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Topic: Bronze Age

	Bronze Age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Bronze Age is a period in a civilization's development when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) consisted of techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of ore, and then alloying those metals in order to cast bronze.
		The Early Bronze Age saw the rise of urbanization into organized city states and the invention of writing (the Uruk period in the fourth millennium BC).
		The late bronze age urnfield culture, (1300 BC-700 BC) is characterized by cremation burials.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bronze_Age (1577 words)

	Bronze - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bronze was stronger than the era's iron; quality steels were not available until thousands of years later.
		Bronzes are softer and weaker than steel, and more elastic, though bronze springs are less stiff (and so store less energy) for the same bulk.
		Bronze is still widely used today for springs, bearings, bushings and similar fittings, and is particularly common in the bearings of small electric motors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bronze (822 words)

	Nordic Bronze Age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Nordic Bronze Age evolved continuously through the Pre-Roman Iron Age and the Roman Iron Age into the Germanic Iron Age and consequently both linguists and archaeologists believe that the culture of the Nordic Bronze Age and the expansion of the following Iron Age cultures corresponded to that of the Proto-Germanic and the Germanic tribes.
		Bronze lurs such as the lurs of Brudevaelte found in Denmark were probably used in Bronze Age rituals.
		The Nordic Bronze Age was characterized by a warm climate that began with a climate change in circa 2700 BC (comparable to that of present-day Mediterranean).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age (1098 words)

	BRONZE AGE - LoveToKnow Article on BRONZE AGE
		There is, moreover, much reason to believe that sepulchral mounds were opened from age to age and fresh interments made, and in such a practice would be found a simple explanation.
		We may conclude then that there was a Bronze Age in most countries; that it was the direct result of increasing intercommunication of races and the spread of commerce; and that the discovery of metals was due to information brought to Stone-Age man in Europe by races which were already skilful metallurgists.
		The, Bronze Age is also characterized by the fact that cremation was the mode of disposal of the dead, whereas in the Stone Age burial was the rule.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BR/BRONZE_AGE.htm (755 words)

	Bronze Age Ireland
		The Bronze Age also saw the first use of gold, which was made in much the same way as bronze, and there are a number of beautiful examples of gold jewellery and other prestigious objects.
		Thus the Bronze Age in Ireland marks the beginning of the end for Ireland's lowland forests which were systematically cleared over the coming centuries.
		The limits of the Irish Bronze Age are difficult to state precisely, but is generally accepted to have died away around 500BC when peoples from Europe, belonging to the superior Iron-Age Halstatt culture, arrived in Ireland.
	www.wesleyjohnston.com /users/ireland/past/pre_norman_history/bronze_age.html (2368 words)

	Bronze Age at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In Britain, the Bronze Age is considered to have been the period from 2500 to 500 BC.
		In central europe, the early Bronze Age Unetice culture (1800-1600 BC) with numerous local groups like Straubing, Adlerberg and Gaban culture is followed by the middle Bronze age (1600-1200 BC) characterised by inhumation burials in tumuli (barrows).
		The late Bronze age urnfield culture, (1300-700 BC) is characterized by cremation burial includes the Lusatian culture in eastern Germany and Poland ((1300-500 BC) that continues into the Iron Age.
	www.wiki.tatet.com /Bronze_Age.html (924 words)

	THE GREAT BRONZE AGE OF CHINA
		The development of bronze metallurgy in ancient civilizations meant a settled and organized society, for bronze-making required locating, protecting, mining, and smelting the ores that contain copper and tin, the two metals that are alloyed to produce bronze.
		Bronze vessels were used to contain the wine and food which were offered up in ceremonies performed at the altar of the ancestral shrine.
		The Great Bronze Age of China exhibition which toured the United States in 1980-1981 featured a dazzling array of bronzes, jade pieces, and eight terracotta sculptures that were created to accompany the First Emperor of Qin to his grave.
	www.humanities-interactive.org /ancient/bronze/brochure_bronze_age.htm (1357 words)

	Bronze Age on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		BRONZE AGE [Bronze Age] period in the development of technology when metals were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons.
		The earliest use of cast metal can be deduced from clay models of weapons; casting was certainly established in the Middle East by 3500 BC Following the Neolithic period, the development of a metallurgical industry coincided with the rise of urbanization.
		Central Asia in the Bronze Age: sedentary and nomadic cultures.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/B/BronzeA1g.asp (1178 words)

	Bronze Age England and Wales, the Beaker People
		There was a changeover during this period to round houses, echoed in the mushroom-like growth of stone circles and round barrow mounds.
		The Beaker Folk were a patriarchal society, and it is during the Bronze Age that the individual warrior-chief or king gained importance, contrasting with the community orientation of the Neolithic times.
		A curious fact was noted in studying these Bronze Age burials; in many cases the corpses were carefully laid with the head to the south, men facing east, women facing west.
	www.britainexpress.com /History/Bronze_Age.htm (716 words)

	channel4.com - Time Team - Bronze Age
		The Bronze Age was the period – from about 2300 to 700 BC –; when metal first began to be widely used in Britain, possibly as a result of the increase in contact with Europe.
		The Bronze Age saw the introduction of cremation of the dead and burials in round barrows.
		Later Bronze Age c1200-700 BC Inevitably, given such a long time-span, a wide range of burials, monuments, houses, tools, pottery and other artefacts are associated with this period.
	www.channel4.com /history/timeteam/bronzeage.html (490 words)

	Teaching Chinese Archaeology, Part Two - NGA
		The bronze age in China refers to the period between about 2000 and 771 B.C., when bronze was produced on a massive scale for weapons and ritual objects used by the ruling elite.
		Bronze vessels included in burials were much larger than those created previously, and more varied in shape.
		Some of the bronzes could be related to types found at Erligang, but others, such as the meat-cooking vessels and bronze bells, were unique to Dayangzhou.
	www.nga.gov /education/chinatp_pt2.htm (480 words)

	Chapter 4: The Bronze Age
		Bronze Age smiths were often buried with the tools of their trade: hammers, an anvil, knives and molds.
		This is not an occupational hazard of the Iron Age smiths that forged spears for the Greek hoplites and swords for the Roman legionaries.
		A "bronze age" can only occur where copper and tin are both available, where the mining and smelting technology are developed, and where trade networks can disseminate the new technology and the new artefacts.
	www.geology.ucdavis.edu /~cowen/~GEL115/115CH4.html (6517 words)

	Ulster history - Bronze Age
		The Bronze Age in Ireland is normally considered to start in 2500 BC or 2000 BC, and to end in 600 BC or 300 BC.
		A more typical early Bronze Age burial would consist of a pit or stone cist, containing the cremated remains of a single individual, together with a large pottery vessel and perhaps a few bronze objects.
		Navan Fort was obviously a place of considerable importance in the Late Bronze Age, and emerges as the Royal centre of Emain Macha during the Iron Age.
	www.cruithni.org.uk /overview/over_3.html (651 words)

	Bronze Age - Beaker People - Wessex Culture
		At the beginning of the Bronze Age the climate was warmer and drier than today, but, as the period progressed, the climate deteriorated, becoming wetter and cooler.
		Houses became circular in plan during the Bronze Age (utilising wattle and daub for the walls, and thatch for the roofs), although, since they were made of timber, all that remains of them is postholes (which show where the supporting timbers were fixed in the ground).
		Bronze socketed axes (so that a wooden handle could be inserted) came into use and weapons were improved.
	www.stephen.j.murray.btinternet.co.uk /bronze.htm (1399 words)

	Bronze Age in Europe
		Bronze age copper mining in the Austrian Alps, a contribution by Gert Goldenberg to the presentation "Montanarchäologie" at archaeologie-online.de
		Förderverein Bronzezeithaus Hahnenknoop e.V. A bronze age settlement at the Hahnenknooper Mühle (Rodenkirchen, county Wesermarsch) with a reconstruction of one of the houses (German)
		A Middle Bronze Age semi-urban village settlement at the Danube surrounded by a larger settlement from the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age to which belongs a large tumulus cemetery.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Crete/4162/ebronzenf.htm (4194 words)

	Uluburun Shipwreck Excavation
		A bronze female figurine, partly clad in gold, is similar to those of Syro-Palestinian origin and may have served as the ship's protective deity.
		A bronze pin, spearheads, and a stone ceremonial scepter/mace head, with its closest parallel (but of bronze) found in Rumania, suggest connections between the ship, or at least with some of those on board, and lands to the north of mainland Greece.
		J.S. Mills and R. White, "The Identity of the Resins from the Late Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun (Ka Õ)," Archaeometry 31.1 (1989) 37-44.
	ina.tamu.edu /ub_main.htm#Bibliography (2689 words)

	BBC - History - Archaeology - Bronze Age Britain (1/3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Although not certain, it is generally thought that the new bronze tools and weapons identified with this age were brought over from the continent.
		The skulls recovered from burial sites from the Bronze age, are a different shape to those of the Stone Age skulls.
		Before its entry into Britain, the Bronze Age was already in full swing in Europe.The island of Crete was centre for the expansion of the bronze trade to Europe.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/archaeology/bronzeageman_1.shtml (203 words)

	Bronze Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Bronze was a metal hard enough to hold an edge, and that meant a revolution in tools and weapons.
		The bronze age people started to bury individuals in their own graves, with a mound raised over each burial.
		By 1400 BC the burial practices changed again with the disappearance of Beaker pottery, and this suggests a new culture that is defined as the Wessex culture.
	www.gallica.co.uk /celts/bronzeag.htm (280 words)

	The Bronze Age - The History of Scotland
		Bronze was made by making special fires of layers of charcoal and ore enclosed in a clay and stone furnace.
		It took many centuries for the Bronze Age to spread throughout Scotland, especially to the most remote, northerly areas such as Skara Brae on the northern isles of Orkney.
		A crucial implication of the new technology of bronze was that supplies of copper and tin had to be readily available.
	www.netmedia.co.uk /history/week-2 (774 words)

	Age of Bronze Comics Homepage
		AGE OF BRONZE, the continuing comic book series by Eisner Award-winning cartoonist Eric Shanower, presents the ancient and thrilling tradition of the world-famous War at Troy, freshly retold for the 21st century.
		Age of Bronze is first serialized in the comic book series.
		The art of Age of Bronze draws upon the archaeological excavations of the places where the story took place: Mycenae, Knossos, and Pylos, among others, and especially Troy itself.
	age-of-bronze.com /aob/index.shtml (548 words)

	Bronze Age
		It was to be phosphor bronze with an emerald flush mounted from underneath.
		Kalevela Koru started in 1935 as a women's co-operative re-creating the old traditions of the Viking period with bronze replicas of the type of crusade jewellery that had been found in old tombs and was displayed in Finnish museums.
		Though gold is a natural resource in the north of the country, many Finnish designers turned to bronze, as this material was easily available to them at little cost.
	www.modernsilver.com /Bronzeage.html (2053 words)

	Bronze Age Philistines
		I end the Late Bronze Age with the onset of the Assyrian invasions, and I end the Iron Age (as in the conventional chronology) with the Babylonian destruction.
		The excavation revealed that the culture of Beit Shean in the Late Bronze Age was primarily Egyptian.
		Furthermore, excavations have shown that at the end of the Late Bronze Age, there was an intermediate period between the destruction of the cities and the appearance of "Philistine Ware".
	www.starways.net /lisa/essays/philistines.html (4925 words)

	Bronze Age Bastion - CSO Magazine - April 2005
		After digging a little—and talking to an archaeologist who dug a lot—we discovered that our ancestors from the literal Bronze Age were, in fact, quite sophisticated, at least when it comes to security.
		The fortified structure there dates to the Bronze Age, 3,000 years ago, and it was used at least up through the late medieval period, past the year 1000.
		In the Bronze Age, people could accept the sacrifice of some efficiency if it benefited security.
	www.csoonline.com /read/040105/fort.html (2157 words)

	bronze age
		The recovery of the Greek Bronze Age through archaeology began with the excavations of Heinrich Schliemann at Troy and Mycenae and Arthur Evans on the island of Crete in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
		Schliemann was driven by his desire to demonstrate the foundation of the Homeric epics in historical reality, while Evans reacted against the privilege of classical Greece by trying to show that classical Greek culture was almost entirely based on the earlier Minoans, who did not speak Greek and were not Greek ethnically.
		Knossos was a major storage and distribution center, and however unmilitary the Minoans appear in their art, controlling agricultural wealth in bronze age societies usually involves some degree of force.
	www.uark.edu /campus-resources/achilles/age/bronze_age.html (1940 words)

	1: Early Bronze Age Mainland Greece (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Bronze Age in the Aegean sees the rise and fall of some of the most famous civilizations of the ancient world, those of the Minoans on Crete and the Myceneans on the Mainland of Greece.
		One of the major questions in Aegean Bronze Age studies is how these cultures arose, and why palace based civilization developed on Crete, just at the beginning of the second millennium, before it did on the Mainland.
		The Early Bronze Age is when monumental architecture in the Aegean first appears, signaling many changes in society including ranking of individuals.
	classics.uc.edu /prmainland/Lectures/DanPullen/EBA01.html (173 words)

	Gonur Tepe - A Visit to Bronze Age Turkmenistan
		Bronze belt stud, 2200-1800 BC, Northern Afghanistan Bronze Age, depicting a winged female figure poised between two griffins.
		Sarianidi's recent work has focused on the Late Bronze Age sites, dating to the first half of the second millennium BC, located in the ancient delta of the Murgab River, in the southeastern part of present day Turkmenistan.
		The beautiful Bronze Age beads from plundered sites in Afghanistan have long fascinated me. Most often, buried bead materials are found in vessels placed close to the body, and as any stringing material has long since disintegrated with age, it is not even possible to guess how they were worn.
	www.anahitagallery.com /aharch01.html (2071 words)

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