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Topic: Bronchi

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Human lung

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	Bronchus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There is hyaline cartilage present in the bronchi, present as irregular rings in the larger bronchi (and not as regular as in the trachea), and as small plates and islands in the smaller bronchi.
		Bronchitis is viral or bacterial infection of the bronchi.
		Asthma is hyperreactivity of the bronchi with an inflammatory component, often in response to allergens.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bronchi (303 words)

	XI. Splanchnology. 1b. The Trachea and Bronchi. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		961) is a cartilaginous and membranous tube, extending from the lower part of the larynx, on a level with the sixth cervical vertebra, to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra, where it divides into the two bronchi, one for each lung.
		The first cartilage is broader than the rest, and often divided at one end; it is connected by the cricotracheal ligament with the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, with which, or with the succeeding cartilage, it is sometimes blended.
		It consists of areolar and lymphoid tissue, and presents a well-marked basement membrane, supporting a stratified epithelium, the surface layer of which is columnar and ciliated, while the deeper layers are composed of oval or rounded cells.
	www.bartleby.com /107/237.html (1024 words)

	* Bronchi - (Disease): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Bronchitis is an inflammation of the air passages between the nose and the lungs, including the windpipe or trachea and the larger air tubes of the lung that bring air in from the trachea (bronchi)...
		Bronchitis is swelling and irritation of the bronchi, the airways that connect the windpipe to the lungs.
		Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchi, the main air passages in the lungs, which persists for a long period or repeatedly recurs.
	www.bestknows.com /disease/bronchi.html (1280 words)

	Prelab Images - Superior Mediastinum & Lungs
		It is important to note that the pulmonary veins emerge from the hilum of the lung anteriorly to the pulmonary arteries and bronchi.
		Plates 202 and 228 show the tracheal bifurcation and the relation of the main bronchi to the arch of the aorta, the esophagus, the azygos vein, and the pulmonary arteries.
		Next, cut through the main bronchi, the pulmonary arteries, and the pulmonary veins at the hilum of the lung and remove the lung.
	www.med.umich.edu /lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/cardiovascular_system/sup_med_pre.html (1086 words)

	Anatomy - Upper Extremity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		At the bifurcation of the trachea the openings of the two main bronchi are separated internally by a sharp ridge called the carina (Gr., keel).
		The other basal segmental bronchi of the left lower lobe are named the same as those on the right lower lobe; namely, lateral basal and posterior basal.
		Bronchial arteries and veins, as well as branches of the pulmonary arteries, follow the bronchi closely.
	cats.med.uvm.edu /cats_teachingmod/gross_anatomy/thorax/pages/lungs.html (1010 words)

	RSPT 1207 lecture on lower airways
		In the trachea and the main stem bronchi, the smooth muscle is limited to the posterior, flat surface of the trachea.
		Bronchial smooth muscle constriction still is clinically insignificant due the strong outward support of the cartilage plates.
		bronchi, the C shaped cartilage minimizes the effect of the constriction of the smooth muscle which is found only in the flat posterior wall of these three airways.
	kcweb.nhmccd.edu /programs/respcare/1207low.html (6047 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		terans, a usually chronic bronchiolitis with ingrowth of connective tissue from the wall of the terminal bronchi and occlusion of their lumina; it may be a complication of connective tissue disease or heart-lung transplant, and in children it may follow an acute attack of bronchiolitis or pneumonia.
		vanadium bronchitis, irritation of the bronchi in workers inhaling excessive amounts of vanadium pentoxide dust, usually accompanied by a green to fl discoloration of the tongue.
		[schwa]) [broncho- + -rrhea] excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi.
	www.merckmedicus.com /pp/us/hcp/thcp_dorlands_content.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/dmd-b-027.htm (1470 words)

	Bird Respiratory System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Two primary bronchi, leading from the trachea, and a number of secondary bronchi, leading from the primary bronchi, feed air into the abdominal air sacs.
		Also leading from the primary bronchi are between 7 and 10 dorsal bronchi, which spread over the back and sides of each lung, and ventral bronchi, which spread over the front of each lung.
		Arising directly from the tertiary bronchi are air capillaries, which are responsible for the gas exchange between the ventilation system and the blood that transports oxygen to the body cells where it is needed for respiration.
	www.paulnoll.com /Oregon/Birds/Avian-Respiratory.html (444 words)

	Foreign bodies in the bronchi (a 10 year review of 132 cases). Merchant SN, Kirtane MV, Shah KL, Karnik PP J Postgrad ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A review of 132 cases of foreign bowie; in the bronchi, admitted to the K.E.M. Hospital, Bombay, during the last 10 years from January 1972 to December 1981 was undertaken.
		The overall incidence of foreign bodies in the bronchi was 0.53% of all the E.N.T. admissions (132/24695).
		[2],[6],[12] We encountered two cases where bits of peanuts were found in both the bronchi and one case where one cotyledon of a tamarind seed was found at the carina and the other in the right bronchus.
	www.jpgmonline.com /article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=1984;volume=30;issue=4;spage=219;epage=23;aulast=Merchant (1792 words)

	Muscarinic Control of Histamine Release from Airways . Inhibitory M1-receptors in Human Bronchi but Absence in Rat ...
		Isolated human bronchi and rat tracheae were incubated in organ baths to measure histamine release.
		Human isolated bronchi were incubated in physiological salt solution and the medium was exchanged in 5-min intervals.
		Bronchial epithelium-associated pulmonary arterial muscle relaxation in the rat is absent in the fetus and suppressed by postnatal hypoxia
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/162/2/534 (2979 words)

	Induction of CD18-Mediated Passage of Neutrophils by Pasteurella haemolytica in Pulmonary Bronchi and Bronchioles -- ...
		Induction of CD18-Mediated Passage of Neutrophils by Pasteurella haemolytica in Pulmonary Bronchi and Bronchioles -- Ackermann et al.
		Induction of CD18-Mediated Passage of Neutrophils by Pasteurella haemolytica in Pulmonary Bronchi and Bronchioles
		adventitia of bronchioles and bronchi in lungs of calves with
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/2/659 (3677 words)

	Respiratory System / Conducting Passages / Bronchi, Bronchial Tree, and Lungs
		The cartilage and mucous membrane of the primary bronchi are similar to that in the trachea.
		As the branching continues through the bronchial tree, the amount of hyaline cartilage in the walls decreases until it is absent in the smallest bronchioles.
		Exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood in the capillaries occurs across the walls of the alveolar ducts and alveoli.
	training.seer.cancer.gov /module_anatomy/unit9_4_resp_passages4_bronchi.html (416 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The main bronchi then branch into the lobes of the lung, with three lobe bronchi on the right and two on the left.
		In the wall of the ciliated epithelium there are beaker cells which secrete mucus, which is transported in the direction of the throat by the cilia.
		Bronchial musculature is smooth and circular and forms helixes in the smaller bronchi.
	www.roche.com /pages/hk2/lexikon/text_e_196.txt (120 words)

	Diseases of major bronchi (from respiratory disease) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The latter disease is not uncommonly caused by the familial disease of cystic fibrosis.
		The major bronchi may also be the site of development of malignant disease.
		More results on "Diseases of major bronchi (from respiratory disease)" when you join.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-66166?tocId=66166 (791 words)

	The Trachea, Bronchi and Alveoli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The principal bronchi are further divided into smaller and smaller bronchi.
		When the bronchi become inflammed, a condition results which is referred to as bronchitis [bronchi + -itis, inflammation].
		The bronchial branches contain smooth muscle which is under the control of the autonomic (automatic) nervous system.
	www.a-better-way.com /systems/bronchi_trachea.html (335 words)

	University of Miami School of Medicine - Glossary - Bronchi
		Bronchi: The large air tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs that convey air to and from the lungs.
		The trachea divides to form the right and left main bronchi which, in turn, divide to form the lobar, segmental, and finally the subsegmental bronchi.
		Bronchi is the plural of bronchus from the Greek word bronchos, a conduit to the lungs.
	www.med.miami.edu /glossary/art.asp?articlekey=2534 (92 words)

	Asthma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In asthma, the bronchi have the tendency to become blocked and, as a result, to prevent air from flowing freely in and out of the lungs.
		It is caused by the narrowing of the bronchi.
		Bronchodilators open up the bronchi rapidly by relaxing the muscles that have tightened up around the bronchi during an asthma exacerbation.
	www.childrensspecialists.com /body.cfm?id=544 (1492 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		hyparterial bronchi, a name sometimes given to the middle and inferior lobar bronchi on the right and the lobar bronchi on the left, all of which arise below the level of the pulmonary artery.
		The segmental bronchi are designated by roman numerals, with the three right lobar bronchi divided into ten segmental bronchi and the two left lobar bronchi into eight or nine, depending on the system of classification.
		The anterior basal and medial basal segmental bronchi of the left inferior lobe are often described collectively as the anteromedial basal segmental bronchus.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_b_23zPzhtm (2028 words)

	Mechanisms Underlying Tissue Selectivity of Anandamide and Other Vanilloid Receptor Agonists -- Andersson et al. 62 ...
		A, in main bronchi, contractions induced by capsaicin were partially inhibited by the NK2 receptor inhibitor SR 48,968 (100 nM) and abolished in the additional presence of the NK1 receptor inhibitor SR 140,333 (100 nM), which alone was without effect (n = 4).
		Concentration-response curves for the vanilloid receptor agonists resiniferatoxin, capsaicin, olvanil, and anandamide in main bronchi (n = 5, 7, 9, and 6, respectively) (A) and mesenteric arteries (n = 7, 6, 6, and 15, respectively) (B).
		The curves are superimposed on the experimental data, which were all obtained from experiments performed in the presence of the anandamide membrane transport inhibitor arachidonoyl-5-methoxytryptamine.
	molpharm.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/62/3/705 (5245 words)

	Relaxation of proximal and distal isolated human bronchi by halothane, isoflurane and desflurane -- Mercier et al. 20 ...
		Halothane was significantly more effective than desflurane on distal bronchi, with isoflurane being intermediate (b and d, p=0.008) (halothane/desflurane: p=0.003; halothane/isoflurane: p=0.06; isoflurane/desflurane: p=0.22).
		Table 1— Evolution of the time-control precontracted bronchi during the cumulative concentration/response curves to volatile anaesthetics (depicted in figs.
		Isoflurane- and halothane-mediated dilation of distal bronchi in the rat depends on the epithelium.
	erj.ersjournals.com /cgi/content/full/20/2/286 (3174 words)

	RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
		Their composition is the same as the primary bronchi except the walls contain irregular shaped cartilaginous plates and a complete layer of smooth muscle around the tube (Bronchi 1).
		The respiratory epithelial lining often appears folded due to the contraction of the smooth muscle, and mucus glands are found between the muscle and cartilage (Bronchi 2).
		The preterminal bronchioles consist of a folded layer of simple columnar ciliated epithelium (Preterminal Bronchioles 1), whereas in terminal bronchioles the epithelial layers is flattened (Terminal Bronchioles 1).
	lifesci.rutgers.edu /~babiarz/respir.htm (960 words)

	Acetylcholine via Muscarinic Receptors Inhibits Histamine Release from Human Isolated Bronchi -- REINHEIMER et al. 156 ...
		Human bronchi were incubated in organ baths to measure histamine release.
		A 1-min exposure of human bronchi to the calcium ionophore A23187 caused a sharp increase in the release of histamine (Figure
		In some experiments the surface epithelium was removed mechanically before the bronchi were placed into the organ bath.
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/156/2/389 (4022 words)

	What Causes Asthma?
		The bronchi branch out into each lung where oxygen is picked up by passing blood.
		There are two reasons the bronchi narrow: Either because they are squeezed by muscles from the outside or because they are blocked by mucus and swelling inside the bronchial tubes.
		The condition when bronchi are narrowed by squeezing, is called "Bronchoconstriction." This occurs when muscles, wrapped around the bronchi like a series of elastic bands, tighten and restrict the passage of air.
	www.drpaul.com /asthma/asthma-causes.html (391 words)

	RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
		Point of entry of the bronchi, vessels, and nerves is called the hilus of the lung.
		The secondary bronchi, two (2) to the left lung and three (3) to the right lung, conduct air to each lung.
		The bronchi, other than the primary bronchi are supported by small cartilage plates embedded in their walls rather than "C"-shaped rings.
	www.cayuga-cc.edu /people/facultypages/greer/biol204/resp3/resp3.html (1614 words)

	Bronchi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Gray's Anatomy - The Trachea and Bronchi - Yahooligans!
		A bronchus (plural bronchi) is a tube in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs.
		BronchusA bronchus (plural bronchi) is a tube in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs.
	bigletterlist.net /w/b/Bronchi.htm (478 words)

	BRONCHI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		On entering the lungs the bronchi become the intrapulmonary bronchi.
		The lobar bronchi of the left lung give rise to eight segmental bronchi, in right lung - to ten segmental bronchi.
		The height of the epithelial cells, and the thickness of basal lamina and lamina propria decrease as bronchi become reduced in diameter.
	wwwmgs.bionet.nsc.ru /mgs/gnw/trrd/thesaurus/Re/bronchi.html (300 words)

	Bronchi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Based on the external diameters of both the pulmonary arteries and bronchi on chest radiographs.
		Normal bronchi are not usually seen in the most peripheral 5 to 10 mm of the lung on CT References:
		Pulmonary artery-bronchus ratios in patients with normal lungs, pulmonary vascular plethora, and congestive heart failure.
	www.ohsu.edu /radiology/teach/kojima/bronchi.htm (70 words)

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