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Topic: Bromobenzene

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	Synthesis of Bromobenzene
		Run off the bromobenzene, shake it again with water to ensure absence of alkali, and then dry with calcium chloride for 20-30 minutes.
		Almost pure bromobenzene is thus obtained, usually of bp 154- 156°C if distilled directly, and of bp 155-156°C if a column is used.
		Bromobenzene is a colourless liquid of bp 156°C, and d 1.50: it has a faint agreeable odour.
	www.designer-drugs.com /pte/12.162.180.114/dcd/chemistry/bromobenzene.html (611 words)

	NTP: ChemIDPlus/HSDB 95-46-5 Toxicity
		The toxicity of these bromobenzene derivatives was assessed using serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and histology for the in vivo experiments and protein synthesis and intracellular K+ and LDH for the in vitro liver slice experiments.
		A series of ortho-substituted bromobenzene derivatives with widely differing hepatotoxicities were investigated for their tendency to undergo oxidative metabolism and protein covalent binding in the presence of rat liver microsomes in vitro.
		Hepatocytes were incubated with bromobenzene, o-bromotoluene, o-bromobenzotrifluoride, o-bromobenzonitrile, o-bromoethylbenzene, o-dibromobenzene, or o-bromoanisole, at concentrations from O to 4.0 millimoles for 2 to 4 hours.
	ntp.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=E88457EC-BDB5-82F8-FFDFF8F678828D53 (1017 words)

	BROMOBENZENE (PHENYL BROMIDE)
		Bromobenzenes are organic halogen compounds of cyclic aromatics formed by replacing hydrogen atoms in benzene by 1-6 atoms of bromine.
		Lower bromobenzenes are clear liquid at room temperature while higher bromobenzenes are white to yellowish solids.
		The flammability of bromobenzenes are very low, the octanol/water partition coefficients are moderate to high, increasing with more brominated, and vapour pressures are low to moderate, decreasing with more bromobenzenes.
	www.chemicalland21.com /industrialchem/solalc/BROMOBENZENE.htm (614 words)

	IUPAC-NIST Solubilities Database
		The solubility of water in bromobenzene has been measured by several investigators between 1932 and 1963 and reported in five published sets of data (7-10,14).
		The calculated solubility values in the 283 to 308 K range are shown in Figure 2 as a solid line along with the reported values.
		The calculated mole fraction values for the solubility of water in bromobenzene from equation [2] are included in Table 2 together with the corresponding molarities and g(2)/kg values in the temperature range between 283 and 313 K. Experimental Data
	srdata.nist.gov /solubility/sol_detail.asp?sys_ID=20_116 (755 words)

	Bromobenzene-Induced Hepatotoxicity at the Transcriptome Level -- Heijne et al. 79 (2): 411 -- Toxicological Sciences
		Intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were determined of rat liver homogenate of untreated, corn oil, and bromobenzene treated rats, 6, 24, and 48 h after a single dosage.
		Casini, A. F., Pompella, A., and Comporti, M. Liver glutathione depletion induced by bromobenzene, iodobenzene, and diethylmaleate poisoning and its relation to lipid peroxidation and necrosis.
		Szymanska, J. A., Swietlicka, E. A., and Piotrowski, J. Protective effect of zinc in the hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene and acetaminophen.
	toxsci.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/79/2/411 (5935 words)

	Altweb: ATLA
		This unique quality permits the study of toxicological responses of an organ within an intact animal and in a manner in which many fewer animals are needed than by conventional methods of investigation.
		The use of MRI and MRS in the study of hepatotoxicants, particularly bromobenzene and ethanol, is reviewed.
		Phosphocholine levels in the liver were found to increase dramatically during bromobenzene-induced damage, possibly related to an intracellular control mechanism in response to tissue damage.
	altweb.jhsph.edu /publications/journals/atla/21_4/atla21_4a.htm (263 words)

	Bromination of benzene: synthesis and purification of bromobenze
		Place the bromobenzene is a round bottom flask and distill into a clean flask.
		It should be colorless and have a slightly “agreeable odor.” This will be considered the “pure” bromobenzene and the reaction yield should be 80%.
		The peak for the bromobenzene should be the largest in percent area if this experiment has been successful.
	www.termpaperadvisor.com /Free%20Term%20Papers%20and%20Essays/Technology%20Term%20Papers/Bromination%20of%20benzene%20synthesis%20and%20purification%20of%20bromobenze.htm (501 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Bromobenzene
		Bromobenzenes are a group of halobenzenes formed in a substitution reaction between bromine and benzene with a hydrogen bromide biproduct.
		The name strictly refers to monobromobenzene, a benzene with a single bromine; however it can be used to refer to a benzene containing any number of bromine molecules.
		Bromobenzene can be colorless, or a clear pale yellow, depending upon its concentration.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Bromobenzene (166 words)

	Preparation of Phenylmagnesium Bromide
		Combine 10.0 mmoles of dry bromobenzene and 5 mL of anhydrous ether, mix well, and add the solution to the separatory funnel.
		The formation of "bubbles" on the surface of the magnesium or the appearance gray-brown cloudiness in the vicinity of the metal is an indication that the reaction has started.
		Place a concentrated solution of bromobenzene in ether into a large test tube, then add magnesium turnings and a small crystal of iodine.
	www.bradley.edu /las/chm/Course/351/Grignardweb2.htm (1190 words)

	[No title]
		Be prepared to add more ether as necessary to maintain the liquid level at a minimum of 300 µL. Assemble the rest of the apparatus as in Mayo, et al., Fig 3.24.
		In the hood, prepare a solution of 510 µL of bromobenzene in 700 µL of anhydrous ether in the 3 mL vial using the delivery pipettes provided.
		Draw half of the bromobenzene solution into the syringe and insert the needle through the polyethylene cap in the Claisen head as in the figure.
	wwwchem.csustan.edu /CHEM3022/GRIGNARD.HTM (1226 words)

	BROMOBENZENE CASRN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Bromobenzene was evaluated for genotoxicity in vitro in human Passage 23 WI-38 fibroblasts exposed for 30 minutes to 5 semilog dilutions (concentrations not reported) of the test compound, followed by exposure to 3H-thymidine for 3 hours.
		Bromobenzene is metabolized by the rat and guinea pig to 2-, 3- and 4-bromophenol.
		Bromobenzene's production and use as an additive to motor oil, in organic synthesis to make phenyl magnesium bromide, as a solvent for crystallization on a large scale, and where a heavy liquid is desirable may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams.
	www.frankmckinnon.com /bromobenzene_casrn.htm (11203 words)

	Diffusion of reactive metabolites out of hepatocytes: studies with bromobenzene -- Monks et al. 228 (2): 393 -- Journal ...
		Diffusion of reactive metabolites out of hepatocytes: studies with bromobenzene -- Monks et al.
		By using bromobenzene as a model compound we have demonstrated
		bromobenzene GSH conjugates are formed within hepatocytes as the epoxide is
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/228/2/393 (295 words)

	The Dr. Rath Health Foundation \| Responsibility for a healthy world
		Hayes MA; Roberts E; Roomi MW; Safe SH; Farber E; Cameron RG The influences of in vivo treatment with two pure PCB congeners, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP) and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCBP), on the lethal cytotoxicity of bromobenzene and acetaminophen were examined in short-term primary cultures of isolated rat hepatocytes.
		The HCBP, a PB-type inducer of cytochrome P-450, resembled phenobarbitone (PB) in its ability to increase susceptibility of hepatocytes to bromobenzene (0.5 to 1.6 mM) and acetaminophen (1 to 16 mM).
		The 3,3',4,4'-TCPB, a 3-MC-type inducer of cytochrome P-450, resembled 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) in its inability to induce susceptibility to bromobenzene.
	www4.dr-rath-foundation.org /NHC/studien_team/comparative_influences.htm (220 words)

	Grignard synthesis of triphenylmethanol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The magnesium surface is coated with a very thin layer of oxide, which must be scratched away with a glass rod.
		You may well have to rescratch the metal after you have added the ether and a little bromobenzene - do this quickly, then put the septum back on.
		You may warm the reaction with hot water at the end of the bromobenzene addition to ensure completion.
	syngen2.chem.brandeis.edu /~walker/29blb01.htm (335 words)

	Nuclear Localization of Biliverdin Reductase in the Rat Kidney: Response to Nephrotoxins That Induce Heme Oxygenase-1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		For this, response of the kidney biliverdin reductase to bromobenzene
		Granick S, Sinclair P, Sassa S and Grieninger G (1975) Effects of heme, insulin, and serum albumin on heme and protein synthesis in chick embryo liver cells cultured in chemically defined medium and a spectrofluorometric assay for porphyrin composition.
		Guzalian PS and Elshourbagy NA (1979) Induction of hepatic heme oxygenase by bromobenzene.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/296/3/1091 (4775 words)

	EWG Investigation \| U.S. Tap Water Quality Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Bromobenzene is an industrial solvent, an intermediate in chemical manufacturing, a motor oil additive, and a possible by-product of water disinfection.
		Potential health impacts associated with Bromobenzene include gastrointestinal or liver toxicity and kidney toxicity.
		Notice: No health based standards for Bromobenzene were exceeded in New Hampshire.
	www.ewg.org /tapwater/statereports/state_contaminant.php?state=NH&contam=2993 (260 words)

	Unbound MEDLINE \| Integrated Metabonomic Analysis of Bromobenzene-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Novel Induction of ...
		Male Han-Wistar rats were dosed with bromobenzene (1.5 g/kg, n = 25) and blood plasma, urine and liver samples were collected for NMR and magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy at various time-points postdose, with histopathology and clinical pathology performed in parallel.
		In addition to a holistic view of the effect of hepatic toxicity on the metabolome, a number of putative protein targets of bromobenzene and its metabolites were identified including those enzymes of the glutathione cycle, exemplified by the presence of a novel biomarker, 5-oxoproline, in liver tissue, blood plasma, and urine.
		As such, this work establishes the importance of metabonomics technology in resolving the mechanistic complexity of drug toxicity as well as the benefits of frontloading this approach in drug safety evaluation and biomarker discovery.
	www.unboundmedicine.com /medline/ebm/record/16739996/full_citation/Integrated_Metabonomic_Analysis_of_Bromobenzene_Induced_Hepatotoxicity:_Novel_Induction_of_5_Oxoprolinosis (301 words)

	KU: Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Kansas - School of Pharmacy - Department of Medicinal Chemistry
		Our laboratory has elucidated the structures of about a dozen protein adducts of reactive bromobenzene metabolites, confirmed them by synthesis, and used the adducts to raise antibodies capable of recognizing proteins adducted by these metabolites.
		We have also applied proteomic techniques and mass spectrometry to demonstrate that protein adduction by bromobenzene metabolites is a remarkably selective process, and to identify specific liver proteins targeted by reactive metabolites of bromobenzene.
		In collaboration with a molecular pharmacologist, we are also interested in identifying other proteins with which target proteins interact, and the signaling cascades they trigger that lead to cell death.
	www.medchem.ku.edu /faculty_hanzlik_cytotox.shtml (550 words)

	Synthesis of Phenyl-2-Propanone via Phenyl-2-Propanol
		Bromobenzene is reacted with excess magnesium in dry THF to form the GRIGNARD reagent, then the solution is decanted from unreacted magnesium (this is washed with extra THF), 1mol-% CuI is added, and 1,25 equivalents allylbromide (calculated on the amount of bromobenzene) is added carefully with external cooling.
		The allylbenzene is the oxymercurated in methanol/water with mercury(II)-acetate to yield 1-phenyl-3-acetatomercuriopropanol, which is reduced (in the original solution) with sodium boranate (in an alkaline medium).
		The usual GRIGNARD reagent is preparated from bromobenzene and magnesium, and then 1 mol-% of CuI is added.
	www.erowid.org /archive/rhodium/chemistry/p2pol.html (337 words)

	Subliminal Fas stimulation increases the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen and bromobenzene in mice.
		Subliminal Fas stimulation increases the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen and bromobenzene in mice.
		In mice pretreated with the Jo2 antibody before bromobenzene administration, hepatic GSH 4 hours after bromobenzene administration was 51% lower than in mice treated with bromobenzene alone, and serum ALT activity at 24 hours was 47-fold higher.
		In conclusion, administration of a subtoxic dose of an agonistic anti-Fas antibody before acetaminophen or bromobenzene increases metabolite-mediated GSH depletion and hepatotoxicity.
	www.findyourhope.com /Article/68744/Page_Article.aspx (297 words)

	Volume 8
		Together, Phenobarbital and bromobenzene elicit the generation of a potent liver toxin (bromobenzene-3,4-oxide) that causes damage to liver tissue.
		The researchers found that when Aged Garlic Extract was added to this liver tissue model, as the concentration of the Aged Garlic Extract increased (from 1-5% (v/v)) it was more effective at reducing the toxicity of bromobenzene.
		Its effectiveness was judged by various models to measure the number of live cells or viability.
	www.kyolic.com /html/knews/volume_8.htm (589 words)

	Glutathione Prostate Cancer and PCBs
		Combined effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and methylmercury were investigated by assaying activities of hepatic enzymes and measuring the binding of bromobenzene to microsomal protein.
		Toxicity of bromobenzene was enhanced by PCB but the effect of PCB was counteracted by methylmercury.
		The amount of bromine covalently bound with liver microsomal protein after an injection of bromobenzene and the radioactivity bound with microsomal protein after in vitro incubation of 14C-bromobenzene with microsomes were fortified by PCB pretreatment but depressed by combining administration of methylmercury.
	www.foxriverwatch.com /prostate_glutathione.html (5509 words)

	3_75
		(a) What is the theoretical yield of bromobenzene in this reaction when 30.0 g benzene reacts with 65.0 g bromine?
		to find the theoretical yield, we find the limiting reactant: here we convert the given amounts of benzene and bromine to bromobenzene:
		(b) if the actual yield of bromobenzene was 56.7 g, what was the percentage yield?
	www.sou.edu /chem/ch202/ch3/3_75.htm (80 words)

	The optical constants and dipole moment derivatives of bromobenzene between 3200 and 400 cm^-1 at 25ºC. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The optical constants and dipole moment derivatives of bromobenzene between 3200 and 400 cm
		The optical constants (real and imaginary refractive indices) of bromobenzene were determined at 25°C via transmission measurements.
		Experimental absorbance spectra measured on a Nicolet Impact 410 FTIR were converted to imaginary refractive indices using methods described in the literature.
	faculty.uccb.ns.ca /~dkeefe/abstract/k1.html (189 words)

	Standards and Guidelines - Forensic Science Communications - January 2005
		A heavy liquid, such as 1,4 dibromobenzene or bromoform, is mixed with a lighter liquid, such as bromobenzene or ethanol, in varying proportions to form a density gradient.
		A temperature-controlled density column containing a mixture of bromobenzene and bromoform is typically used.
		Place the glass fragments to be compared in the density column after temperature equilibrium has been achieved.
	www.fbi.gov /hq/lab/fsc/backissu/jan2005/standards/2005standards8.htm (1406 words)

	Initiation of Grignard Reaction
		Diagram 4: At this point (about 20-30 minutes later), nearly all of the bromobenzene solution has been added and the reaction is no longer opaque (the increased volume of diethyl ether results in all of the Phenyl Grignard solubilizing).
		When all of the bromobenzene solution has been added, then the reaction mixture should be supplemented with heat allowing for a gentle reflux.
		In some cases, the solution looks light brown, in other cases dark brown, often depending how fast the etheral bromobenzene solution was added.
	www.chem.ucla.edu /~bacher/General/30CL/Grignard_rxn/initiation_of_rxn.html (236 words)

	332 Lab Procedures
		Measure 0.70 mL of Bromobenzene and place it into the test tube A. Place the magnesium/bromobenzene test tube, A, into the sand bath using the test tube holder.
		Submerge the test tube into the sand bath, using a gentle side to side motion, until the bromobenzene is almost covered.
		Remove the bromobenzene test tube A from the sand bath placing it into a small beaker and remove the test tube holder (we want the test tube to rest at an angle).
	www.chem.sc.edu /faculty/handy/332labproc.htm (3285 words)

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