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Topic: Brood parasite

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	Parasite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A parasite is an organism that lives in or on the living tissue of a host organism at the expense of it.
		Parasitism is a type of symbiosis, by one definition, although another definition of symbiosis excludes parasitism, since it requires that the host benefit from the interaction as well as the parasite.
		Parasites are generally smaller than their hosts, absorbing nutrients from the host's body fluids, but this is far from a universal strategy.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Parasite.html (384 words)

	Brood parasite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Brood parasites are birds or insects that lay their eggs in the nests of other species to be raised by the host.
		Brood parasitic birds include the old-world cuckoos, cowbirds, wydahs, and the honeyguides.
		Some brood parasites are of only individual consequence for their hosts, with only minor effects on the species as whole, but the cowbirds have become a serious invasive pest in many areas due to their habitat preferences.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brood_parasite (278 words)

	Brood parasite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Brood parasite is a term specifically applied to bird s that leave their eggs in the nests of other birds to be raised.
		Often, the brood parasite young will actually kick the host young out of the nest to their deaths, so that the parasite young becomes the only young in the nest.
		Brood en banket Recepten voor brood, taarten, koekjes en cake.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Brood_parasite.html (386 words)

	Parasite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A parasite is an organism that lives in or on the living tissue of a host organism at the expense of that host.
		Parasitism is a type of symbiosis, by one definition, although another definition of symbiosis excludes parasitism, since certain types of DNA, such as transposable elements and B chromosomes, may also be considered as parasites of the host genome.
		Many cuckoos, for example, are brood parasites: their young are parasitic on the host species, but adult cuckoos fend for themselves.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parasite (231 words)

	Encyclopedia: Parasite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Parasite is also the term for a partially formed conjoined twin which lacks a separate brain, or an extra head which may grow from the side of the head or the palate.
		Genera The pinworm (Genus Enterobius) is a parasitic roundworm of the phylum Nematoda.
		Intestinal parasites are parasites that populate the gastro-intestinal tract.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Parasite (1558 words)

	Cowbirds. University of Arizona Press. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In brood parasitism, the hosts incubate parasitic eggs and raise the young as if these were their own, even though raising a parasite is usually detrimental to the host's own reproductive success.
		Not all avian brood parasites are cowbirds, and not all are obliged to the habit; those not obliged usually lay their eggs in nests of conspecifics as well as laying in their own nests.
		Obligate brood parasitism is thought to have evolved independently at least six times as it is found in five or six (depending on the systematic scheme that is applied) avian families representing four orders.
	www.uapress.arizona.edu /samples/sam1220.htm (1711 words)

	Brood parasite -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Brood parasite is a term specifically applied to (Warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings) birds or (Small air-breathing arthropod) insects that leave their eggs in the nests of other birds or insects to be raised.
		Brood parasitic birds include the old-world (Any of numerous European and North American birds having pointed wings and a long tail) cuckoos, (North American flbird that follows cattle and lays eggs in other birds' nests) cowbirds, wydahs and the (additional info and facts about honeyguide) honeyguides.
		Most brood parasites are of only minor consequence for their hosts, but the (additional info and facts about Brown-headed Cowbird) Brown-headed Cowbird has become a serious invasive pest due to its habitat preference.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/br/brood_parasite.htm (330 words)

	North American Cowbird Advisory Council \| Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Brown-headed cowbird parasitism on golden-winged and blue-winged warblers.
		Yellow warblers were subjected to taxidermic mounts of a brood parasite (brown-headed cowbird), avian nest predator (grackle), and control (sparrow) during their egg laying and nestling stages in an effort to determine whether warblers were able to distinguish between the threats of brood parasitism and predation.
		Brood parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird was the leading cause of nest failure; at least 68% of flycatcher nests were parasitized.
	cowbird.lscf.ucsb.edu /bibliography/bibliography.html (15711 words)

	Parasite -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The (additional info and facts about biological interaction) biological interaction between the host and the parasite is called (The relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage)) parasitism.
		Parasitism is a type of (The relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other) symbiosis, by one definition, although another definition of symbiosis excludes parasitism, since it requires that the host benefit from the interaction as well as the parasite.
		The term parasite is also used for people who benefit from a relationship, society or system without contributing significantly to it, although they could; however this usage of the term is highly controversial because of its association with (A form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism) Nazism and its various extermination programs.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pa/parasite.htm (688 words)

	Murder In The Nest
		Brood parasites lay their eggs in the nests of other species, which then incubate the eggs and raise the alien chicks.
		Brood parasitism is such a successful and easy way of life that 136 species of cuckoos, 5 species of cowbirds, 20 finches, and South America's Blackheaded Duck have adopted it.
		Brood parasitism fascinates ornithologists because it involves war between the parasites and their hosts.
	www.science-frontiers.com /sf119/sf119p04.htm (359 words)

	A puzzle posed by black-headed ducks yields to persistent biologists
		The fl-headed ducks were being thwarted by defenses that had evolved as a result of brood parasitism among the coots themselves.
		In contrast, the intraspecific (within the same species) brood parasitism taking place among the coots is very costly to the hosts because they end up feeding and raising the young of other birds at the expense of their own young.
		Other obligate brood parasites lay eggs that mimic the eggs of their hosts, but the eggs of fl-headed ducks don't look anything like coot eggs.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-11/uoc--app111504.php (1374 words)

	RedOrbit NEWS \| Host Recognition of Brood Parasites: Implications for Methodology in Studies of Enemy Recognition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Given that brood parasites may reduce host reproductive success (Rothstein 1990), the best defense against parasitism should be to deter a parasitic female from laying her egg in a host nest in the first place (Sealy et al.
		It is generally believed that because brood parasites pose the greatest threat to their hosts during the egg-laying period, responses to them should decrease in later stages of the nesting cycle if a host recognizes the parasite as a special enemy (e.g.
		Rather, it is only the difference in aggression toward the parasite as compared with the host's response to an innocuous enemy (this is analogous to the fact that the predation cost of begging is the increase in the rate of predation caused by begging, not the overall rate of predation; Haskell 1999).
	www.rednova.com /modules/news/tools.php?tool=print&id=151591 (6808 words)

	Brood Parasitism
		Non-obligate brood parasites lay eggs in the nest of conspecifics (i.e.
		Obligate brood parasites lay eggs in nests of other species and have completely lost the ability to construct nests and incubate eggs.
		Brood parasitism is one of the most interesting phenomenon in the animal kingdom and demonstrates the amazing relationships animals can have with one another.
	fsc.fernbank.edu /Birding/parasitism.htm (768 words)

	Diane L
		Obligate brood parasites never build their own nests or raise their own young but instead depend on host species to care for their offspring.
		Avian brood parasites lay their eggs in the nests of other birds and give no care to their own young, depending on host species to hatch and care for their nestlings.
		If wrens recognize cowbirds as brood parasites, they are predicted to respond most aggressively to the cowbird mounts at the laying stage when the threat of parasitism is highest.
	www.shsu.edu /%7Ebio_dln (1913 words)

	The Scientist :: Ducks in evolution's crossfire, Nov. 22, 2004
		Research on brood parasites usually focuses on the evolutionary arms race between host and parasite, but findings published this week in Nature highlight the importance of a broader perspective.
		"The theoretical possibility that egg rejection might evolve primarily as a mechanism against conspecific parasitism and subsequently work against a specialist brood parasite has been considered in the past, but the discovery of a system in which this is really the case is completely novel," he said.
		The findings are likely to trigger a rush among people studying interspecific parasitism to check for intraspecific brood parasitism within their host species," he said.
	www.biomedcentral.com /news/20041122/01 (697 words)

	General Parasitology
		Parasitism is carried out by many organisms, the main groups including viruses, bacteria, protozoa (these usually being endoparasitic), and various metazoan groups (multicellular eukaryotic animals), these being mostly groups of helminths (often endoparasitic), and arthropods (usually ectoparasitic), as well as some higher organisms, such as ectoparasitic lampreys and hagfish.
		This is not the case with parasites that can divide asexually in their hosts such as bacterial, viral or protozoan parasites, where, for example, a single malaria parasite is capable, (at least in theory), of causing a fatal illness.
		High densities of adult parasites feeding on host tissues, causing tissue damage (for example many of the digenean flukes), or obstruction of the gut, (as may be the case with Ascaris infections) or lymphatic drainage (as seen with lymphatic filariasis, although in this case this is a gross simplification of what happens).
	www.path.cam.ac.uk /~schisto/General_Parasitology/Old.Gen.Parasitology.html (3206 words)

	Effects of Management Practices on Grassland Birds: Greater Sage-Grouse
		The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density.
		Sage-grouse broods at the Sheldon NWR used primarily sagebrush uplands (low sagebrush and mountain and Wyoming big sagebrush) during 1978 and 1980; however, during the drought year of 1979, use was greater in wet meadows, and upland sites were abandoned by broods by late summer (Klebenow 1985).
		Brood habitats of sympatric Sage Grouse and Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse in Wyoming.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/literatr/grasbird/grsg/grsg.htm (17663 words)

	Lecture 20
		BROOD PARASITISM = involves laying eggs in nests of another species (= host), then abandoning them to the care of the foster parents.
		Brood parasitism evolves from this situation to avoid fighting over the nest.
		Example: Whydahs parasitize estrildine finches and the pattern of the Whydah plumage and gape matches that of the host finch closely.
	www.usd.edu /biol/faculty/swanson/ornith/lec20.html (605 words)

	Wyoming Wildlife News - May-June - Anglers - 105
		Since then, the parasite has been found in trout from the Salt River and Green River (including the lower New Fork) drainages in western Wyoming and the South Fork of the Shoshone River drainage in northwest Wyoming.
		In 1998, the whirling disease parasite was detected in Forty Rod Creek, a tributary of the Green River.
		Exotic organisms from parasites to mollusks, fish species and vegetation are finding their way to new parts of the world with increasing frequency.
	gf.state.wy.us /services/publications/wwn/1999/may_june/anglers.asp (1944 words)

	D. Ebert - Infected Daphnia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The parasite is visible as a whitish shiny mass in the central parts of the body.
		This patho-type is typical for a number of poorly described parasites living in the haemolymph of their hosts.
		Brood parasitic copepods in Daphnia are rather common, but often unnoticed, because copepods often leave the brood chamber once the host is caught or fixed.
	www.unifr.ch /biol/ecology/ebert/daphpara/daphpato/daphpato.html (684 words)

	Brood parasite - TheBestLinks.com - Bird, Bee, Forest, Insect, ...
		Brood parasite - TheBestLinks.com - Bird, Bee, Forest, Insect,...
		Brood parasite, Bird, Bee, Forest, Insect, Edge effect, Songbird, Cuckoo...
		Brood parasite is a term specifically applied to birds that leave their eggs in the nests of other birds to be raised.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Brood_parasite.html (258 words)

	Parasitism and Mutualism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		co-evolution, parasitism, parasitoid, endo and ectoparasites, gene for gene response, specialist, generalist, galls, social parasitism, brood parasite, kleptoparasitism, obligate and facultative mutualism, symbiotic and non-symbiotic interactions
		brood parasite: A bird that lays its eggs in the nest of another species and lets that species raise its young, often at the expense of the hosts young.
		social parasitism: A type of parasitism where the parasite is partially dependent on the social system of its host.
	people.uncw.edu /emslies/ecology/terms17.htm (332 words)

	Patuxent Science Information System Study Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Brood parasitism by the native brood parasite, Brown headed Cowbird, reduces the viability of native wildlife, with some effects more significant than others.
		We are using a novel approach of integrating molecular genetics analyses with geospatial mapping to illuminate the patterns of parasitism in a northeastern forest.
		The results will be applied to management recommendations for detecting when cowbird parasitism is a threat to local birds and for controlling cowbird populations that are causing damage.
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /research/sis98/hahn1s.htm (107 words)

	Auk, The: FATE OF GRACKLE (QUISCALUS SPP.) DEFENSES IN THE ABSENCE OF BROOD PARASITISM: IMPLICATIONS FOR LONG-TERM ...
		If typical of the world's avifauna, such retention may force brood parasites to specialize on a few host species and to rarely return to using old hosts, which would readily reject their eggs.
		The dynamic nature of brood parasite and host interactions, in which parasites switch hosts because of changes in distribution or in evolution of host defenses (e.g.
		Given the general lack of egg recognition in birds not exposed to interspecific brood parasitism, rejection of foreign eggs by those birds is a reasonable indication of past parasitism (Davies and Brooke 1989b; Rothstein 1990, 2001; Nakamura et al.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200410/ai_n9434473 (1288 words)

	Impact of Cowbird Brood Parasitism on an Avian Community (Overview)
		It has long been assumed that cowbird parasitism can result in changes in songbird communities, but surprisingly the De Groot and Smith (2001) study is the first to assess whether this brood parasite can change overall bird community composition.
		In 1971, a census recorded only 201 singing males, and both limited/poor quality of habitat and cowbird parasitism were proposed as responsible for their decline.
		Community-wide impacts of a generalist brood parasite: the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater).
	tiee.ecoed.net /vol/v1/data_sets/cowbird/cowbird_overview.html (605 words)

	Cuckoos that fly out of crows' nests
		More often than not, such a brood may not contain even a single crow chick because nature ensures that the larger size and early hatching ability of the parasitic bird results in the host loosing its own clutch, and raising only the young of the parasitic bird.
		It is a remarkable reproductive strategy in which one species - the brood parasite – does not build its own nest, but chooses to lay its eggs in the nest prepared by another species.
		It is this host species that hatches the eggs and later raises the brood parasite's young to adulthood.
	aquiline.8m.com /indianwildlife/artcuckoo.htm (775 words)

	Audubon: Cowbirds and Conservation
		In recent decades, many land managers, conservationists and citizens have argued that parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds is a major threat to North American songbird populations and that cowbird parasitism is responsible for the range-wide population declines currently shown in a number of songbird species, particularly neotropical migrants.
		The extent of parasitism varies with local land-use practices, habitat, and with the abundance, breeding behavior and conservation status of different host species.
		Conservationists and the public tend to overestimate the significance of parasitism as a major cause of declining songbird populations.
	www.audubon.org /bird/research (2328 words)

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