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Topic: Bromide

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	ATSDR - MMG: Methyl Bromide
		Methyl bromide is used primarily as a pesticide to fumigate soil, spaces, structures, and commodities.
		Exposure to high concentrations of pure methyl bromide may cause inflammation of the bronchi or lungs, an accumulation of fluid in the lung, and irritation of the eyes and nose.
		Methyl bromide is a neurotoxic gas that may cause headaches, dizziness, visual disturbances, ventricular fibrillation, pulmonary edema, ataxia, convulsions, coma, and death.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /MHMI/mmg27.html (4438 words)

	Potassium bromide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Potassium bromide (KBr) is a salt, used as an anticonvulsant and a sedative in the 1800s.
		Potassium bromide is a typical ionic salt which is fully dissociated and pH7 in aqueous solution.
		It is also sometimes used as a bromide source in organic synthesis, since it is less hygroscopic than sodium bromide.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Potassium_bromide (990 words)

	Bromide Therapy
		Madison, WI Bromide is a halide element with anticonvulsant properties that is gaining widespread use for the treatment of seizures in dogs.
		Bromide is one of the few drugs that has been shown to be effective in dogs with seizures that are refractory to standard therapeutic serum concentrations of phenobarbital.
		Although a reduction instead in the dose of bromide can also be considered, the goal in most patients is to reach therapeutic serum bromide concentrations and to reduce the dose of phenobarbital over time, so that a dose reduction in phenobarbital is preferred.
	www.vspn.org /VSPNSearch/VINLibrary/lv980606.htm (1909 words)

	Methyl bromide (Bromomethane) (HSG 86, 1994)
		Some of this methyl bromide is broken down in the lower atmosphere (troposphere), and some diffuses upwards to the stratosphere where it decomposes (photolysis) and produces active bromine species that react with ozone and are partly responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer.
		In soil, methyl bromide is partly hydrolysed to bromide ions.
		Methyl bromide is degraded in soil by hydrolysis and microbial degradation.
	www.inchem.org /documents/hsg/hsg/hsg86_e.htm (5473 words)

	U.S. EPA: Questions & Answers about the MBr Phaseout (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Methyl bromide is a broad spectrum pesticide used in the control of pest insects, nematodes, weeds, pathogens, and rodents.
		Immediately after the methyl bromide is injected, the soil is covered with plastic tarps, which slow the movement of methyl bromide from the soil to the atmosphere.
		While methyl bromide is a natural substance, many scientists believe the additional methyl bromide added to the atmosphere by humans may upset the balance in the stratosphere which allows life to exist on this planet.
	www.epa.gov /ozone/mbr/qa.html (3894 words)

	EWG Report \|\| California Study Admits Methyl Bromide Safety Standard Inadequate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		These reports have revealed that millions of pounds of methyl bromide are used near schools and daycare centers; that methyl bromide levels exceeding DPR's safety standards are drifting into suburban neighborhoods; and that the health standards issued by DPR are inherently flawed because they are based on faulty assumptions, unsound science and political expediency.
		Methyl bromide was injected into the soil at a depth of between 10 and 15 inches, and the fumigated field was then covered with a special "very high barrier" tarp designed to prevent methyl bromide from escaping.
		Methyl bromide was applied on January 20, 1997 at 200 pounds per acre in a 98 percent methyl bromide/2 percent chloropicrin solution.
	www.ewg.org /pub/home/reports/DPRweb/dprweb.html (2231 words)

	EXTOXNET PIP - METHYL BROMIDE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Methyl bromide is a highly toxic compound in EPA Toxicity Class I.
		Methyl bromide is chiefly used as a gas soil fumigant against insects, termites, rodents, weeds, nematodes, and soil-borne diseases.
		Methyl bromide is moderately persistent in the soil environment, with a field half-life of between 30 and 60 days; a representative half-life is estimated to be about 55 days [11].
	extoxnet.orst.edu /pips/methylbr.htm (1547 words)

	Mebrom Methyl Bromide & alternatives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mebrom is the second largest distributor of Methyl Bromide in the world, headquartered in Belgium and distributes methyl bromide and alternatives and well as other fumigants in more than 60 countries.
		Methyl Bromide, CH Br, is a colourless, odourless liquified gas mainly used as highly effective fumigating element in agriculture.
		Contrary to treatments with most alternative products, a methyl bromide treatment covers a wider range of harmfull elements and can be done in the shortest time possible and with virtually no negative effects to its direct environment (such as the soil or the ground water).
	www.mebrom.com (200 words)

	Spectrum Laboratories : Chemical Fact Sheet - Cas # 74839
		predominant fate of methyl bromide in the stratosphere.
		Due to its weak adsorption to soil, methyl bromide is expected to leach.
		AQUATIC FATE: The primary fate of methyl bromide in water is expected to be volatilization.
	www.speclab.com /compound/c74839.htm (676 words)

	Ethidium Bromide Disposal
		Ethidium bromide is commonly used in molecular biology laboratories.
		While it is not regulated as hazardous waste, the mutagenic properties of this substance may present a hazard if it is poured down the drain untreated or placed in the trash.
		Filtering the aqueous ethidium bromide waste solutions, free of other contaminants, through a bed of activated charcoal is a relatively simple and effective method for removal of ethidium bromide.
	web.princeton.edu /sites/ehs/chemwaste/etbr.html (604 words)

	ATSDR - Methyl Bromide Patient Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Typically, the field or home is covered ("tented") by a large tarpaulin and the methyl bromide is pumped in.
		There is no antidote for methyl bromide poisoning, but its effects can be treated.
		More information about methyl bromide may be obtained from your regional poison control center; your state, county, or local health department; the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR); your doctor; or a clinic in your area that specializes in occupational and environmental health.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /MHMI/mmg16.html (419 words)

	Methyl Bromide Page
		These new "seasonal exposure" rules for methyl bromide are the first in the nation, and they take effect immediately.
		DPR scientists completed a risk assessment for methyl bromide in 1999 and sent their scientific document to the National Academies of Science (NAS) for review and comment.
		DPR's methyl bromide regulations have been the subject of lawsuits by both environmental and agricultural interests.
	www.dfaofca.com /MB.html (794 words)

	FR Doc 02-32986
		Methyl bromide is used in the United States and throughout the world as a fumigant to control a variety of pests, such as insects, weeds, rodents, pathogens, and nematodes.
		For each export of methyl bromide for quarantine and preshipment applications, as for exports for transformation or destruction, the exporter must obtain a certification from the foreign person (entity) importing the methyl bromide stating that the material will be used only for quarantine and preshipment applications.
		Methyl Bromide Is the Only Feasible Treatment Option EPA received 31 comments in response to the interim final rule that addressed the lack of feasible alternatives available for specific uses of methyl bromide and the economic impact of the phaseout on sectors of the agricultural industry.
	a257.g.akamaitech.net /7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/02-32986.htm (11490 words)

	Dictionary.com/Word of the Day: bromide
		A dose of potassium bromide taken as a sedative.
		The next president could live up to that old political bromide "Let's run the government like a business" by staffing his cabinet with some leading figures from the new world of business.
		Bromide was formed from the first element of English bromine and the suffix -ide; the pair of bromine/bromide parallel chlorine/chloride.
	dictionary.reference.com /wordoftheday/archive/2004/05/12.html (181 words)

	U.S. EPA: The Methyl Bromide Phaseout (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Methyl bromide (MeBr) is an odorless, colorless gas that has been used as an agricultural soil and structural fumigant to control a wide variety of pests.
		U.S. Nomination for Methyl Bromide Critical Use Exemptions from the 2005 Phaseout of Methyl Bromide Executive Summary (PDF, 200K) The entire US nomination may be accessed and downloaded on EPA e-docket OAR-2003-0017.
		Here you will be able to find out why methyl bromide is being phased out; when it will be phased out; and what EPA and other federal agencies are doing to promote the availability and use of alternatives.
	www.epa.gov /spdpublc/mbr (2119 words)

	Methyl Bromide
		Methyl bromide absorbed into the body quickly releases bromide ion, which can be measured in the blood.
		However, the relationship between long-term methyl bromide exposure and the level of bromide ion in the blood is not well known.
		Sometimes methyl bromide is mixed with a strong-smelling, irritating gas (chloropicrin) to provide a warning of exposure; however, sometimes there are dangerous levels of methyl bromide without enough chloropicrin to warn you that you are being exposed.
	www.dhs.ca.gov /ohb/HESIS/mebr.htm (1856 words)

	PANNA: Methyl Bromide Use in California
		Methyl bromide is a toxic pesticide that is injected into soil before planting strawberries, grapes, almonds and other crops.
		Methyl bromide is also a powerful ozone depleter and will be banned in industrialized countries (including the U.S.) in 2005 under the international Montreal Protocol treaty.
		In 1998, over 4 million pounds of methyl bromide were applied to California strawberry fields, accounting for 30% of the state's total use of this pesticide.
	www.panna.org /resources/documents/mbUseInCA.dv.html (724 words)

	Tiotropium Bromide
		In electrically stimulated superfused guinea pig ciliated cells, tiotropium bromide was shown to dissociate slowly from the tissue (5).
		In anesthetized rabbits, intravenous tiotropium bromide was 3 times more potent than ipratropium bromide and in anesthetized dogs inhaled tiotropium bromide was 4 times more potent than ipratropium bromide (respective EC values of 0.01% and 0.04%) (8).
		g of tiotropium bromide was shown to inhibit the acetylcholine-induced increase in airway resistance by 71 ± 3% (5).
	www.prous.com /journals/dof/sample/html/df250693/df250693.html (2308 words)

	Methyl Bromide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Methyl bromide has been used extensively in regulatory activities as a plant quarantine treatment to control a variety of pests.
		Methyl bromide is also used to fumigate structures such as grain storage facilities and warehouses, flour mills and ships carrying agricultural commodities.
		Methyl bromide has been used extensively in treating cargos at the Port of Charleston, and in structural fumigation in the Charleston area.
	entweb.clemson.edu /pesticid/Issues/Methbrom.htm (649 words)

	Methyl Bromide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Methyl Bromide is a toxic pesticide that is injected into the soil before planting strawberries,grapes, almonds, and other crops.
		Decoto Elementary had the highest level of methyl bromide exposure of any school in the state, with 67, 665 pounds of the fumigant used near the school in 1992.
		In 1995, the UN Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committe concluded that safe alternatives either exist or are at an advanced development for more than 90% of methyl bromide use.
	www.jlhs.nhusd.k12.ca.us /Student_Groups/Methyl_Bromide/Methyl_Bromide.html (799 words)

	PANNA: Non-chemical Alternatives to Methyl Bromide
		Because solarization is much cheaper than methyl bromide treatment, farmers stand to profit $800 to $1000 more per acre by tapping the sun's energy instead of fumigation with the soon-to-be-banned chemical.
		There are numerous variations of traditional soil solarization-double layers of plastic to increase soil heating, spray on biodegradable mulches, addition of biomass amendments producing biofumigation, and space solarization methods for the treatment of whole greenhouses.
		High capital and maintenance cost of boilers; high capital and short life of tarps; problems of application where soils are exposed to rain immediately prior to or during a scheduled treatment; fuel and labor costs.
	www.panna.org /resources/documents/mbAlternatives.dv.html (4099 words)

	[No title]
		We derive the welfare effects of the U.S. unilateral ban on Methyl Bromide for domestic producers and consumers from a disaggregated perspective.
		In this paper, we examine what type of policies the U.S. can use to reduce ozone depletion caused by Methyl Bromide (MB), a broad spectrum pesticide that is used primarily as a pre-plant soil fumigant.
		Methyl bromide use is the amount used per acres for each crop in each region multiplied times the number of acres using MB technology.
	are.berkeley.edu /~lynch/jobpaper.html (5399 words)

	Alternatives to Methyl Bromide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		SAREP supported six biologically based projects aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of several alternatives to methyl bromide within California farming systems.
		SAREP has developed a competitive grants program to award these funds and intends to support a range of projects aimed at the development, evaluation, and/or demonstration of alternatives to methyl bromide as a pre-plant soil fumigant or postharvest commodity treatment.
		Request For Proposals: Research to Develop Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Pre-Plant Soil Fumigation and Post-Harvest Treatment of Commodities (optional pre-proposals were due December 11, 1998, full proposals were due February 19, 1999)
	www.sarep.ucdavis.edu /mebralt (227 words)

	Lithium Bromide Manufacturers,Sodium Bromide Suppliers,Lithium Bromide Suppliers,Sodium Bromide Manufacturers,India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		We are one of the leading manufacturers, suppliers and exporters of Lithium Bromide, Sodium Bromide, Brominated Compounds, Liquid Bromide etc.
		Mody Chemical Industries a young company was started its operation in 1989 with a view to cater requirements of Indian and International customers by manufacturing products on Job work basis as per customer request and specification.
		We can also Develop and Supply any new organic and Inorganic Bromides, as per the customers request and specification.
	www.indiamart.com /modychem (607 words)

	2004 Methyl Bromide Alternatives Conference
		Under the Clean Air Act and Montreal Protocol, production of methyl bromide, a widely used fumigant in agriculture and forestry will soon be phased out due to ozone depletion.
		Since 1994, agricultural and forestry researchers from governmental, academic and private institutions, as well as extension agents and users, have gathered together in this forum to share information on a variety of laboratory, field, and on-farm research and technology transfer topics.
		This conference is devoted to the sharing of information on current and ongoing research into methyl bromide alternatives.
	www.mbao.org (755 words)

	Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for the Southern European Countries
		Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for the Southern European Countries
		The objective of the International Workshop: "Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for the Southern European Countries" is to analyse methods or management techniques for soil borne pathogens with value as alternatives to the use of methyl bromide (MeBr).
		MeBr is widely used as soil fumigant in agriculture and, due to negative environmental effects is under international regulations, MeBr is included in the Montreal Protocol list of substances that deplete the ozone layer.
	www.ccma.csic.es /agroecol/mebr/mebr1.htm (1041 words)

	Merriam-Webster Online
		1 : a binary compound of bromine with another element or a radical including some (as potassium bromide) used as sedatives
		For More Information on "bromide" go to Britannica.com
		Get the Top 10 Search Results for "bromide"
	www.m-w.com /cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=bromide (83 words)

	Pyridostigmine Bromide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Bromism: Does Accumulation of the Bromide from PB Produce Bromism?
		Does Accumulation of the Bromide from PB Produce Bromism?
		Amount of Bromide in PB Given to PGW Veterans
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /library/randrep/pb_paper (320 words)

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