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Topic: Brown coal

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	Coal - LoveToKnow 1911
		Coal then meant the carbonaceous residue obtained in the destructive distillation of wood, or what is known as charcoal, and the name collier was applied indifferently to both coal-miners and charcoal-burners.
		In some instances the coal seams may be changed as a whole, as for instance in South Wales, where the coking coals of the eastern side of the basin pass through the state of dry steam coal in the centre, and become anthracite in the western side.
		Coal is pretty widely distributed in Spain, and occurs in several districts in the Balkan peninsula.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Coal (15230 words)

	Glossary ~ American Coal Foundation
		Coal gasification is the process that changes coal into a gas that has the same heating value as natural gas and that is cleaner than burning coal itself.
		FBC is a process of burning coal in which the coal is inserted in a bed of particles that are suspended in the air and that react with the coal to heat the furnace more cleanly.
		A slurry is coal that is ground to a powder and mixed with water.
	www.teachcoal.org /glossary.html (1125 words)

	index
		Brown coal or lignite, as it is also known, is a grade of coal intermediate between coal and peat.
		Brown coal is a second tier fuel that produces significant amounts of smoke.
		It is necessary to note that the depositional model for the allochthonous coal involves unusual and violent processes, whereas the depositional model for the autochthonous coal involves sustained and cyclical conditions over millions of years.
	origins.swau.edu /papers/dinos/browncoal (1272 words)

	Alcoa in Australia: Operations: Coal Mining
		Anglesea's brown coal was deposited about 40 million years ago in two distinct layers, separated by between 30 and 40 metres of sands and clays.
		The coal is a high quality brown coal, with a heat value of just over 15,000 joules per gram.
		Brown coal is mined at Anglesea using the open cut method.
	www.alcoa.com /australia/en/info_page/mining.asp (194 words)

	FAQs About Coal ~ All About Coal ~ American Coal Foundation
		Coal supplies in the United States are far more plentiful than domestic oil or natural gas; they account for 95 percent of the country's fossil fuel reserves and more than 60 percent of the world's fuel reserves.
		Coal is still used in the iron and steel industry, but the domestic use of coke, a substance made by heating coal to very high temperatures, has decreased because of changes in blast-furnace and steel-making technologies as well as shifts in steel demand.
		Coal is used to generate electricity because it is a reliable and low-cost energy source produced in compliance with our nation's environmental laws.
	www.teachcoal.org /aboutcoal/articles/faqs.html (1211 words)

	Coal Formation [Athro, Limited: Geology: Gubik Trip]
		Lignite typicaly transforms to bituminous coal as it is compressed further and heated to between 100 and 200°C. This drives much of the water and other volitiles from the coal.
		Coal is often found in beds a meter or more in thickness that are widespread in extent.
		Coal can contain not just concentrated plant debris, but also sediments brought in by water, airborne ash falls, elements adsorbed to the carbon of the coal from groundwater, and minerals that form in fractures and spaces in the coal as groundwater flows through it during coalification.
	www.athro.com /geo/trp/gub/coal.html (552 words)

	World Coal Institute - How is Coal Created?
		Coal is the altered remains of prehistoric vegetation that originally accumulated in swamps and peat bogs.
		Coal formation began during the Carboniferous Period – known as the first coal age – which spanned 360 million to 290 million years ago.
		The quality of each coal deposit is determined by temperature and pressure and by the length of time in formation, which is referred to as its ‘organic maturity’.
	www.worldcoal.org /pages/content/index.asp?PageID=98 (269 words)

	Lignite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal and used almost exclusively as fuel for steam-electric power generation.
		Because of its low energy density, brown coal is inefficient to transport and is not traded extensively on the world market compared to higher coal grades.
		The continued operation of brown coal plants, particularly in the absence of emissions-avoiding technology like carbon sequestration, is politically contentious [1].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brown_coal (254 words)

	Coal Types
		Coal is classified into four general categories, or "ranks." They range from lignite through sub-bituminous and bituminous to anthracite, reflecting the progressive response of individual deposits of coal to increasing heat and pressure.
		Bituminous coal predominates in the Eastern and Mid-continent coal fields, while sub-bituminous coal is generally found in the Western states and Alaska.
		Anthracite is coal with the highest carbon content, between 86 and 98 percent, and a heat value of nearly 15,000 BTUs-per-pound.
	www.appaltree.net /aba/coaltypes.htm (574 words)

	Green Car Congress: Coal-to-Liquids (CTL)
		Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is a process through which coal is converted in-situ to a syngas that can be used as a fuel for power generation or as a chemical feedstock—e.g., to feed into a Fischer-Tropsch process for the generation of synthetic diesel.
		From underground accidents and mountain top removal mining, to collisions at coal train crossings, to air emissions of acidic, toxic, and heat-trapping pollution from coal combustion, to water pollution from coal mining and combustion wastes, the conventional coal fuel cycle is among the most environmentally destructive activities on earth.
		Gasified coal may have a role to play but in both the short-term and over the next two decades, efficiency and renewables are the lead actors in an effective strategy to moderate natural gas prices and balance our demand for natural gas with reasonable expectations of supply.
	www.greencarcongress.com /coaltoliquids_ctl (11148 words)

	Welcome to Coal People Magazine
		UK coal, Britain’s largest coal mine, returned a profit in the final quarter of 2005 for the first time since 2000 and shares in Drax, Europe’s largest coal-fired power station in North Yorkshire, have risen by almost 70 percent.
		Japan’s thermal coal imports are forecast to increase from 114 million tons in 2006 to 115 million tons in 2007.
		Thermal coal imports from India are forecast to reach 27 million tons in 2006 and 30 million tons in 2007, compared with 20.5 million tons in 2005.
	www.coalpeople.com /worldwide_news.htm (2186 words)

	Rockman's Coal Page
		Coal is at work each time you turn on a switch that allows electricity to power up your lights, microwave, stereo, TV, computer and all those other electircal appliances and gadgets you have lying around the house.
		Because of its color, it is often referred to as "brown coal." Lignite is the result of millions of tons of plants and trees that decayed in a swampy atmosphere about 50-70 million years ago.
		Lignite coal is produced primarily in western North Dakota and in eastern Montana.
	www.rocksandminerals.com /coal.htm (1489 words)

	About C o a l
		Coal is a complex mixture of organic chemical substances containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in chemical combination, together with smaller amounts of nitrogen and sulfur.
		Coalification is the name given to the development of the series of substances known as peat, lignite or brown coal, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite.
		Coals in the US range from lignite with approximate as-mined carbon content of 30%, volatile matter 27%, and heating value of 7,000 Btu per pound, to anthracite with an average of 85% carbon, 5% volatile matter, and heating value of 12,750 Btu per pound.
	www.bydesign.com /fossilfuels/links/html/coal.html (226 words)

	Tas Walker's Biblical Geology - Coal: A Memorial
		Instead, the coal rests on a thick layer of clay and there is a ‘knife edge’ contact between the clay and the coal.
		Coal is a stark memorial to the Flood of Noah, and bears witness to the reliability of the Bible.
		It is clear that, overall, the plants identified in the brown coal are not the sorts that grow in wet, swampy conditions.
	biblicalgeology.net /content/view/63 (3084 words)

	DMR - Mineral Resources - Coal
		Virginia is one of the top ten coal producers in the United States.
		With increasing temperatures and with time, the organic detritus undergoes a series of complex chemical reactions, first forming peat, then brown coal, lignite, then sub-bituminous, bituminous and finally anthracite coal.
		Coal generated power is among the cheapest sources of energy available.
	www.mme.state.va.us /dmr/DOCS/minres/COAL/coal.html (308 words)

	ASTER Image Gallery: Coal Mining, Germany
		This simulated natural color ASTER image in the German state of North Rhine Westphalia covers an area of 30 by 36 km, and was acquired on August 26, 2000.
		The Hambach opencast coal mine has recently been brought to full output capacity through the addition of the No. 293 giant bucket wheel excavator.
		To uncover the 2.4 billion tons of brown coal (lignite) found at Hambach, five years were required to remove a 200-m-thick layer of waste sand and to redeposit it off site.
	asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov /gallery-detail.asp?name=Coal (146 words)

	brown coal - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "brown coal" at HighBeam.
		RETURNING TO COAL: Once offered for sale, TXU's Big Brown lignite operation is again an asset because of rising natural-gas prices
		Brown coal should be finished as a fuel, government told.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-x-browncoa.html (187 words)

	Platts
		Brown coal, which scientists say is especially bad for the environment, accounts for 80% of all coal-produced electricity.
		The research measured negative effects of coal consumption, taking into consideration local weather conditions and emission characteristics, including the quantity of poisonous substances discharged into the air.
		But the unintended costs of using coal are about 1 Kc a kilowatt/hour for hard coal and 1.3 Kc for brown coal, according to the research.
	www.platts.com /Coal/highlights/2005/coalp_icr_011005.xml (548 words)

	Greenpeace Germany Protests Brown Coal Power Stations
		Lignite is the lowest rank of coal, used almost exclusively as fuel for steam-electric power generation.
		Even in new brown coal power stations still 750 grams of carbon dioxide are emitted per kilowatt-hour.
		Still, German industry and politicians are not reacting quickly enough to this threat, says the group, which is calling for a halt to all new brown coal power stations.
	www.minesandcommunities.org /Action/press363.htm (474 words)

	Cleantech blog: Changing the way we think about brown coal
		Brown coal (Lignite) is essentially made up of around 60% water, 20% petrochemical volatiles and 20% carbon base.
		Prior to my discussion my understanding was that the brown coal discussion essentially was that you can improve the efficiencies of burning coal to reduce CO2 emissions through removing water content, and improve the efficiency of energy generation.
		Water: for every 2000T per hour of brown coal at Loyang (Latrobe valley) power station, over 12million T of water is removed annually from the local river.
	cleantechblog.com /2006/06/changing-way-we-think-about-brown-coal.html (787 words)

	Anglo signs Shell to Latrobe brown coal project - Business - Business
		PROSPECTS for the vast brown coal resources in Victoria's Latrobe Valley to host a $5 billion synthetic diesel and electricity project have soared.
		Its aim is to "utilise the extensive coal reserves of Anglo American and combine its mining capabilities with Shell's leading-edge technologies".
		"Burning the synthesis gas generated by the gasification of coal emits significantly lower quantities of greenhouse gases and pollutants than traditional coal burning and is the cleanest way to harness the energy potential of coal, the world's dominant fuel source," they said.
	www.smh.com.au /news/business/anglo-signs-shell-to-latrobe-brown-coal-project/2006/05/29/1148754938793.html (497 words)

	Planet Ark : Australia brown coal targeted for power plant
		APEL chief executive elect Pearce Bowman said the proposal would mine around 26 million tonnes of brown coal a year, which would be turned into gas for a GTL plant and power generation.
		The government said projects should focus on limiting greenhouse gas emissions from brown coal, which green groups say is so highly polluting it should be left in the ground while renewable energy projects are developed.
		Brown coal-fired generation currently accounts for about 85 percent of Victoria's total electricity supply with four major baseload generators located in the Latrobe Valley.
	www.planetark.org /dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=14225&newsdate=28-Jan-2002 (696 words)

	DMR - Mineral Resources - Coal
		is produced during the thermal maturation of coal.
		As coal changes from peat to brown coal to coals of higher rank (and ultimately Anthracite) an increasing volume of methane is produced.
		The volume of methane produced by thermal maturation of one ton of brown coal through to anthracite, is estimated to be 7,000 cubic feet.
	www.mme.state.va.us /dmr/DOCS/MinRes/COAL/coal_doc.html (396 words)

	World Coal Institute - Coal Facts
		Coal provides over 25% of global primary energy needs and generates 40% of the world's electricity.
		Coal resources are available in almost every country worldwide, with recoverable reserves in around 70 countries.
		Coal is the major fuel used for generating electricity worldwide - countries heavily dependent on coal for electricity include (2005e):
	www.worldcoal.org /pages/content/index.asp?PageID=188 (472 words)

	OilOnline - The Original Online Source for the Oil Industry
		The Latrobe Valley is recognized as one of the world's largest brown coal deposits.
		These project feasibility studies will examine the economic and commercial viability of certain technologies for the production and sale of upgraded low-moisture coal products, the manufacture of high grade steel using treated and reformed brown coals as feedstock in a low cost, single step process, and various other clean coal technologies.
		Should Gastar elect not to make any of the subsequent acquisition payments for brown coal rights beyond the initial $7.5 million payment, VCR will have the option to re-acquire the initial interests assigned to Gastar at Gastar's $7.5 million acquisition cost plus any development cost incurred by Gastar to that time.
	www.oilonline.com /news/headlines/mergers/20060626.Gastar_E.21557.asp (433 words)

	Environmental Solutions International (ESI) Limited (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Mr D’Almeida said the announcement gave the strongest possible signal from the Victorian Government that it is now closely examining the full economic potential of the state’s most abundant mineral resource - beyond burning it for electricity generation.
		The Bracks Government today announced almost $240,000 for a world first coal drying project in Bacchus Marsh to be built by Environmental Solutions International (ESI).
		Environment Minister John Thwaites said the grant would enable a test project to proceed that would extract moisture from brown coal to produce dried coal pellets and pure water.
	www.cleancoal.com.au /index.htm (307 words)

	[No title]
		Climate Ark users agree to the site disclaimer as a condition for use.
		Severe Australian Drought Caused by Climate Change, Leave Your Coal in the Ground!
		ALERT: Severe Australian Drought Caused by Climate Change, Leave Your Coal in the Ground!
	www.climateark.org /articles/reader.asp?linkid=32089 (618 words)

	Brown Coal Stove Salt and Pepper Shakers
		Description: This is a nice set of coal stove salt and pepper shakers.
		One is clearly marked in red on the bottom "JAPAN".
		Title: Brown Coal Stove Salt and Pepper Shakers
	www.goantiques.com /detail,brown-coal-stove,94084.html (68 words)

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