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Topic: Brooklyn Rapid Transit

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	Brooklyn Rapid Transit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Within a decade, it had acquired virtually all of the rapid transit and streetcar operations in its target area.
		World War I and the attendant massive inflation associated with the war put New York transit operators in a difficult position, since their contracts with the City required a five-cent fare be charged, while inflation made the real value of the fare less than three cents in constant currency value.
		In 1923 the BRT was restructured and released from bankruptcy as the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brooklyn_Rapid_Transit (341 words)

	Early Rapid Transit in Brooklyn, 1878 to 1913
		Brooklyn suburbs were areas such as Midwood, Bensonhurst, and if you were wealthy and didn't mind a long ride, the ocean areas of Brighton Beach, Manhattan Beach and Coney Island.
		This is the story of the rise of rapid transit in Brooklyn, including the early days of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit, from 1878 until the signing of the Dual Contracts in March of 1913.
		The Brooklyn, Flatbush and Coney Island Railroad began on July 2nd, 1878, between Flatbush and Ocean Avenues (Prospect Park) and the Brighton Beach Hotel, as an excursion railway, not a commuter railway.
	www.nycsubway.org /articles/earlyrapidtransitinbrooklyn.html (8698 words)

	Rapid transit Summary
		A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated, or metro system is a railway system, usually in an urban area, with a high capacity and frequency of service, and grade separation from other traffic.
		The terms "rapid transit" or "metro" tend to view this as a less important characteristic and include systems that are entirely elevated or at ground level (at grade).
		Before any plans were made for transit systems with underground tunnels and stations, several railway operators built tunnels for their trains, usually to reduce the grade of the railway line.
	www.bookrags.com /Rapid_transit (6381 words)

	TRANSPORTOBELLO.COM: Rail Transport - Rapid Transit
		A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated, or metro system is a railway system, that will usually be within an urban area and have a high capacity and frequency of service, as well as seperation from other traffic.
		The terms "rapid transit" or "metro" tend to view this as a less important characteristic and are happy to include systems that are entirely elevated or at ground level (at grade).
		Sometimes, for political reasons, commuter lines are operated by a separate authority that tends not to co-operate with the city's transit authority (except in Japan, where the commuter routes are frequent in suburbs and form the backbone of the networks).
	www.transportobello.com /rail/rapid.html (3864 words)

	NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. was incorporated in 1896, and eventually acquired most of the street railway companies in Brooklyn, as well as many of the subway and elevated lines.
		In 1914, the Coney Island & Brooklyn Railroad was finally acquired by the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. The Van Brunt St. & Erie Basin Railroad remained independent until its demise in 1929.
		In 1923, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. was acquired by Brooklyn Manhattan Transit.
	members.aol.com /chirailfan/nychisb.html (495 words)

	Rapid Transit Net - Brooklyn Grade Crossing Elimination Project
		Steam power was banned within the Brooklyn City Limits from 1861 to 1879, requiring riders to change from steam trains to horse cars to complete their journeys downtown.
		During the early 1900's, when the "el" lines began to convert to electric traction, a larger rapid transit system was foreseen, providing through service by connecting the elevateds with the electrified steam roads, while also providing improved rail freight service for food, fuel and building materials.
		The Brooklyn Grade Crossing Elimination Commission was created by the New York State legislature on May 9, 1903 to accompish the goal of providing fully grade separated rights-of-way for the BRT's Brighton Beach Line and the Bay Ridge and Manhattan Beach lines of the LIRR.
	www.rapidtransit.com /net/gcbook/index.htm (714 words)

	New York Press
		In late October, the Board had recommended that the BRT rehire the men with back pay, but the Board had no power of enforcement, and the BRT declined to even meet with the union’s delegation.
		Investigators from both the New York State Public Service Commission and the BRT found when examining the wreckage that the brakes had not failed, the emergency brakes had never been applied and the motors were never reversed.
		In 1923, the BRT was reorganized as the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation–the BMT.
	www.nypress.com /print.cfm?content_id=7490 (1815 words)

	The Third Rail Online Magazine of Rapid Transit Index
		Not included in the expanded system was New York's "forgotten" borough and the Staten Island Rapid Transit Railway Company and its 22 route miles of electric lines, which stayed with its parent Baltimore and Ohio Railroad for another 31 years.
		Mention of rapid transit on New York's Second Avenue usally leads to a discussion of the unbuilt Second Avenue Subway.
		The Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation's influence extended far beyond the borders of its namesake borough, New York City, or even the U.S. One of the outposts of its pioneering spirit was the Soviet Union, in what was then Leningrad.
	www.transitjournal.com (662 words)

	Nickels of the Trolley.
		This year it is estimated that 350,000,000 people have used the lines of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company alone, and when the reports of the two other companies have been made up for the last twelve months the grand total will be far beyond the billion mark.
		One hundred and seventy-six freight cars would be filled to overflowing with the nickel load and the procession of tracks necessary to transport the treasure through the streets of the city would resemble the baggage-train of a large army.
		In other words, although the population of the borough of Brooklyn is only about 1,300,000, the receipts from over a million passengers were devoted to improving the streets of the borough.
	www.mindspring.com /~railroadstories/rrmmv1n1/nickels.htm (1763 words)

	Rapid transit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A rapid transit, underground, subway, tube, elevated, or metro(politan) system is a railway—usually in an urban area—with a high capacity and frequency of service, and grade separation from other traffic.
		Rapid transits are generally used in metropolitan areas to transport large amounts of people at high frequency.
		A notable example is the Paris RER system, where (in co-operation with the city's transit authority) several pairs of existing suburban lines running in opposite directions from the city have been extended in tunnels to join and form new routes across the city.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rapid_transit (2861 words)

	Federal Transit Administration - Safety & Security (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		During transit emergencies, personnel from multiple transit disciplines and outside agencies must come together to manage the incident, performing such tasks as rescuing or evacuating passengers, extinguishing fires, controlling crowds, repairing track and wayside structures, and restoring service.
		In addition to responding to emergencies affecting their own system, transit agencies are also finding that they are instrumental in assisting in larger emergencies, such as evacuations.
		The FTA has developed numerous guidelines to provide practical assistance to transit personnel and other individuals and organizations with responsibility for planning for, managing, and recovering from emergencies and disasters.
	www.transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov /Emergency/Emerman.asp (245 words)

	New York Subway
		In Brooklyn, the various elevated railroads and many of the surface steam railroads (and most of the trolley lines as well) were consolidated under the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT).
		The expansion of rapid transit was greatly facilitated by the signing of the Dual Contracts in 1913 between the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the City of New York on the one hand, and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company and the City of New York on the other.
		Several Brooklyn lines extend into Queens, and these are elevated, except for the final station on the Myrtle Avenue Line, which is on the surface, and the last two stations of the Jamaica Avenue Line, which is in a new (1989) subway.
	en.mcfly.org /New_York_Subway (3960 words)

	The Architect's Newspaper - www.archpaper.com
		By the time Brooklyn Rapid Transit’s West End Terminal opened at the corner of Stillwell and Surf avenues in 1919, Coney Island’s glory days were already over.
		Eighty-five years later, the BRT’s successor, New York City Transit (NYCT, an agency within the larger Metropolitan Transit Authority) is betting that a new subway terminal in the same spot as the old West End will have a very different effect, this time acting as a catalyst for revitalization and local pride.
		So far, Arts For Transit is keeping mum on the actual nature of Wilson’s images under glass, but if the ambition of this last piece of the Stillwell Terminal is in keeping with the rest of the project, it should go well beyond the mil-mannered tile work one often sees in new stations.
	www.archpaper.com /feature_articles/the_ultimate_ride.html (1360 words)

	Subway Centennial
		Soon the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company began building a new subway between Brooklyn and Manhattan, tunnelling routes south into Brooklyn and east into Queens.
		For the 42 years since the first subway opened in 1904 the fare had remained a nickel, and the nickel fare was inadequate for maintaining trains, stations, equipment, and aging infrastructure.
		Today, the MTA Arts for Transit program continues this tradition, encouraging the use of public transit by commissioning and installing permanent works of art by both well-established and emerging artists that create visually unique links to the architectural history and design of stations and the neighborhoods they serve.
	www.mta.info /mta/centennial.htm (1113 words)

	BMT History
		The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company was incorporated in 1896 and by 1900 as a result of mergers and aquisitions it had aquired control of all of these companies (and more).
		The BRT was a holding company -- it began to consolidate the elevated lines under a subsidiary called the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad Co. Another subsidiary, the Transit Development Company, was formed to own the shops and rolling stock.
		The B.R.T. car and its operation were more in the style of a suburban, or interurban line, than a rapid transit line.
	www.bmt-lines.com /history.html (2945 words)

	Brief History of NYC Subway
		The solution was the city government paid half of the money, and both IRT and BRT paid the rest of the fee in exchange of the rights of operations for the next 49 years.
		At the same time, both IRT and BRT were constantly challeged by then Mayor John F. Hylor.
		At the same time, IRT and BRT were in service despite of labor struggles.
	www.geocities.com /subchen/writings/ehistory.html (1087 words)

	NYART - Technology in the City Web Exhibit - Transportation Timeline
		The tunnels for the first subway line in the City, the Broadway Line of private Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) are constructed through the rocky center of Manhattan from City Hall to the northern tip of Manhattan, beginning in 1900.
		New York City approves a dual system under which the rapid transit lines controlled by the Independent Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company are expanded and organized as two networks.
		The New York City Transit Authority is formed 13 years later by the State of New York to operate the subway and public bus system.
	www.nycarchivists.org /exhibit/trtime.html (1029 words)

	VR Railfinder: NYCTA
		What we think of as the NYCTA today is largely a 20th century-built rapid transit system, beginning with the subways of Manhattan and Brooklyn.
		Transit modeling, an under developed aspect of model railroading, is a perfect match for virtual railroading.
		Another is the frequent start-stop nature of transit service provides the virtual train driver with plenty to do.
	www.virtualrailroader.com /NYCTA.html (488 words)

	Early Transit in New York City
		The Interborough Rapid Transit subway, which broke ground in 1900 after many years of political manovering, was not the first attempt at rapid transit in New York City, nor the first attempt at transit tunneling in New York City.
		A 1902 article about the construction of the Williamsburg Bridge, which would become a vital rapid transit link between Manhattan and Brooklyn, carrying both streetcars and subway trains.
		A 1891 article describing the necessity for rapid transit brought on by population growth in major cities.
	www.nycsubway.org /earlytransit.html (251 words)

	History of the IRT, BMT, and IND Subway Lines
		The IRT is today's 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and S. The Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit (BMT, formerly the Brooklyn Rapid Transit, BRT) was the rapid transit company which built, bought, or assumed control of the Brooklyn Els.
		The BMT lines were the Broadway Subway and Nassau Street Subway in Manhattan, the 14th Street-Eastern District line from Manhattan to Brooklyn, and Fourth Avenue, West End, and Culver lines in Brooklyn.
		The IND lines were the 8th Avenue and 6th Avenue trunk lines in Manhattan, the Queens Boulevard subway in Queens, the Concourse subway in the Bronx, the Fulton Street subway in Brooklyn, the Brooklyn/Queens Crosstown, and the line in Brooklyn via Smith/9th Streets to Church Avenue.
	www.nycvisit.com /content/index.cfm?pagePkey=354 (562 words)

	How to Get There From Here - 1972 Subway Map
		In order to stress the transit routes themselves, the geographical features of the city are faded into the background in muted grays, beiges and whites.
		The Interborough Rapid Transit Co., the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Co. (originally Brooklyn Rapid Transit) and the Independent were born many years apart and sired by men with different approaches to railroading.
		And the real heart of New York rapid transit is located neither at Grand Central nor Times Square but at the Broadway-Nassau-Fulton station in downtown Manhattan.
	subway.com.ru /maps/1972_map_article.htm (1093 words)

	New York Transit Museum Reopens - Wired New York Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Being a transit buff is often a solitary thing, the Feins concede, but it felt a touch less lonely yesterday as the pair — wearing matching T-shirts emblazoned with the purple circle of the No. 7 subway line — joined hundreds of other transportation enthusiasts at the New York Transit Museum in Brooklyn.
		Located in a former subway station in Brooklyn, it provides an unprecedented overview of the nation's busiest mass transit system, tracing the evolution of its trolleys, trains and buses.
		The BRT was a holding company that bought up the railroads of Kings County.
	www.wirednewyork.com /forum/showthread.php?t=4001 (1224 words)

	Gotham Gazette: A Brief History of New York Transportation
		The Interborough Rapid Transit initially covers 9.1 miles of track and 28 stations between City Hall and 145th street.
		Bennett Airport on Barren Island in Brooklyn is finished, accommodating the first regular plane service in the city.
		New York City subways and buses stop accepting tokens, as MTA New York City Transit hikes fares on its buses and subways by 33 percent from a $1.50 to $2.00.
	www.gothamgazette.com /print/419 (1319 words)

	Abandoned Stations : Chambers St closed platforms
		The subway was originally known as the "Brooklyn loop line" and similar names because it connected the bridges to Brooklyn.
		Transit staff today report that some parts of the ramp still exist.
		The western side platform was destroyed in 1960-1962 when the adjacent Brooklyn Bridge station was enlarged.
	www.columbia.edu /~brennan/abandoned/chambers.html (1541 words)

	Newman Library : Digital Collections : Subway University : Getting to College
		The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company was a union formed in 1896 of up to 60 horse car, cable railways, trolleys, elevated routes, and short haul railroad companies operating in Brooklyn.
		The lines transported passengers to the Brooklyn Bridge, and from 1903 onto the Williamsburg Bridge in East New York.
		The Brooklyn Center of City College opened in downtown Brooklyn during World War I and operated until Brooklyn College opened in 1930.
	newman.baruch.cuny.edu /digital/2000/subway/getting_to_college.htm (333 words)

	Book Review Net - 722 Miles by Clifton Hood
		Hood's depiction of the growth of New York City transportation should alter the popular perception of rapid transit, particularly as it came to relate to modern New York City.
		In this age in which we talk of "greenfields" and and "suburban sprawl" we may be forgiven if we believe that the purpose of rapid transit was to concentrate the population along its routes, perhaps preserving the sylvan rural landscape elsewhere.
		Even after tenement buildings replaced smaller structures, the piling of humanity on humanity didn't slacken--tenements were built in the backyards of existing tenements, depriving the original tenants the solace of a bit of grass or a tree or two, or some open playspace for their children.
	www.bookreview.net /rtn/722miles (421 words)

	Letter from New York The New York Subway
		Soon the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company began building a new subway between Brooklyn and Manhattan - the BMT opening in 1915.
		However, after decades of inadequate maintenance and a failure to replace outmoded equipment (mass transit was severely underfunded by the federal government while large sums of money went to highways) coupled with the city’s mid-70s horrific financial crisis, the subway system turned into a veritable purgatory.
		Topping it all off was the fact that the inside and outside of the subway cars were decorated with the kind of colourful, frenzied graffiti name tags and scrawling that were treated as imaginative folk art by chic curators and collectors, and were seen by some writers as an affirmation of identity by the powerless.
	www.americansc.org.uk /Online/Lenny/Subway.htm (698 words)

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