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	Bruno Bettelheim - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bruno Bettelheim (August 28, 1903 - March 13, 1990) was an American writer and child psychologist.
		Bettelheim arrived in the United States in 1939, becoming a naturalized citizen in 1944.
		The most significant part of Bettelheim's professional life was spent serving as director of the Orthogenic School at the University of Chicago, a home for emotionally disturbed children.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim (1169 words)

	Bettelheim - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bettelheim is the name of a Hungarian noble family.
		The first bearer of it is said to have lived toward the second half of the eighteenth century, in Pressburg.
		Among the family relics preserved by a scion of the house in Freystadtel, on the Waga, is an oil-painting which depicts the daring rescue of the Jewess from the hands of her abductor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bettelheim (345 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Bruno Bettelheim
		Bruno Bettelheim (August 28, 1903 - March 13, 1990) was a Jewish-American writer and child psychologist.
		Bettelheim was convinced that autism had no organic basis, but was caused entirely by cold mothers (dubbed "refrigerator mothers", originally by Leo Kanner), and absent fathers.
		Bruno Bettelheim, who was known for his good sense of humor, accepted Woody Allen's invitation to appear as himself in the film Zelig (1983).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Bruno-Bettelheim (2323 words)

	Bruno Bettelheim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The Broadway version was heavily influenced by psychologist Bruno Bettelheim's "The Uses of Enchantment," which argued that children needed the violence and...
		Bruno Bettelheim (Vienna 1903 - 1990) was a writer and child psychologist.
		Bettelheim was of the since-disproved opinion that autism is caused by bad parenting, and wrote a book about this entitled The Empty Fortress.
	www.wikiverse.org /bruno-bettelheim (362 words)

	Bruno Bettelheim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		BRUNO BETTELHEIM'S LIFE Bruno Bettelheim was born in Vienna, Austria in 1903.
		Bettelheim was of the (extremely wrong) opinion that autism is caused by bad parenting, and wrote a book about this entitled The Empty Fortress.
		Giordano Bruno Essay describing the life and death of Bruno, as a martyr for free thought.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Bruno_Bettelheim.html (1516 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Who, Really, Was Bruno Bettelheim? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Bruno Bettelheim, who was born in Vienna and came to the United States in 1939, has been widely mourned as a paragon both of insight and of compassion; but to me, in the twelve years I spent as his student/patient, he was a bully, a tormentor, and a liar.
		...Indeed, Bettelheim's constant verbal abuse of the parents with whom he dealt, and whom he refused to allow past the visitors' areacombined with his well-publicized assertion that it was parents who caused mental illness in their children-systematically destroyed their will to stand up for themselves or their children...
		...Bettelheim recounts that in the spring of 1917, at the age of thirteen, he joined the Jung Wandervogel, which he describes as a radical Viennese youth movement, pacifist and socialist in orientation...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V90I4P28-1.htm (4133 words)

	Bruno Bettelheim: Amor and Psyche
		For Bettelheim, a primary aspect of this development is the integration of sexuality with the highest aspirations of consciousness.
		Bettelheim stresses ore than these other two commentators the role of society in generating sexual anxiety in children and the positive unconscious role which the Eros and Psyche myth and other animal-husband tales have in offsetting such anxiety.
		Bettelheim believes that the message of the Eros and Psyche myth reaches the individual at a deep level, possibly at the level where sexual anxieties arise.
	www.scils.rutgers.edu /~mjoseph/bettelheim.html (1192 words)

	Bruno Bettelheim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		In 1938, when the Nazis overtook Austria, Bruno Bettelheim was one of hundreds of Jews sent to German concentration camps at Dachau and Buchenwald.
		In October of 1943, Bettelheim wrote an article, "Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations", which was based on his experiences in the Nazi concentration camps.
		In this study, Bettelheim examined human adaptability to the stresses of concentration-camp life and looked at the effects of the terrorisms inflicted by the Nazis on personality.
	www.ferrum.edu /lwhited/eng461/bios/bruno_bettelheim.htm (283 words)

	Bruno Bettelheim - Wikipedia
		Bettelheims Werke zeichnen sich durch ein Plädoyer für Humanität und Verständnis aus.
		Bettelheim habe die Ergebnisse seiner wissenschaftlichen Arbeit gefälscht und Kinder in der Orthogenic School geschlagen, darunter auch autistische Kinder.
		Bettelheims Theorie von der Psychogenese des Autismus gilt heute als überholt.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim (824 words)

	Rutgers Writing Program - 100 - Bruno Bettelheim
		In "The Ignored Lesson of Anne Frank," Bruno Bettelheim uses the story of the Frank family to make a general critique of most people's inability to deal with a change in their lifestyles or in their views of life, even in the face of events which seem inescapable.
		As long as one applies Bettelheim's words only to Frank family and their situation in Nazi-occupied Holland, this seems like a valid and not very controversial comment; after all, with the clear vision of hindsight we can see the disastrous results of the Frank family's decision.
		Yet Bettelheim warns that by celebrating the popular versions of Anne Frank's diary, we, too, are guilty of inertia, ignoring reality and living in a state of denial.
	wp.rutgers.edu /teachers/100/sample_assignments/bettelheim.html (870 words)

	Lies the Doctor Told Us - Unraveling the Bettelheim legend. By Ann Hulbert
		In Bettelheim: A Life and a Legacy (1996), she follows a resourceful Hansel figure as he struggles to escape a dark Viennese forest and find fame in America, "dropping little white pebbles along his path." As Sutton carefully gathers up the pebbles, she explains how the trail of fabrications helped Bettelheim along his arduous way.
		Bettelheim was criticized for reductive psychoanalytic thinking and applauded for his resistance to psychoanalytic dogma.
		Bettelheim believed grandiosely in being a guide, but he had fundamentally humble guidance to offer: that in the end, as in the beginning (one of his favorite phrases), one can hope to grow only by endeavoring to be one's own guide.
	www.slate.com /id/2964 (1760 words)

	In the Case of Bruno Bettelheim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Bettelheim usually had an appreciative audience after he arrived in the United States in 1939, and he immediately took advantage of a unique opportunity to leave behind the failures and frustrations of his early life and construct an elaborate set of false credentials.
		Bettelheim never acknowledged or referred to the work of other survivors whose observations and conclusions differed from his own, and as the years went by he increasingly revealed himself as an angry anti-Semite.
		It is ironic that chutzpah, a quality Bettelheim’s anti-Semitism surely would not have encouraged him to admire, is the quality in the man that is most responsible for his success in promoting himself and for his acceptance as an authority in several important fields.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft9706/articles/finn.html (2841 words)

	The New York Review of Books: The Strange Case of Dr. B.
		This is clearly what happened with one of Bettelheim's closest associates, Jacquelyn Sanders, who had worked side by side with him for thirteen years, left to marry, and then returned when he chose her to replace him as head of the school on his retirement.
		Bettelheim's view of the school, expressed frequently, was that the children represented the id, the counselors stood for the ego, and he was the super-ego.
		Bruno Bettelheim was a very busy gentleman, I assume, and he had, probably, some people collect material for him when he wrote.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/16083 (4032 words)

	Biography tries to put Bruno Bettelheim's halo back on
		Bruno Bettelheim came to New York City in May 1939 in a condition of physical and emotional devastation.
		Bettelheim's big career break came the next year, when officials at the University of Chicago asked him to take over the Orthogenic School, then a dilapidated residential center for emotionally troubled children.
		His Bettelheim dashes through history as a dutiful son, a stoic and intelligent prisoner, a scholar driven by love of truth, a teacher with the gift of omniscience, a virtuoso healer and a powerful personality arrayed around classical virtues.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/chronicle/archive/2002/09/08/RV33420.DTL (1078 words)

	neurodiversity.com \| lies & legacy of bruno bettelheim
		Bettelheim's The Empty Fortress takes on a distinctly Pynchonesque tone of paranoia when the author discusses the fascination Joey's caregivers experience in observing him and his machine-like ways.
		While we have barely scratched the surface of Bettelheim's rhetoric in this paper, it is perhaps this fundamental need to believe in the figure of the "good doctor" that underlies the mythic rhetorical structure of the persistent belief in the maternal-cause theory of autism.
		Viewed in hindsight, it appears that Bettelheim's work, like that of Freud himself, was less that of a modernist effort to replace religion with science than that of an effort to preserve a space for traditional, allegedly "humanist" values.
	www.neurodiversity.com /bettelheim.html (575 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Shadow Play (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Bettelheim was a masterful storyteller, and life had handed him horrifying but matchless material.
		Bettelheim's favorite lecture technique, for example, was to single out one audience member, stand him up and bombard him with pointed questions, such as "Do you understand why the audience began to laugh at you?" One stunned witness described the technique as "the Nazi-Socratic method"; others hailed Bettelheim as the best teacher they ever saw.
		Instead of seeing Bettelheim's gift for rescuing lost children, we read of "his ability to come up with an endless flow of ideas about a child's problem." A lifeless anecdote about Dwight Macdonald, an editor who championed Bettelheim early on and helped set him free from a career as a small-time academic, is typical.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A51444-2002Aug22?language=printer (814 words)

	The New York Review of Books: DEFENDING BRUNO BETTELHEIM
		Though Bettelheim was wrong about its etiology (as were many others in those early days, including Kanner, who first coined the "refrigerator mothers" phrase), he was not at all wrong about its treatment.
		That Bettelheim (and Sanders) were nevertheless, both in theory and practice, justified in what they did is clearly the burden of my discussion of this issue.
		It is the subject of autism that seems to most violently inflame Bettelheim's critics, who blame him both for misunderstanding and mistreating the autistic children in his care and for propagating the "rejecting mother" theory that blames cold mothers for the autism of their children.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/16807 (1595 words)

	Bruno Bettelheim
		Da Bettelheim aber mit einer psychoanalytischen Dissertation in Wien weder in der Psychologie noch in der Philosophie promovieren konnte, schrieb er eine Dissertation über die Kritik der Urteilskraft, also über Kant, mit dem Thema, "Das Problem des Naturschönen und die moderne ästhetik".
		In den folgenden Jahren entfaltet Bettelheim eine umfangreiche publizistische Tätigkeit.
		Bettelheim beschäftigte sich mit den Problemen des autistischen Kindes und mit der Verletzlichkeit des Individuums bei Angst, Not, Bedrohung und Gewalt.
	www.aphorismen-archiv.de /autoren/autoren_b/bettelheim.html (446 words)

	Bruno Bettelheim - Bedeutung, Definition, Erklärung im netlexikon
		Kinder brauchen Märchen von Bruno Bettelheim (Broschiert) für EUR 12,00
		Ein Leben für Kinder von Bruno Bettelheim (Broschiert) für EUR 14,90
		Liebe allein genügt nicht von Bruno Bettelheim (Broschiert) für EUR 19,00
	www.lexikon-definition.de /Bruno-Bettelheim.html (503 words)

	UMD Library - Psychologists - Bruno Bettelheim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Bettelheim, B., and Janowitz, M. Dynamics of prejudice ; a psychological and sociological study of veterans.
		Bettelheim, B. The empty fortress; infantile autism and the birth of the self.
		Bettelheim, B. Love is not enough; the treatment of emotionally disturbed children.
	www.d.umn.edu /lib/ref/psy/psychologists/bettelheim.htm (151 words)

	Roland Kaufhold
		She was a cousin of Bruno Bettelheim (1903-1990) who was a year younger than she and his closest childhood friend.
		Bruno Bettelheim also experienced the involvement in a group of peers sharing similar interests and experienced at least a comparable emancipation (Aichhorn et.al.).
		Bettelheim was born in the "the Vienna of Sigmund Freud"; (Bettelheim 1990,15).
	www.edithbuxbaum.com /HamidaBosmajian.html (9850 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Surviving and Other Essays, by Bruno Bettelheim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		...Bettelheim utterly rejects the attempt by both the film and the book to draw lessons for everyday life from the world of the concentration camps...
		...In a more general sense, the thread which holds these essays together is Bettelheim's firm if unstated belief in the relevance of psychological self-awareness and understanding in solving social and historical problems, a belief which, as a follower of Freud, he links to an emphasis on morality based on the renunciation of instinct...
		...Bettelheim's example shows that the exploitation of the Holocaust as a vehicle of ideology is but one more form of avoidance and denial...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V68I4P81-1.htm (1702 words)

	AllRefer.com - Bruno Bettelheim (Psychology And Psychiatry, Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Bruno Bettelheim[bet´ulhIm´´] Pronunciation Key, 1903–90, American developmental psychologist, b.
		He taught psychology at the Univ. of Chicago (1944–73) and directed the Chicago-based Orthogenic School for children with emotional problems, placing special emphasis on the treatment of autism.
		Bettelheim believed that autistic children had been raised in unstimulating environments during the first few years of their lives, when language and motor skills were developing.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/Bettelhe.html (260 words)

	Bruno Bettelheim: bio and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Bruno Bettelheim (August 28, EHandler: no quick summary.
		In his Lexikon der Fälschungen (Dictionary of fraud) German[For more info, click on this link] author Werner Fuld claims Bettelheim's biographical data is, EHandler: no quick summary.
		Bruno Bettelheim appears as himself in Woody Allen Woody Allen quick summary:
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/br/bruno_bettelheim.htm (2240 words)

	Encyclopedia of Childhood and Adolescence: Bettelheim, Bruno (1903-1990)
		Bruno Bettelheim was born in Vienna in 1903.
		In 1943, Bettelheim gained widespread recognition for his article, "Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations," a study of human adaptibility based on his concentration camp experiences.
		In addition to relieving the suffering of disturbed children and helping them function in society, Bettelheim was also concerned with the emotional lives and upbringing of normal children and with applying psychoanalytic principles to social problems.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2602/is_0000/ai_2602000084 (448 words)

	Excite - Search: psychologist bettelheim
		Bettelheim, Bruno Rising to the Light: A Portrait of Bruno Bettelheim.(Book Review) Date:3/22/2003...
		Bettelheim and practicing psychiatrist Rosenfeld co-conducted Socratic method seminars for...
		Bruno Bettelheim's book is excellent in looking at the psychology behind fairy tales.
	msxml.excite.com /info.xcite/search/web/psychologist%2Bbettelheim (311 words)

	Bruno Bettelheim - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Although neurology has made little (if any) progress in identifying the causes of autism, Bettelheim's view is now commonly regarded as erroneous.
		Treatments based on his autism theories failed to help children, and his reported rates of cure (around 85%) were found to be fraudulent.
		As if this were not enough, in early 1991 The Washington Post (February 7) and Newsweek (February 18) exposed his plagiarism, which gave rise to the pseudonym "Bruno Borrowheim".
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Bruno_Bettelheim (1164 words)

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