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	Brown Fat
		Brown fat is of particular importance in neonates, small mammals in cold environments, and animals that hibernate, because it has the ability to dissipate stored energy as heat.
		Brown fat thermogenesis also seems to be of considerable importance to animals coming out of hybernation, allowing them to rewarm.
		Finally, it seems that brown fat plays a non-trivial role in control of body weight, and that mitochondrial uncoupling proteins may be one of many factors involved in development of obesity.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/brownfat.html (638 words)

	Thermogenesis is beta 3- but not beta 1-adrenergically mediated in rat brown fat cells, even after cold acclimation -- ...
		Brown adipose tissue hyperplasia: a fundamental mechanism of adaptation to cold and hyperphagia.
		Thermogenic responses of brown adipocytes to noradrenaline and glucagon in heat-acclimated and cold-acclimated rats.
		Fat cell adrenergic receptors and the control of white and brown fat cell function.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/6/R2002 (5059 words)

	Child Health and Safety > ''Brown Fat'' Cells Hold Clues for Possible Obesity Treatments
		In mice, brown fat cells are found throughout the body and are present during the entire life cycle.
		Brown fat cells largely disappear by adulthood, but their precursors still remain in the body, lodged in white-fat depots.
		Because brown fat cells burn calories, the scientists theorized that finding ways to encourage the development of brown fat might be good for treating obesity.
	www.emaxhealth.com /cms/?m=show&id=2203 (882 words)

	Inhibition of store-operated Ca2+ entry by extracellular ATP in rat brown adipocytes -- Omatsu-Kanbe and Matsuura 521 ...
		Brown adipose tissue obtained from these cold-exposed rats was found to contain less lipid and therefore sank easily, as has been previously reported for cold-stressed neonatal rat brown adipose tissue (Lucero and Pappone, 1989).
		The brown adipocytes isolated by this procedure were found to contain very little fat, and most of the cells sank to the bottom of dishes and adhered to the cover slips within 30 min.
		Brown adipocytes have been demonstrated to express the uncoupling protein (UCP) in their mitochondria, which uncouples substrate oxidation from ATP production, thus resulting in non-shivering thermogenesis.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/521/3/601 (7974 words)

	P2 Receptor Modulation of Voltage-gated Potassium Currents in Brown Adipocytes -- Wilson and Pappone 113 (1): 125 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		There are several potential sources of purine nucleotides in brown fat, all of which may be activated with sympathetic stimulation.
		Adrenergically activated Ca increases in brown fat cells: effects of Ca, and K channel block.
		Membrane responses to norepinephrine in cultured brown fat cells.
	www.jgp.org /cgi/content/full/113/1/125 (5947 words)

	3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine actively stimulates UCP in brown fat under minimal sympathetic activity -- Branco et al. 276 ...
		Thyroxine 5'-deiodination mediates norepinephrine-induced lipogenesis in dispersed brown adipocytes.
		The biochemistry of an inefficient tissue: brown adipose tissue.
		Central role of brown adipose tissue thyroxine 5'deiodinase on thyroid hormone-dependent thermogenic response to cold.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/276/1/E179 (4911 words)

	alpha 1-Adrenergic Stimulation Potentiates the Thermogenic Action of beta 3-Adrenoreceptor-generated cAMP in Brown Fat ...
		The relationship between cAMP levels and thermogenesis was investigated in brown fat cells from Syrian hamsters.
		It is an inherent implication of this model that it is the cAMP level in the brown fat cells that, during acute thermogenesis,
		Brown adipocytes were isolated with the collagenase method described earlier (15).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/272/52/32847 (6036 words)

	Dietary fat interacts with QTLs controlling induction of Pgc-1{alpha} and Ucp1 during conversion of white to brown fat ...
		induction of brown adipocytes in retroperitoneal fat is occurring
		Induction of uncoupling protein expression in brown and white adipose tissue by leptin.
		Emergence of brown adipocytes in white fat in mice is under genetic control.
	physiolgenomics.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/14/2/139 (4973 words)

	Tumor necrosis factor alpha mediates apoptosis of brown adipocytes and defective brown adipocyte function in obesity -- ...
		Obesity in experimental models is ubiquitously associated with abnormalities in brown adipose tissue (BAT) (1, 2).
		fat is dramatically higher than that in control animals (16).
		extent, in obesity-induced apoptosis of the brown adipocytes.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/14/8033 (3915 words)

	Brown fat to help metabolic syndrome? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Precursors of brown fat are still present in adults and this is the basis for the study at the Joslin Diabetes Centre.
		It was seen that the precursors of brown fat in adults were deficient in insulin receptor substrates (IRS) numbered 1 through 4, which are the first steps in insulin signaling inside the cell.
		In cells unable to form brown fat, the most over-expressed gene was for a protein called necdin.
	www.rxpgnews.com /article_1562.shtml (726 words)

	The type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is essential for adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue -- de Jesus et al. ...
		of the ß3 receptors in brown adipocytes (33); or forskolin
		Biogenesis of thermogenic mitochondria in brown adipose tissue of Djungarian hamsters during cold adaptation.
		Brown fat thermogenesis in cold-acclimated rats is not abolished by the suppression of thyroid function
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/108/9/1379 (4551 words)

	Newborn Lambs' Central Heating System Could Aid Fat Busting In Humans
		Unlike normal white fat that stores surplus energy, brown fat generates heat in response to cold or excess caloric intake.
		While some mammals such as rodents maintain this 'good' fat throughout life, humans are similar to lambs: brown fat is present in the newborn to act as an internal central heating system maintaining body temperature and preventing hypothermia, but rapidly disappears as brown fat is irreversibly replaced by normal white fat.
		Now, researchers based at Imperial's Wye campus in Kent are determining the molecular switch in lambs that transforms brown fat into normal white fat, and investigations are underway to determine whether this conversion could be reversed and used as a new fat busting technique.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/04/040415011052.htm (940 words)

	Thyroxine 5'-Deiodination Mediates Norepinephrine-Induced Lipogenesis in Dispersed Brown Adipocytes -- Bianco et al. ...
		brown adipose tissue lipogenesis, a response that is blunted
		Trayhurn P 1979 Fatty acid synthesis in vivo in brown adipose tissue, liver and white adipose tissue of the cold-acclimated rat.
		Trayhurn P 1981 Fatty acid synthesis in mouse brown adipose tissue: the influence of environmental temperature on the proportion of whole-body fatty acid synthesis in brown adipose tissue and the liver.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/139/2/571 (5387 words)

	Thermogenesis in newborn rats after prenatal or postnatal hypoxia -- Mortola and Naso 85 (1): 84 -- Journal of Applied ...
		Proliferation and differentiation of brown adipocytes from interstitial cells during cold acclimation.
		Brown adipose tissue and its uncoupling protein in chronically hypoxic rats.
		Induction and degradation of the uncoupling protein thermogenin in brown adipocytes in vitro and in vivo.
	www.jap.org /cgi/content/full/85/1/84 (4197 words)

	ATP Can Stimulate Exocytosis in Rat Brown Adipocytes without Apparent Increases in Cytosolic Ca2+ or G Protein ...
		Brown adipose tissue generates heat in response to norepinephrine released by sympathetic nerves (Nicholls and Locke, 1984
		Brown fat cells were isolated by collagenase digestion from the interscapular fat pads of 1-8-day-old neonate rats and cultured
		The physiological functions of ATP-activated membrane trafficking in brown adipocytes are unknown.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/76/4/2297 (5068 words)

	Focal FDG Uptake in Mediastinal Brown Fat Mimicking Malignancy: A Potential Pitfall Resolved on PET/CT -- Truong et al. ...
		Focal FDG Uptake in Mediastinal Brown Fat Mimicking Malignancy: A Potential Pitfall Resolved on PET/CT -- Truong et al.
		in oncologic imaging is FDG uptake in brown fat.
		hypermetabolic brown fat in the neck, thorax, and abdomen.
	www.ajronline.org /cgi/content/abstract/183/4/1127 (305 words)

	Adiposity 101 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Identical twins grow up with virtually the same body fatness, even when raised by different families, (those that don't may have been exposed to a virus that causes obesity) while adopted children raised by fat parents are no fatter than those raised by thin parents.
		Fat cells in the abdominal area release their contents for quick energy, while fat in the thighs and buttocks are used for long-term energy storage.
		After body fat is reduced by feeding a low calorie diet, refeeding a similar caloric intake as weight- matched controls over a 2 week period results in a 15-20% lower energy expenditure, 3-fold increase in the rate of fat deposition, and a doubling of energetic efficiency.
	www.omen.com /adipos.html (19476 words)

	Decreased fatty acid synthesis due to mitochondrial uncoupling in adipose tissue -- ROSSMEISL et al. 14 (12): 1793 -- ...
		The expression of UCP1 in the white fat of transgenic mice was
		FA synthesis in white fat is inhibited by starvation (37
		Flatt, J. (1970) Conversion of carbohydrate to fat in adipose tissue: an energy-yielding and, therefore, self-limiting process.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/14/12/1793 (4381 words)

	Life without white fat: a transgenic mouse -- Moitra et al. 12 (20): 3168 -- Genes and Development
		fat and dramatically reduced amounts of brown fat that is inactive.
		Leptin is a hormone secreted by both white and brown adipose cells in proportion to fat mass.
		Regulation of fat and muscle development by transforming growth factor alpha in transgenic mice and in cultured cells.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/12/20/3168 (6133 words)

	Direct Effects of Testosterone, 17{beta}-Estradiol, and Progesterone on Adrenergic Regulation in Cultured Brown ...
		Differentiated brown adipocytes (d 7 in culture) were treated for 6 h with the indicated concentrations of NE.
		On d 7, after 24 h in the serum-free medium, brown adipocyte cultures were incubated for 6 h with the indicated concentrations of NE.
		On d 7, after 24 h treatment with sex hormones, brown adipocyte cultures were either nontreated or stimulated for 6 h with NE and without changing the medium.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/144/11/4923 (4805 words)

	The Murine Misty Mutation: Phenotypic Effects on Melanocytes, Platelets and Brown Fat -- Sviderskaya et al. 148 (1): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the dorsal region, the interscapular brown fat of +/+ mice (A) is absent and replaced by a layer of fibrous connective tissue in m/m mice (B) (straight arrows).
		The typical lateral (axillary) brown fat of +/+ mice (arrow, C) was also lost in m/m mice (D), but replaced in this region mainly by a somewhat epithelioid tissue (arrow) (see text).
		the delipidation or atrophy of mutant brown and white fat is
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/148/1/381 (5114 words)

	Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance -- CANNON and NEDERGAARD 84 (1): 277 -- Physiological ...
		Differential regulation of fatty acid elongation enzymes in brown adipocytes implies a unique role for Elovl3 during increased fatty acid oxidation
		Hypoxic activation of arterial chemoreceptors inhibits sympathetic outflow to brown adipose tissue in rats
		Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis contributes to fentanyl-evoked hyperthermia
	physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/84/1/277 (1233 words)

	Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis and Sympathetic Nervous System Involvement in Hyperthermia Induced by ...
		Gripois D and Valens M (1982) Uptake and turnover rate of norepinephrine in interscapular brown adipose tissue of the young rat.
		Rubio A, Raasmaja A, Maia AL, Kim K and Silva JE (1995a) Effects of thyroid hormone on norepinephrine signaling in brown adipose tissue.
		Rubio A, Raasmaja A and Silva JE (1995b) Effects of thyroid hormone on norepinephrine signaling in brown adipose tissue.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/305/1/159 (4459 words)

	Lysosomal acid lipase-deficient mice: depletion of white and brown fat, severe hepatosplenomegaly, and shortened life ...
		Lysosomal acid lipase-deficient mice: depletion of white and brown fat, severe hepatosplenomegaly, and shortened life span -- Du et al.
		Lysosomal acid lipase-deficient mice: depletion of white and brown fat, severe hepatosplenomegaly, and shortened life span
		brown fat, severe hepatosplenomegaly, and shortened life span.
	www.jlr.org /cgi/content/abstract/42/4/489 (567 words)

	Fetal Leptin Is a Signal of Fat Mass Independent of Maternal Nutrition in Ewes Fed at or above Maintenance Energy ...
		mass of fat or the relative mass of unilocular fat in each fetus.
		The relation between fetal plasma leptin concentrations (ng/ml) at 139 days gestation and relative unilocular fat mass (g/kg) in the control male (closed circles), control female (closed triangles), well-fed male (open circles), and well-fed female (open triangles) groups.
		Immunohistochemical localization of leptin and uncoupling protein in white and brown adipose tissue.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/67/2/493 (5079 words)

	Increased Gene Expression of Brown Fat Uncoupling Protein (UCP)1 and Skeletal Muscle UCP2 and UCP3 in MAC16-induced ...
		Increased Gene Expression of Brown Fat Uncoupling Protein (UCP)1 and Skeletal Muscle UCP2 and UCP3 in MAC16-induced Cancer Cachexia -- Bing et al.
		Trayhurn P. Brown adipose tissue: from thermal physiology to bioenergetics.
		Trayhurn P., Duncan J. Rapid chemiluminescent detection of the mRNA for uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue by Northern hybridization with a 32-mer oligonucleotide end-labelled with digoxigenin.
	cancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/60/9/2405 (4234 words)

	Occurrence of brown adipocytes in rat white adipose tissue: molecular and morphological characterization -- Cousin et ...
		Occurrence of brown adipocytes in rat white adipose tissue: molecular and morphological characterization -- Cousin et al.
		Occurrence of brown adipocytes in rat white adipose tissue: molecular and morphological characterization
		Brown adipocytes are thermogenic cells which play an important role in
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/103/4/931 (1473 words)

	High linoleic acid safflower seed supplementation for gestating ewes: Effects on ewe performance, lamb survival, and ...
		High linoleic acid safflower seed supplementation for gestating ewes: Effects on ewe performance, lamb survival, and brown fat stores -- Encinias et al.
		High linoleic acid safflower seed supplementation for gestating ewes: Effects on ewe performance, lamb survival, and brown fat stores
		fat, 25.6% linoleic acid; DM basis) were used as the supplement
	www.animal-science.org /cgi/content/abstract/82/12/3654 (512 words)

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