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Topic: Bromoform

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	RAIS: Bromoform (75-25-2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Bromoform is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P-450 oxidases; carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are the primary metabolites (Stevens and Anders, 1979, 1981; Ahmed et al., 1977).
		Bromoform is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis; in gauge fluids; as a solvent for waxes, greases, and oils; as an ingredient in fire-resistant chemicals; and as a heavy-dense liquid in separating mixtures of chemicals (EPA, 1989).
		The intraperitoneal LD for bromoform is 414 uL/kg (1196 mg/kg) in male rats (Agarwal and Mehendale, 1983), and the subcutaneous LD is 7.2 mmol/kg (1820 mg/kg) in male mice (Kutob and Plaa, 1962).
	risk.lsd.ornl.gov /tox/profiles/bromofrm.shtml (4233 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Bromoform and Chlorodibromomethane
		Bromoform and dibromochloromethane are colorless to yellow, heavy, nonflammable, liquids with a sweet odor.
		Most of the bromoform and dibromochloromethane that enters the environment is formed as byproducts when chlorine is added to drinking water to kill bacteria.
		The only information regarding effects of bromoform on the health of children is that from the early 1900s when this chemical was used as a sedative to treat children with whooping cough.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts130.html (1108 words)

	BROMOFORM (TRIBROMOMETHANE)
		Bromoform, a haloform, is used as a solvent for waxes, greases, and oils.
		Bromoform is used as an ingredient in fire resistant chemicals and in fluid gauges.
		Bromoform is a heavy liquid used for the separation of minerals having higher and lower specific gravities than the liquids or for determination of specific gravity of mineral particles.
	www.chemicalland21.com /arokorhi/industrialchem/solalc/BROMOFORM.htm (184 words)

	EPA - Air Toxics Website - Bromoform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Bromoform is used as a fluid for mineral ore separation in geological tests, as a laboratory reagent, and in the electronics industry in quality assurance programs.
		Bromoform was formerly used as a solvent for waxes, greases, and oils, as an ingredient in fire-resistant chemicals and in fluid gauges.
		Bromoform has been detected in swimming pools that have been disinfected with bromine or bromine compounds; therefore, exposure to low levels could occur from inhalation of bromoform that has evaporated into the air or through the skin from bromoform in the water.
	www.epa.gov /ttn/atw/hlthef/bromofor.html (1313 words)

	[No title]
		Bromoform is a federal hazardous air pollutant and was identified as a toxic air contaminant in April 1993 under AB 2728.
		Bromoform is used as an intermediate in geological assaying and as a solvent for waxes, greases, and oils.
		Traces of bromoform are likely to be present in swimming pools, municipal waters, and wastes as a result of chlorination in the presence of naturally occurring bromide ions and humic substances.
	www.scorecard.org /chemical-profiles/html/bromoform.html (807 words)

	Toxic substance profile: Biocides used in cooling water disinfectant
		However, as for chloroform, the data indicate that bromoform is of moderate to high toxicity.
		bromoform was needed to cause a 50 % reduction in the cell division (EC50) to four species of marine phytoplankton, the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum; Thalassiosira pseudonana, a rapid-growing unicellular diatom; Glenodinium halli, a dinoflagellate; and Isochrysis galbana a microflagellate.
		Bromoform was pumped in via an air supply at one end of the tank, and within 60 seconds of exposure, the animals had moved as far away from the source as possible.
	www.ukmarinesac.org.uk /activities/water-quality/wq8_28.htm (3483 words)

	National Synchrotron Light Source
		Schoen's group expected that when bromoform or chloroform molecules are inserted inside a fullerene compound, they would sit in between the fullerene molecules.
		One possibility is that when chloroform or bromoform molecules are added to the fullerene compound, their electrons add to the ones already existing in the compound.
		Another possibility, suggested by Dinnebier and his colleagues in their article, is that the chloroform and bromoform molecules may play a role through interactions between their electrons, but this hypothesis has not yet been tested.
	www.nsls.bnl.gov /newsroom/science/2002/04-Dinnebier.htm (928 words)

	NDCRT Home Page
		Insufficient data are available to evaluate or predict the short-term effects of bromoform to plants, birds, or land animals.
		Insufficient data are available to evaluate or predict the long-term effects of bromoform to plants, birds, or land animals.
		The concentration of bromoform found in fish tissues is expected to be somewhat higher than the average concentration of bromoform in the water from which the fish was taken.
	www.ndcrt.org /data/EPA_Chemical_Fact_Sheets/Bromoform.html (1955 words)

	BROMOFORM IN VIVO RAT LIVER DNA REPAIR TEST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Bromoform was assessed for induction of DNA repair in hepatocytes following acute oral administration to Specific Pathogen Free outbred albino Hsd/Ola Sprague-Dawley male rats at dosages of 324 and 1080 mg/kg bodyweight.
		DNA repair was assessed by comparing the labelling levels of hepatocyte nuclei from treated animals with control values and with the accompanying cytoplasmic labelling levels (usually a total of 150 cells per animal were examined).
		Bromoform did not cause any statistically significant increases in either the gross nuclear grain count or the net nuclear grain count (ie the gross nuclear grain count minus the cytoplasmic grain count) at any dose level at either sampling time.
	www.fwr.org /waterq/dwi0734.htm (356 words)

	BROMOFORM MOUSE MICRONUCLEUS TEST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This study was designed to assess the potential induction of micronuclei by bromoform in bone marrow cells of mice.
		Mice were treated with a single acute oral administration of the test substance by intragastric gavage at a dose levels of 250, 500 and 1 000 mg/kg.
		Mice treated with bromoform did not show any significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes at either sampling time.
	www.fwr.org /waterq/dwi0710.htm (298 words)

	Bromoform (CASRN 75-25-2), IRIS, Environmental Protection Agency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Additional geographic studies of bromoform indicate that there may be an association between the levels of trihalomethanes in drinking water and the incidence of bladder, colon, rectal, or pancreatic cancer in humans (Kraybill, 1980; Cotruvo, 1981; Carlo and Mettlin, 1980; Isacson et al., 1983; Crump, 1983).
		However, Pereira (1983) found that bromoform is a potent inducer of ornithine decarboxylase, which is an indication of tumor promotion activity in the skin and liver.
		Toxicity of trihalomethanes: I. The acute and subacute toxicity of chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform in rats.
	www.epa.gov /iris/subst/0214.htm (4490 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Bromoform is the most abundant organic brominated gas near the surface and is produced primarily by algae in the ocean.
		We use a three-dimensional global model of chemistry and transport to assess bromoform's contribution to stratospheric bromine relative to the bromine that is produced from the halons and methyl bromide.
		We show that bromoform's contribution to stratospheric Bromine does not exceed the mass of bromine that comes from the halons and methyl bromide.
	hyperion.gsfc.nasa.gov /Public/Modelling/3D/popsum_jgr106b.html (288 words)

	Bromoform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Bromoform, which is present in drinking water supplies at low microgram to nanogram levels, was tested for its effects on reproduction and fertility in Swiss CD-1 mice, following the RACB protocol.
		Bromoform exposure increased neonatal mortality by 15 to 20% at the high dose only in the first 4 days postnatally.
		While female body weights were unaffected by exposure to 200 mg/kg/day bromoform, relative liver weight was increased by 8%, and relative kidney weight was decreased by 6%.
	www.ehponline.org /members/1997/Suppl-1/dfa252.html (557 words)

	Re: Got Bromoform? by Alan Plante on 5/28/2004
		As Don notes, bromoform is pretty nasty stuff to work with - requiring the use of rubber gloves, and under a lab hood is the safest place to use it.
		If you have or can get a section of a quartz crystal with at least one good face, doing hardness testing is quite simple: A sharp edge or point of a piece of topaz will scratch the face of a quartz crystal, while another piece of quartz won't.
		In over 40 years of collecting I have never had to resort to using bromoform to figure out whether I had quartz or topaz at hand...
	www.rockhounds.com /rocknet/archive/messages/32594.shtml (273 words)

	Formation and Fate of Bromoform During Desalination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The objectives of this study were to evaluate the formation and fate of bromoform (one of the regulated trihalomethanes) in pretreatment systems at a pilot-scale desalination facility operated to evaluate various reverse osmosis (RO) systems for desalting seawater.
		The results show that bromoform is produced in significant quantities when raw seawater is chlorinated, and that the bromoform concentration increases through the various pretreatment processes in use at the facility with the exception of the activated carbon columns.
		The cellulose triacetate hollow fine fiber RO membranes do not reject bromoform, and bromoform concentrations in the RO permeate are higher than those in the feed water to the RO units.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?8402639 (188 words)

	[Federal Register: December 16, 1998 (Volume 63, Number 241)] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The zero MCLG is based on a weight-of-evidence classification that bromoform is a probable human carcinogen based on a consideration of all relevant health data including cancer and noncancer effects.
		EPA believes the data are insufficient at this time to determine the mode of carcinogenic action for bromoform, and therefore a low dose linear extrapolation approach is used to estimate lifetime cancer risk as a default.
		EPA does not plan on conducting additional chronic testing for bromoform at this time, but is conducting toxicokinetic studies and shorter term drinking water studies to better understand the potential risk associated with exposure to bromoform in drinking water.
	www.iws-global.com /ENGLISH/distributors/Research/Regulation.html (17415 words)

	Organic heavy liquids: bromoform and tetrabromoethane (TBE)
		Bromoform has a density of 2.87 g/mL and TBE a density of 2.95 g/mL.
		TBE is known to cause eye, skin and respiratory irritation and headaches, nausea and kidney and liver damage.
		The 1991 Worksafe Australia TLV standard for bromoform is set at 0.5 ppm due to bromoform's irritant qualities and reported skin absorption.
	www.heavyliquids.com /product_LST/org.htm (298 words)

	Bromoform [factsheet]
		* Bromoform has been detected in swimming pools that have been disinfected with bromine or bromine compounds; therefore, exposure could occur from inhalation of bromoform that has evaporated into the air or through the skin from bromoform in the water.
		* Bromoform is used as a fluid for mineral ore separation in geological tests, as a laboratory reagent, and in the electronics industry in quality assurance programs.
		* Bromoform was formerly used as a solvent for waxes, greases, and oils, as an ingredient in fire-resistant chemicals and in fluid gauges.
	www.weblakes.com /toxic/BROMOFORM.HTML (1089 words)

	Trihalomethane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The THMs produced may have adverse health effects at high concentrations, and many governments set limits on the amount permissible in drinking water.
		In the United States, the EPA limits the total concentration of chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane to 80 parts per billion in treated water.
		Chloroform is also formed in swimming pools which are desinfected with chlorine or hypochlorite in the haloform reaction with organic substances (urine, sweat and skin particles).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trihalomethane (358 words)

	Medaka Fish (Oryzias Latipes): An In Vivo Model for Risk Assessment of Endocrine Disruptors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The incidence of testis-ova, a rare event in the medaka, was 2/ 472 chloroform-exposed fish and 3/ 531 bromoform -exposed fish.
		The incidence of ectopia, also rarely observed, was 3/ 258 female medaka exposed to chloroform and 3/ 277 female medaka exposed to bromoform.
		Increased incidence of immature testis and ovaries was associated with exposure to both chloroform and bromoform.
	www.riskworld.com /Abstract/2002/SRAam02/ab02aa120.htm (325 words)

	Structural Basis for the Inhibition of Firefly Luciferase by a General Anesthetic -- Franks et al. 75 (5): 2205 -- ...
		The bromoform molecule that binds in the luciferin-binding pocket is shown in magenta, and the bromoform molecule that binds to an "external" polar pocket is shown in yellow.
		The position of the competitive bromoform molecule (shown in magenta) in the firefly luciferase binding pocket (gray shading) is illustrated.
		saturated, the inhibition increased roughly linearly with bromoform
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/75/5/2205 (4577 words)

	MBL :: Inside the MBL :: News :: Publications / Databases
		It is the first step toward understanding how exposure to bromoform, chloroform, and tetrachloroethylene might affect human nerve cell development—knowledge that may one day provide clues about such neurological mysteries as autism spectrum disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
		Demonstrating that clam embryos are affected by bromoform, chloroform, and tetrachloroethylene paves the way for additional studies that may help explain how exposure to the mixture affects fetal development.
		They are currently examining the origins of bromoform, chloroform, and tetrachloroethylene toxicity at the single-neuron level to learn what genes are turned on and off by the exposure to the chemical mixture.
	www.mbl.edu /inside/what/news/publications/labnotes/05_spring02.html (707 words)

	JCE 2002 (79) 633 [May] Quantitative Measurement of Bromoform in Swimming Pool Water Using SPME with GC-MS. An ...
		A senior-level undergraduate laboratory experiment that demonstrates the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed for the quantitative determination of bromoform in swimming pool water.
		Bromoform was extracted by SPME from the headspace of vials containing sodium chloride-saturated swimming pool water.
		Bromoform concentrations were determined from comparisons of peak areas on a student-generated calibration curve.
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /journal/issues/2002/May/abs633.html (231 words)

	Trihalomethanes (THM) in drinking water Disinfection By Products / THM's
		Trihalomethanes (THM) are a group of four chemicals that are formed along with other disinfection by products when chlorine or other disinfectants used to control microbial contaminants in drinking water react with naturally occurring organic and inorganic matter in water.
		The trihalomethanes are chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform.
		EPA has published the Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule to regulate total trihalomethanes (TTHM) at a maximum allowable annual average level of 80 parts per billion.
	www.water-research.net /trihalomethanes.htm (576 words)

	Correlations and emission ratios among bromoform, dibromochloromethane, and dibromomethane in the atmosphere
		Correlations and emission ratios among bromoform, dibromochloromethane, and dibromomethane in the atmosphere
		Up to 40 ppt of bromoform was observed along the coasts of tropical islands under a sea breeze.
		(2005), Correlations and emission ratios among bromoform, dibromochloromethane, and dibromomethane in the atmosphere, J.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2005/2005JD006303.shtml (408 words)

	bromoform - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "bromoform" is defined.
		Bromoform : Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info]
		bromoform : Webster's Revised Unabridged, 1913 Edition [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=bromoform&ls=a (94 words)

	DIALOG Dissertation Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This project evaluated macroalgal production and microbial degradation of brominated methanes in a marine environment; two pieces of a large and dynamic puzzle -- the bromine biogeochemical cycle.
		Elevated seawater concentrations of bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2), as well as methyl iodide, were associated with the Giant Kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera compared to several other coastal sites.
		Comparing time scales of various loss mechanisms indicates that microbial degradation is faster than hydrolysis or halide substitution, but volatilization will probably dominate in the shallow waters in and around a kelp bed.
	aslo.org /phd/dialog/1996January-15.html (383 words)

	Bromoform (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 71, 1999) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of bromoform were available.
		There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of bromoform.
		Bromoform is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).
	www.inchem.org /documents/iarc/vol71/069-bromoform.html (77 words)

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