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	Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) was a labor union in the United States organized by the predominantly African-American Pullman Porters.
		Porters were dependent on tips for much of their income; that, in turn, made them dependent on the whims of white passengers, who uniformly referred to all porters as "George", the first name of George Pullman, the founder of the company.
		Porters spent roughly ten percent of their time in unpaid "preparatory" and "terminal" set-up and clean-up duties, had to pay for their food, lodging, and uniforms, which might consume half of their wages, and were charged whenever their passengers stole a towel or a water pitcher.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters (1692 words)

	Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
		Under Randolph's leadership, the BSCP was also a voice for civil rights, providing the philosophical seed that bore fruit in the 1963 March on Washington.
		One Pullman porter killed in a 1923 train crash was ultimately identified by his Phi Beta Kappa key; it is unlikely that any of his white Dartmouth classmates shined shoes for a living.
		Although porter dissatisfaction simmered, efforts to organize were stalled until A. Philip Randolph, editor of the Messenger and a strong voice for economic equality, addressed a meeting of porters in 1925.
	archive.blackvoices.com /research/encarta/tt_1018.asp (771 words)

	The Life of the Pullman Porter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		But Pullman porters are the tightest-lipped of all men, and the travelling public knows little more of their lives and work than it does of the people of Mars.
		In 1937 things started to improve when the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters got the company to agree to a scale ranging from a minimum of $89.50 per month to $112.50 for a porter running-in-charge, that is, one who acts as porter and also as Pullman Conductor of his car.
		Among porters, as among passengers, there long ago grew up the legend that the marvellous names of Pullman cars were thought up by Florence Pullman, daughter of the founder of the company.
	www.scsra.org /library/porter.html (4769 words)

	The PulIman Porters Win
		From that time on the efforts of the porters to make the employee-representation scheme function effectively in the workers' interest or to organize an independent union were met by the whole barrage of opposition which employers developed so effectively in the decade of the twenties.
		Moreover, he must sleep at night in the smoking compartment of his car unless a certain upper berth near that compartment happens to be vacant.
		As against an average weekly income for the porters of $16.02, the average wage of all workers in manufacturing industries in the United States in 1934 was $19.12, in New York State $23.19, in Illinois $20.50, and in Wisconsin $18.29.
	newdeal.feri.org /nation/na35217.htm (1832 words)

	Boston.com / A&E / Books / A quiet route to revolution
		The porters were routinely called "George," which signified that they were the collective namesakes of George Mortimer Pullman, the owner of the most luxurious railroad sleeping cars in the United States.
		For many whites, the Pullman porter was an anonymous prop, an appendage to the luxury they had come to expect on the sleeping cars.
		Porters had dipped their toes in the Pacific and Atlantic, walked the promenades in New York City and Chicago.
	www.boston.com /ae/books/articles/2004/07/18/a_quiet_route_to_revolution (372 words)

	Sarah-Jane (Saje) Mathieu\| North of the Colour Line: Sleeping Car Porters and the Battle Against Jim Crow on Canadian ...
		The porter was responsible for all aspects of the sleeping car ride, except for collecting tickets, which the conductor performed.
		Sleeping car porters understood that these racialized fantasies were inseparable from their passengers’ other expectations.
		The Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees charged that "[b]efore the company was called upon … to recognize this Union the situation changed and a large number of colored dining car employees were engaged and brought into Canada." The company’s "discouragement" of unionization among its white running tradesmen was easily measurable.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/llt/47/02mathie.html (11711 words)

	A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum
		The BSCP was the very first African-American labor union to sign a collective bargaining agreement with a major U.S. corporation.
		On August 25, 1937, after 12 years of battle, the BSCP was recognized as the official union of the Pullman Porters.
		Protected by the union, the job of a Pullman Porter was one of economic stability and held high social prestige in the African-American community.
	www.aphiliprandolphmuseum.com /evo_history4.html (392 words)

	Choosing Servility To Staff America's Trains
		Porters, meanwhile, were moved to concoct mythic forefathers in their bid to lay claim to a heritage.
		Former house servants were his porter of choice, given their experience in tending to white masters, and the darker-skinned the better to reinforce their otherness.
		And, from the very start, porters not only starred in George’s ads promoting his new sleeper service but were one of the features that most clearly distinguished his carriages from those of competitors (although nearly all would eventually follow his lead, hiring Negroes as porter and cooks, waiters and Red Caps).
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF2101/Tye/Tye.html (1296 words)

	The Columbus Free Press - Reflections on Black History
		Before Randolph emerged as the leader of the sleeping car porters in 1925, conditions were deplorable.
		Finally in 1937, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was accepted by the Pullman Company as the official representative for the porters.
		In 1978, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters merged with a larger union, the Brotherhood of Railway and Airline Clerks, and ceased to exist as an independent organization.
	www.freepress.org /Backup/UnixBackup/pubhtml/fleming/flemng44.html (860 words)

	Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Papers (Library of Congress)
		Copyright Status: The status of copyright in the unpublished writings of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters is governed by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U.S.C.).
		Although the main focus of Part I is the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the records are dominated by the personality and activities of the organization's founder, A. Philip Randolph.
		Acquired at a later date, Part II of the records of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters spans the years 1920-1968, with the bulk of the material concentrated in the period 1950-1968.
	www.loc.gov /rr/mss/text/brother.html (1763 words)

	Guide Introduction: Records of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters–Series (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Although the membership of the BSCP was never large (the total number of porters never exceeded 12,000 and fewer than half that number ever signed on with the union during its struggle to organize), the BSCP is of major importance in American history.
		Such smiles masked a deep resentment among many of the porters while the open palm, awaiting a tip at the whim of the traveler, was a constant reminder of the low wages that porters received from the Pullman Company.
		Indeed, the files of the Pullman Company are replete with examples of the methods the company used to intimidate porters and discourage their affiliation with the BSCP and of Pullman's creation and support of a company union that it claimed represented the porters when they had differences with the company.
	www.lexis-nexis.com /cispubs/guides/african_american/bscp/bscp3.htm (4336 words)

	Society: Work, Pullman Porters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The early porters worked graciously receiving passengers, carrying their luggage, making up their rooms, serving beverages and food, keeping the guests happy and making themselves available at all hours during the day or night.
		in Harlem and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was born.
		A.Philip Randolph, the founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, was the union's national president, with headquarters in New York City.
	northbysouth.kenyon.edu /2000/Fraternal/pullman1.htm (801 words)

	Guide Introduction: Records of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters–Series
		Since a major leg of the BSCP strategy was to achieve legitimacy among African-American communities throughout the United States, much of the correspondence covers the efforts of the union to network with mainstream African-American organizations, such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
		Technically not BSCP records, these files nevertheless shed much light on problems of racial discrimination in the railway transportation industry and on segregation in the workforce in general during the early 1940s.
		They also reveal the BSCP vision for federal fair employment practices policies that the union leaders shared with other civil rights organizations--a vision that was only brought to fruition with the federal civil rights legislation of the late 1960s.
	www.lexisnexis.com /academic/guides/african_american/bscp/bscp1.htm (5673 words)

	Jet: Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters remembered during its 60th anniversary - labor union
		The groundbreaking work of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, founded in 1937 by the late A. Philip Randolph, recently was remembered and celebrated during a ceremony and fundraising reception.
		The reception, held at the A. Philip Randolph/Pullman Porters Museum Gallery in Chicago's historic South Side Pullman Community, celebrated the 60th anniversary of the labor union by honoring the union and its surviving members.
		It represented the Pullman Sleeping Car porters, who were hired after slavery's end.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n17_v92/ai_19783674 (390 words)

	California State Railroad Museum Foundation - A. Philip Randolph/Sleeping Car Porters
		Pullman Porters In large part, the story of A. Philip Randolph is the story of how African Americans working for the Pullman company struggled and ultimately won the right to collectively bargain with management.
		Ironically, it was the federal government’s Depression-era labor policies that would pave the way for full recognition of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
		Moving On For Randolph, once the battle to organize sleeping car porters was won there were many other civil rights causes to pursue.
	www.csrmf.org /doc.asp?id=280 (622 words)

	A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum
		The A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum was founded in 1995 by Lyn Hughes, its current director.
		The facility is named after men who made history - Asa Philip Randolph and Pullman Porters who made up the membership of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) union.
		Randolph was the chief organizer and founder of the BSCP, the first African-American labor union in the country to win a collective bargaining agreement.
	aphiliprandolphmuseum.com /history.html (268 words)

	African American Labor History Links
		Rosina Tucker, 1881-1987 — founder and secretary-treasurer of the International Ladies' Auxiliary and a force in the establishment of its parent organization, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
		Frank Boyd — one of the founders of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
		Marching Together: Women of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters — by Melinda Chateauvert, University of Illinois Press, 1997
	www.afscme.org /about/aframlink.htm (1328 words)

	Records of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The porter’s union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, was the most important all-fl labor union in America.
		The company records include collections of derogatory material on BSCP leaders, particularly insinuations of communist leanings, and perhaps most remarkably, daily minutes kept by company negotiators, including annotations by company executives and instructions on concessions and bargaining strategies.
		The BSCP files contain comparative wage data and other materials preparatory to the negotiations as well as legal documents, fact-finding and mediator’s reports, and internal company memoranda.
	lexisnexis.com /academic/2upa/Aaas/BrotherhoodSleepingCarPorters.asp (942 words)

	California Newsreel - A. PHILIP RANDOLPH: FOR JOBS AND FREEDOM
		Soon a group of Pullman car workers asked Randolph to help them organize the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
		The 1934 Wagner Act finally created a level-playing field, enabling the Brotherhood to win an organized contract in 1937, the first ever between a company and a Black union.
		The anti-Communist Brotherhood did not join the more radical CIO but the craft unions of the AFL.
	www.newsreel.org /films/aphilipr.htm (537 words)

	. : The Institute for Labor Studies : :
		Porters were allowed very little rest while traveling across country.
		The porters not only waged a long hard fight against the Pullman Company, they also had to struggle to gain admittance to the American Federation of Labor.
		It was not until January, 1937 that the Pullman Car Porters received their AFL charter at their first convention at the Paseo Baptist Church.
	www.umkc.edu /labor-ed/history12.htm (374 words)

	Rosina Tucker
		Her husband, Berthea Tucker, lost his job as a pullman porter because of her role in organizing his railroad union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the nation's first fl union.
		At the age of 100, she narrated the award-winning, PBS documentary, "Miles of Smiles, Years of Struggle." The film chronicled the story of the pullman porters' struggle to form a union.
		The formation of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was important historically not only for the railroad porters, but also for all African Americans, Wagoner added.
	usinfo.state.gov /usa/blackhis/rosina.htm (1797 words)

	Just the Arti-FACTS - Striving for Justice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Model of a berth on a Pullman car, c.
		In 1925 the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) began organizing Pullman sleeping car porters and maids on Chicago's South Side.
		The goal of the Brotherhood was to get higher wages and shorter working hours for employees and to get support away from a union called the Employee Representation Plan which was led by fls hand-picked by the Pullman Company.
	www.chicagohs.org /AOTM/Feb98/feb98fact3.html (69 words)

	Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project: Encyclopedia
		The march was successful in pressuring the Kennedy administration to commit to passing federal legislation.
		Philip Randolph, founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, called for a march on Washington because the economic opportunities of the War years did not afford economic progress for the fl community.
		The threat of 100,000 marchers in Washington D.C. pushed Roosevelt to issue executive order #8802, desegregating the defense industries, and Randolph cancelled plans for the march in response.
	www.stanford.edu /group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/march_washington.html (596 words)

	AMAsearchdetail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Asa Philip Randolph and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (1926)
		Asa Philip Randolph achieved many things for fl American workers, but perhaps his greatest achievement was his work on behalf of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
		In 1925 this organization was formed, and as its president, Randolph worked vigorously to enlist the Pullman car porters, who made up one of the largest groups of fl laborers, into the union.
	www.fofweb.com /onfiles/ama/amasearchdetail.asp?recordpin=8118 (109 words)

	Melinda Chateauvert / Marching Together
		The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was the first national trade union for African Americans.
		Standard BSCP histories focus on the men who built the union; few acknowledge the important role of the Ladies' Auxiliary in shaping public debates over fl manhood and unionization, setting political agendas for the fl community, and crafting effective strategies to win racial and economic justice.
		The Ladies' Auxiliary, made up of the wives, daughters, and sisters of Pullman porters, used the Brotherhood to claim respectability and citizenship.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /f97/chateauv.html (230 words)

	[No title]
		Holloway also learned about the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car President A. Philip Randolph, who was run out of Memphis twice by the Crump machine.
		Holloway, who had become a Pullman porter after leaving Firestone, in 1946 became one of the first people hired at the new International Harvester plant in Memphis, and the leading union activist in the plant.
		Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, he constantly fought with white workers and factory supervisors to end their use of the term "nigger," to end departmental seniority which discouraged fls from bidding for better-paying jobs, to abolish segregated facilities in the plant, and to elect fls to higher union offices.
	www.oah.org /meetings/2001/honey.html (13204 words)

	California Newsreel - MILES OF SMILES, YEARS OF STRUGGLE
		Miles of Smiles chronicles the organizing of the first fl trade union - the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
		This inspiring story of the Pullman porters provides one of the few accounts of African American working life between the Civil War and World War II.
		Narrator Rosina Tucker, a 100 year old union organizer and porter's widow, describes how after a 12 year struggle led by A. Philip Randolph, the porters won the first contract ever negotiated with fl workers.
	www.newsreel.org /films/milesof.htm (161 words)

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