromate/ii_e.html   (3618 words)

Potassium Bromate Termed a Cancer Threat Bromate was first found to cause tumors in rats in 1982. However, because the FDA sanctioned the use of bromate before the Delaney clause went into effect in 1958, it is harder for the agency to ban the substance. Bromates have been banned in numerous countries, including the United Kingdom in 1990 and Canada in 1994. www.cspinet.org /new/bromate.html   (436 words)

Bromate As a result, bromate levels could be high as a result of bromate's stability during long-term storage (as occurs in smaller municipalities). This study found that bromate concentrations generally increased from raw to treated to distributed water, although concentrations in distributed water were occasionally the same as or lower than those in treated water. A limited survey of bromate concentrations in ozonated treated waters in the United Kingdom detected concentrations of bromate of 10–20 µg/L at two of four sites sampled, whereas bromate concentrations ranging from 3 to 28 µg/L were found in final waters from treatment works using commercial sodium hypochlorite as a disinfectant. www.hc-sc.gc.ca /ewh-semt/pubs/water-eau/doc_sup-appui/bromate/i_e.html   (1883 words)

653. Potassium bromate (WHO Food Additives Series 24) Bromate disappeared slowly from the stomach; in the small intestine the levels peaked after 30 min and fell to undetectable levels by 4 hrs. Groups of four male Wistar rats were given potassium bromate by oral gavage at doses of 0, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100 mg/kg bw and bromate and bromide were determined in the subsequent 24 hr urine. Residual levels of bromate in bread made from flour treated at levels of 75 and 100 mg/kg were 0.14 and 0.22 mg/kg, respectively (expressed on a 40% moisture basis). www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v024je03.htm   (3017 words)

566. Potassium bromate (WHO Food Additives Series 18) POTASSIUM BROMATE Explanation Potassium bromate has been evaluated for acceptable level of treatment for flour to be consumed by man by the Joint FAO/WHO Committee on Food Additives in 1964 (Annex I, Ref. 7). When the added potassium bromate was 50 mg/kg or less, no residual potassium bromate could be detected; at higher levels of addition, increasing amounts of residual potassium bromate were detected, bulk fermentation giving higher residual levels than mechanical development (Thewlis, 1974). The Committee considered that bromate as such should not be present in food as consumed; therefore, the use of potassium bromate could only be approved when such usage resulted in negligible residues. www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v18je13.htm   (2244 words)

AquaMD, Inc. - Contaminants Sodium and Potassium bromate are powerful oxidizers used mainly in permanent wave neutralizing solutions and the dying of textiles using sulfur dyes. Potassium bromate is also used as an oxidizer to mature flour during milling, in treating barley in beer making and in fish paste products. Bromate may be found in water during ozonation when the bromide ion is present in water. www.aquamd.com /resources/dispcontam.cfm?contaminant=165   (74 words)

Water Testing: National Testing Labs Watercheck Analysis - NTL & BTL Bromate is a disinfection by-product which, at very low levels, has been labeled as a carcinogen. Bromate can be formed when bromide, a naturally occurring inorganic ion, is exposed to ozone. The maximum amount of bromate which could be formed can be calculated by multiplying the bromide level present in the raw source by 1.6. www.ntllabs.com /businesses/bottledwater/industry_past/industry_past2.html   (250 words)

Bromate in Drinking Water - Information Fact Sheet Bromate is formed when ozone used to disinfect drinking water reacts with naturally occurring bromide found in source water. Bromate formation in disinfected drinking water is influenced by factors such as bromide ion concentration, pH of the source water, the amount of ozone and the reaction time used to disinfect the water. The information on the effects of bromate on reproductive health is limited, but does not indicate a concern at levels near the drinking water standard. www.health.state.ny.us /nysdoh/water/bromate.htm   (471 words)

Potassium Bromate and baking information and replacement In response to the CSPI press release on potassium bromate the American Bakers Association published its own press release on July 19, 1999 stating that potassium bromate is converted to harmless potassium bromide during the baking process. Potassium bromate is a flour improver that acts as a maturing agent. In laymens terms potassium bromate prevents the dough from falling when the dough is handled between proofing and baking yeilding higher volume bread. www.keymix.com /bromate.htm   (606 words)

NTP: Abstract for RDGT94007 - Sodium Bromate The overall average calculated consumption of sodium bromate for Groups 2-4 was approximately 2.6, 9.0, and 25.6 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively. Results of this study indicate that sodium bromate treatment did not produce any adverse signs of general toxicity in any of the dose levels tested, and based on these findings, a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not reached. From these data, sodium bromate may be a selective male reproductive toxicant at 250 ppm since male reproductive toxicity was noted in the absence of general toxicity. ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=070EAFCC-E977-3861-AC7327B175DE633C   (540 words)

Article Archives Although bromate is unlikely to be formed using standard chlorination disinfection, there is some evidence that commercially available sodium hypochlorite solutions may contain bromate as a contaminant. Bromate is a highly toxic substance that causes irreversible renal failure, deafness, and death and has been linked to renal tumors in rats. Studies published concerning the reduction of bromate have utilized the Rapid Small Scale Column Test (RSSCT) procedure, which was designed for adsorption applications and may not translate well to applications where a different removal mechanism such as oxidation/reduction or ion exchange exists. waternet.com /article.asp?IndexID=6633356   (1223 words)

Last eval.: Potassium Bromate (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 73, 1999) Bromate may also be found in some drinking-water samples as a by-product of ozone disinfection. In hamsters, the incidence of renal tubular tumours was marginally increased. Bromate was found to be rapidly absorbed in rats and eliminated (or degraded). www.inchem.org /documents/iarc/vol73/73-17.html   (390 words)

WHO | Chemical hazards in drinking-water - bromate Bromate is considered in the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Bromate in bottled water is included in the plan of work of the rolling revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. EMRO raised the issue of excess bromate in bottled water. www.who.int /water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/bromate/en   (162 words)

Bromate by EPA Method 317 Bromate and other oxyhalides are often unwanted byproducts of water disinfection. We have been analyzing samples for bromate by EPA 300.0 using suppressed conductivity detection. In this method, bromate is specifically reacted with a post-column reagent and detected by visible absorbance detection (450 nm). www.wcaslab.com /tech/bromate.htm   (298 words)

Protecting the Quality of What We Drink: Bromides on Bromate Because of the high level of bromide contained in the calcium chloride, a derivate of bromide, bromate was formed at a level that exceeded UK legal standards. British limits for bromate in bottled and tap waters, like the US, are 10 parts per billion, a Coca-Cola spokesman told Reuters, and the Dasani samples had tested at between "borderline" (about 10) and 22 parts per billion. The FDA in the past found bromate at concentrations of up to 40 micrograms/l -- which is 4 times the present federal standard. www.foodconsumer.org /777/8/Protecting_the_Quality_of_What_We_Drink_Bromides_on_Bromates.shtml   (791 words)

Bromate Replacers   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04) N'HANCE SD - Is designed to replace potassium bromate in straight doughs and on the dough side of liquid ferment systems. To replace high levels of bromate the addition of N'HANCE PASE II tablets may be required. N'HANCE "N" - A potassium bromate and azodicarbonamide - free blend of enzymes and conditioners and an approved oxidizing agent that is label friendly. www.asbe.org /ingredients/suppliers/cain/bromater.html   (158 words)

Bromate Water Contaminant Information for Water Filtration Treatment This is a fact sheet about a disinfection byproduct that may be found in some public or private drinking water supplies. Bromate is a chemical that is formed when ozone used to disinfect drinking water reacts with naturally occurring bromide found in source water. EPA has established the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule to regulate bromate at annual average of 10 parts per billion in drinking water. www.waterfilters.net /water-university/water-contaminants/bromate.htm   (237 words)

Khaleej Times Online - UAE working to rid drinking water of chemical linked to cancer Bromate can appear when drinking water is produced from salty sources, and in the United Arab Emirates and other desert countries, desalination of sea water is the dominant process for for potable water. The bromate was introduced into the water after plants switched from treatment with volatile chlorine gas to using seawater-based chlorine, Carter said. Bromate also appears when saline water is treated with ozone, a disinfectant especially popular with producers of bottled water. www.khaleejtimes.com /DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2005/December/theuae_December882.xml§ion=theuae&col=   (886 words)

Use of Sodium Bromate for Aromatic Bromination: Research and Development Severe regulations on the use of sodium and potassium bromate were imposed, in the past few years, by health and environmental protection authorities. Therefore, the use of bromate salts in processes may be economically justified only when they provide substantial advantages in the yield and reaction conditions over the use of Br The best example is the bromination of nitrobenzene (vide infra) where neither mild reagents (like DBDMH or NBS) nor Br gives satisfactory results. equiv of bromate is sufficient to oxidize all of the aldehyde: pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/jtextd?oprdfk/4/i01/html/op9901947   (2503 words)

THE FORMATION OF BROMATE DURING DRINKING WATER DISINFECTION (DWE7101) Final Report to the Department of the Environment ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04) In addition it is possible that bromate could be present in chlorinated waters (viathe use of hypochlorite for disinfection). Bromate was only detected in one of the chlorinated samples analysed - from a treatment works using hypochlorite for disinfection. Bromate was also detected in samples of hypochlorite produced by on-site electrolytic generation, although no bromate was detected in final waters disinfected using hypochlorite generated in this way. www.fwr.org /waterq/dwi0137.htm   (537 words)

US: Bottled water pulled in bromate scare Wegmans had its bottled water brand tested after an independent lab claimed it found bromate levels in the drink at 27 and 28 parts per billion (ppb). Bromate is formed in water when ozone and bromide ions react together. The chances of bromate in water are higher when ozone is used as a disinfectant for mineral water, and especially in the presence of calcium chloride, which is a bromide derivative. www.nutraingredients-usa.com /news/ng.asp?n=69827-wegmans-bromate-bottled-water   (534 words)

FDA to recall more bottled water in bromate scare Long-term exposure to bromate may increase consumers' risk of cancer, according to the US government's Environmental Protection Agency. Wegmans, which also uses the Springbrook Springs source, was alerted to the problem with its water by an independent lab, which claimed it found bromate levels in the drink at 27 and 28 parts per billion (ppb). The man behind the independent lab tests for bromate in water was lawyer Ross Getman, the same man who first alerted the FDA to the continuing presence of benzene in some soft drinks. www.foodnavigator-usa.com /news/ng.asp?n=70089-bromate-bottled-water-fda   (595 words)

BBC NEWS | Business | Coke recalls controversial water The Food Standards Agency describes bromate as "a chemical that could cause an increased cancer risk as a result of long-term exposure, although there is no immediate risk to public health". As a result, bromate went on to be formed during the manufacturing processes. The UK limit for bromate in bottled and tap water is 10 parts per billion, while the Dasani samples had tested between 10 and 22 parts per billions, Reuters reported. news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/business/3550063.stm   (477 words)

Chemical Kinetics: Bromate-Bromide Reaction   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04) You are a researcher studying the kinetics of the reaction between bromide and bromate ions in acidic aqueous solution. You have access to solid potassium bromide and potassium bromate and a concentrated perchloric acid solution as well as a stopped-flow apparatus. Any pair of values may be plotted on the graph at the left; linear regression may be performed on the data set. www.chm.davidson.edu /ChemistryApplets/kinetics/BromateBromideReaction.html   (215 words)

Bromate The level of bromate that may form in water depends on the concentration of bromide in the source water, the amount of ozone contact time, and a variety of water chemistry factors including pH, organic material, hardness and alkalinity. Although EPA has estimated a cancer potency value for bromate, the health protective methods used to determine cancer potency mean that the true risk is likely to be lower than predicted and could even be zero (0). If the presence of bromate were an imminent health risk, EPA would not have allowed public water systems up to five years to meet the new standards. www.bottledwater.org.au /scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=ASP0003/ccms.r?PageId=10009   (672 words)

Research Resources, Inc. - dough improver - bread - breadmaking chemistry - bromate replacer - fermentation   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04) Oxidizing agents such as potassium bromate have been used in the breadmaking process for more than 90 years; however, the mechanism of oxidizing agent's action in dough is not yet known. In summary, the use of potassium bromate replacer composition in breadmaking makes ascorbic acid act as a slow acting ascorbic acid improver that is effective/functional throughout the entire manufacturing process of yeast-leavened products, enabling bakers to replace the function of carcinogenic potassium bromate in the manufacture of yeast-leavened products. Thus, “the potassium bromate replacer provided in the present invention is a more effective oxidant than potassium bromate because potassium bromate has little effect on oxidation of dough during mixing and the early stages of proofing” (col. 3, ll. www.rrkim.com   (5798 words)

Recently Completed Research Routinely-practiced IC methodologies for bromate in water using conductivity detection is limited in sensitivity due to coelution of chloride with bromate. We determined the levels of bromate in the waters used for cooking both prior to and after cooking, and in the food that was cooked. This method utilizes anion chromatographic resolution of the oxyhalides iodate, chlorite, and bromate and the subsequent generation of the tribromide ion which is detected at 267nm in a UV spectrophotometer. www.unc.edu /~weinberg/completedres.htm   (2861 words)

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