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	BRUTALIST : Encyclopedia Entry
		Brutalist buildings usually are formed with striking repetitive angular geometries, and often revealing the textures of the wooden forms used to shape the material, which is normally rough, unadorned poured concrete.
		The failure of positive communities to form early on in some Brutalist structures, possibly due to the larger processes of urban decay that set in after World War II (especially in the United Kingdom), led to the combined unpopularity of both the ideology and the architectural style.
		The Brutalist style is referred to as "the celebration of concrete." In the Boston City Hall (illustration left), designed in 1962, strikingly different and projected portions of the building indicate the special nature of the rooms behind those walls, such as the mayor's office or the city council chambers.
	www.bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Brutalist (1896 words)

	Style of Brutalist architecture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Brutalist buildings are usually formed with striking blockish, geometric, and repetitive shapes, and often revealing the textures of the wooden forms used to shape the material, which is normally rough, unadorned poured concrete.
		Another common theme in brutalist designs is the exposition of the building's functions -- ranging from their structure and services to their actual human use -- in the exterior of the building.
		In other words, Brutalist style is "the celebration of concrete." In the Boston City Hall (illustration left), strikingly different and projected portions of the building indicate the special nature of the rooms behind those walls, such as the mayor's office or the city council chambers.
	www.realestateagentsusa.net /NewsArticleDetail1290.htm (509 words)

	Brutalist architecture
		Brutalist buildings are usually formed with striking blockish, geometric, and repetitive shapes, and often revealing the textures of the wooden forms used to shape the material, which is normally rough, unadorned poured concrete.
		The failure of positive communities to form early on in some Brutalist structures, possibly due to the larger processes of urban decay that set in after WWII (especially in the United Kingdom), led to the combined unpopularity of both the ideology and the architectural style.
		Although the brutalist movement was largely dead by the mid-1980s, having largely given way to the structural expressionism style, it has experienced an updating of sorts in recent years.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3DBrutalism%26type%3Den (1854 words)

	[No title]
		Brutalist is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s.
		Brutalist as an architectural style was also associated with a social utopian ideology which tended to be supported by its designers, especially Alison and Peter Smithson, near the height of the style.
		Brutalist is related and similar to (and often confused with) the modernist, minimalist and internationalist styles of architecture.
	www.daniellamakeupcollection.com (832 words)

	New Statesman - A bit of rough
		British brutalists adored Le Corbusier's innovative use of rough, unfinished surfaces, and his revolutionary vision of self-contained communal living, particularly the Unite d'Habitation, his giant Fifties apartment block in Marseilles.
		These capitalist cathedrals were just as overwhelming as their brutalist predecessors, but their entrepreneurial optimism was reflected in their sleek, shiny design.
		True, it is hard to imagine many new brutalist buildings taking root here in the future, but the surviving examples of the genre are now cherished as never before.
	www.newstatesman.com /200206240033 (1500 words)

	Brutalism's Brutal Practicality
		The 'Brutalist' movement was lead largely by some prolific British architects such as the Smithsons and Goldfinger.
		Two early attempts to bring Brutalist utilitarianism to the forefront of public service was the construction of both University Hospital in Petaling Jaya and Kuala Lumpur General Hospital.
		Another prime example of Brutalist architecture in KL is the Australian High Commission building located a stones throw away from the Petronas Twin Towers.
	www.mir.com.my /rb/photography/portfolio/azrul/html/prac1.html (1285 words)

	Understanding brutalist architecture - Architecture - Helium - by Krystle Hernandez
		The weighted, bulky silhouettes that define the popular1960s brutalist architectural movement is similar to contemporary minimalist styles with its simplicity and lack of superfluous dcor; however, the style deters from minimalism primarily through its lack of trademark minimalist weightless and translucency.
		Overall, the brutalist architectural movement upholds its audacious stand against the natural world, serving as the bold representation not only of capitalism and consumerism, but industrialism and the imperialism of the United States.
		Although perhaps not the most aesthetically pleasing of all architectural styles, the brutalist movement upholds its metaphorical priority of functionality as many of these brutalist works continue to be used to this day.
	www.helium.com /tm/279519/understanding-brutalist-architecture (425 words)

	[No title]
		It should be noted, though, that many architects chose the Brutalist style even when they had large budgets, as they appreciated the 'honesty', the sculptural qualities and perhaps the uncompromising, anti-bourgeoisie, nature of the style.
		In warmer desert climates, brutalist buildings are better preserved and in such places have often come to be regarded as works of art.
		Although the brutalist movement was largely dead by the mid-1980s, it has experienced an updating of sorts in recent years.
	www.daniellamakeupcollection.com /history-of-brutalist.htm (1128 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Brutalist architecture
		Brutalist buildings usually are formed with striking repetitive angular geometries, and often revealing the textures of the wooden forms used to shape the material, which is normally rough, unadorned poured concrete.
		The failure of positive communities to form early on in some Brutalist structures, possibly due to the larger processes of urban decay that set in after World War II (especially in the United Kingdom), led to the combined unpopularity of both the ideology and the architectural style.
		In other words, the Brutalist style is "the celebration of concrete." In the Boston City Hall (illustration left), designed in 1962, strikingly different and projected portions of the building indicate the special nature of the rooms behind those walls, such as the mayor's office or the city council chambers.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Brutalist_architecture (1973 words)

	Ontario Architecture Styles Page
		Like the Prairie school clients, the people who commissioned Brutalist houses were interested in a new attitude to residences and were almost exclusively after something clean, maintenance free, and with all the modern conveniences.
		Like many Brutalist buildings, the garden space is almost exclusively green and relatively maintenance-free as opposed to the Queen Anne or Suburban styles that have colourful gardens.
		The tower in the foreground is ovalesque, but all the remainder is a complex mass of interlocking rectangular shapes complemented by the walkways and landscaping.
	www.ontarioarchitecture.com /Brutalist.htm (673 words)

	AA - A SMALL BRUTALIST CASTLE - July/August 2003
		As well as being associated with the Independent Group’s broader interests in the interrelationships between art, architecture and the everyday, this movement was distinguished by its emphasis on self-finishing, even crude materials, and a kind of brutal honesty in the expression of structure and services.
		To an extent, both the “castle” and “brutalist” characteristics of the building were suggested by the site, which is of the kind that makes architects salivate but gives everyone else palpitations.
		A steep cascade of sandstone outcrops on a narrow wedgeshaped block, overshadowed by a two-storey house to the north and bounded by a major thoroughfare, it presented considerable challenges.
	www.archmedia.com.au /aa/aaissue.php?issueid=200307&article=10&typeon=2 (1650 words)

	History of Brutalist architecture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The current Fodor's guide to London mentions the former Home Office building at 50 Queen Anne's Gate as "hulking." Because the style is essentially that of poured concrete it tends to be inexpensive to build and maintain (but very difficult to modify).
		In recent years, the bad memories of underserved brutalist community structures have led to their eager demolition to make way for newer, more traditionally oriented community structures.
		Despite a nascent modernist appreciation movement, and the identified success that some of this style's offspring have had, many others have been or are slated to be demolished.
	www.realestateagentsusa.net /NewsArticleDetail1291.htm (405 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The rough coolness of concrete lost its appeal under a damp and gray northern sky, and its fortress-like material touted as vandal-proof soon proved vulnerable to spray-can graffiti.
		Brutalism has some severe critics, one of the most famous being Charles, Prince of Wales, whose speeches and writings on architecture have excoriated Brutalism, calling many of the structures "piles of concrete".
		Even in Britain, where the style was most prevalent, and later most reviled, a number of buildings recently (as of 2006) have appeared in an updated Brutalist style, including deRijke Marsh Morgan's 1 Centaur Street in Lambeth, London, and Elder & Cannon's The Icon in Glasgow in Scotland.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=brutalist (1770 words)

	Points of Interest - About UMass Dartmouth - University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
		There were many instances of Brutalist design outside of the United States, but Rudolph and others often criticized these as too smooth, fair and modular.
		Brutalist buildings are usually made of concrete or brick and tend to be very futuristic.
		The Brutalist style is perhaps not well-named because its sounds cruel and ugly when in fact it is meant to be much more human.
	www.umassd.edu /about/rudolph/pointsofinterest.cfm (870 words)

	AA - A SMALL BRUTALIST CASTLE - July/August 2003
		These include its lack of fussy preciousness in materiality, the use of concrete in its raw form — the oversized, projecting gutter that runs the length of the house is a case in point here — and a certain more general attention to the object character of art and architecture.
		To an extent, both the “castle” and “brutalist” characteristics of the building were suggested by the site, which is of the kind that makes architects salivate but gives everyone else palpitations.
		A steep cascade of sandstone outcrops on a narrow wedgeshaped block, overshadowed by a two-storey house to the north and bounded by a major thoroughfare, it presented considerable challenges.
	www.architectureaustralia.com /aa/aaissue.php?issueid=200307&article=10&typeon=2 (1650 words)

	New York Architecture Images-
		Brutalist structures are heavy and unrefined with coarsely molded surfaces, usually exposed concrete.
		The origin of Brutalism is generally ascribed to the architect Le Corbusier, who experimented widely with concrete designs and whose massive plans for highrise block housing were very influential.
		American architect Paul Rudolph designed some of the most famous brutalist buildings, some of which are often used to define the style.
	www.nyc-architecture.com /STYLES/STY-Brutalist.htm (206 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Magazine \| Loving the unlovely
		Buildings produced by Brutalist architects could not be more different to the quaint country cottages that the British public knows and loves.
		An absolute brute of a building, there was no missing the Tricorn, which was, like Gateshead, designed by a famous 60s architect called Owen Luder, whose buildings have to be some of the least loved in the UK today.
		It is, of course, be daft to argue that Owen Luder, or any of the other Brutalist architects, will ever have the same popular acclaim of the great Christopher Wren.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/magazine/4833994.stm (730 words)

	Brutalism - Definition, explanation
		Brutalism as an architectural style was also associated with a social utopian ideology which tended to be supported by its designers, especially Peter and Alison Smithson, near the height of the style.
		The current Fodor's guide to London mentions the Home office structure as "hulking." Because the style is essentially that of poured concrete it tends to be inexpensive to build and maintain (but very difficult to modify).
		Architects associated with the brutalist style include Erno Goldfinger, husband-and-wife pairing Peter and Alison Smithson, and, to a lesser extent perhaps, Sir Denys Lasdun.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/b/br/brutalism.php (1602 words)

	Dig deeper into Brutalist Architecture - Fresh New Home Plans provides answers (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Kind of like it, I mean the Brutalist architecture, the exposure of raw concrete, the celebration of concrete.
		A part of the Brutalist architecture making up the South Bank Centre in London, which is actually the Royal Festivall Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room, and Hayward Gallery..
		Brutalist structures are heavy and unrefined with coarsely molded surfaces, usually exposed hotels and office clusters known for their spectacular spatial effects.
	www.fresh-new-home-plans.com /homes/brutalist-architecture (450 words)

	From Here To Modernity Architects - Brutalism
		The Smithsons' Robin Hood Gardens housing estate, Park Hill Estate in Sheffield, Erno Goldfinger's Trellick Tower, the Hayward Gallery on the South Bank, and Basil Spence's tower blocks in Glasgow's Gorbals, are all large-scale celebrations of the sculptural qualities of concrete.
		But the honesty in the Brutalist treatment of materials means that these buildings are often considered to be simply ugly, and what's more, have not proved immune to the crippling social problems which spread in the 1970s in particular.
		With many Brutalist buildings, the feeling exists that the needs of expressing an architectural ideal comes before the needs of the human beings who have to use them.
	www.open2.net /modernity/4_15.htm (637 words)

	London: London's Brutalist Architecture Meets a Brutal End
		Brutalist architecture isn't as bad as it sounds.
		Though especially popular in post WWII England (where the war had caused the need for massive rebuilding on a miniscule budget), brutalism can be found everywhere, from Boston's City Hall to the Dhaka National Assembly in Bangladesh.
		Some will rejoice, some will mourn the building's passing but it is worth a gander at any rate, if only to contrast with the sleek glass forms of today's architectural.
	www.gridskipper.com /travel/london/londons-brutalist-architecture-meets-a-brutal-end-189638.php (149 words)

	The Artistic and Historical Value of UCI’s Architecture - New University Online
		The word “Brutalism” comes from the French phrase “béton brut,” meaning “raw concrete.” Buildings in the Brutalist style (which, like “The Jetsons,” was inspired by the social utopian ideology of the 1960s) were a place for people to congregate.
		All he or she would have to do is wipe off any seaweed and other non-sand decorations so that all that was left was a block of sand.
		The initial Brutalist buildings on UCI’s campus were never intended to stand alone.
	www.newu.uci.edu /showArticle.php?id=5127 (951 words)

	Adam \| Art Gallery - The Habitat
		In The Habitat, a frieze of "straight" photographs of late modern and New Brutalist New Zealand university buildings, Gavin Hipkins continued his exploration of the legacies of modernist utopianism.
		"New Brutalist" architecture has, from the start, been associated with school buildings, perhaps because of its inherent qualities of being functional, straightforward and often starkly austere in form.
		Hipkins' grainy, grey prints may "emulate the New Brutalists' 'truth to materials' dictum, expressed in their preference for visible steel and primitive concrete" but times have changed, and so has the 'truth' of these buildings.
	www.vuw.ac.nz /adamartgal/exhibitions/2000/2000-the-habitat.html (124 words)

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