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	Flickr: Brutalist Architecture - béton (concrete) brut
		Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the Modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s.
		Brutalist buildings are usually formed with striking blockish, geometric, and repetitive shapes, and often revealing the textures of the wooden forms used to shape the material, which is normally rough, unadorned poured concrete.
		In other words, Brutalist style is "the celebration of concrete." In the Boston City Hall (illustration left), strikingly different and projected portions of the building indicate the special nature of the rooms behind those walls, such as the mayor's office or the city council chambers.
	www.flickr.com /groups/82971046@N00 (424 words)

	Brutalist architecture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s.
		Brutalist buildings are usually formed with striking blockish, geometric, and repetitive shapes, and often revealing the textures of the wooden forms used to shape the material, which is normally rough, unadorned poured concrete.
		Brutalism as an architectural style was also associated with a social utopian ideology which tended to be supported by its designers, especially Alison and Peter Smithson, near the height of the style.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brutalist_architecture (1919 words)

	[No title]
		Brutalist is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s.
		Brutalist as an architectural style was also associated with a social utopian ideology which tended to be supported by its designers, especially Alison and Peter Smithson, near the height of the style.
		Brutalist is related and similar to (and often confused with) the modernist, minimalist and internationalist styles of architecture.
	www.daniellamakeupcollection.com (832 words)

	Articles Real Estate Agents
		Architecture (building executed to an aesthetically considered design) was extinct in Greece from the end of the Mycenaean period (about 1200 BC) until the 7th century BC, when urban life and prosperity recovered to a point where public building could be undertaken.
		Elizabethan Style, in architecture, the term given to the early Renaissance style in England, which flourished chiefly during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I; it followed the Tudor style, and was succeeded in the beginning of the 16th century by the purer Italian style introduced by Inigo Jones.
		Architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina is largely influenced by 4 major periods where political and social changes influenced the creation of distinct cultural and architectural habits of the population.
	www.real-estate-all.com /DisplayArticleList.aspx (2125 words)

	Articles Real Estate Agent
		Architecture (building executed to an aesthetically considered design) was extinct in Greece from the end of the Mycenaean period (about 1200 BC) until the 7th century BC, when urban life and prosperity recovered to a point where public building could be undertaken.
		Elizabethan Style, in architecture, the term given to the early Renaissance style in England, which flourished chiefly during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I; it followed the Tudor style, and was succeeded in the beginning of the 16th century by the purer Italian style introduced by Inigo Jones.
		Architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina is largely influenced by 4 major periods where political and social changes influenced the creation of distinct cultural and architectural habits of the population.
	www.realestateagentsusa.net /DisplayArticleList.aspx (2107 words)

	Understanding brutalist architecture - Architecture - Helium - by Krystle Hernandez
		The weighted, bulky silhouettes that define the popular1960s brutalist architectural movement is similar to contemporary minimalist styles with its simplicity and lack of superfluous dcor; however, the style deters from minimalism primarily through its lack of trademark minimalist weightless and translucency.
		Overall, the brutalist architectural movement upholds its audacious stand against the natural world, serving as the bold representation not only of capitalism and consumerism, but industrialism and the imperialism of the United States.
		Although perhaps not the most aesthetically pleasing of all architectural styles, the brutalist movement upholds its metaphorical priority of functionality as many of these brutalist works continue to be used to this day.
	www.helium.com /tm/279519/understanding-brutalist-architecture (452 words)

	Architectural styles in Canberra: Late Twentieth Century Brutalist (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The original inspiration for the brutalist style came from Le Corbusier’s French buildings of the early 1950s.
		In contrast, brutalist buildings demonstrated an aggressive largeness of scale and a strong, muscular character, often with services exposed or contained in a featured semi-cylindrical element.
		The most outstanding example in Australia of a house in the brutalist style is probably the Harry and Penelope Seidler house at Killara, which can be seen on the Seidler and Associates website.
	www.canberrahouse.com.au /brutalist.html (262 words)

	Ontario Architecture Styles Page
		The Weldon Library at the University of Western Ontario is typical of Brutalist architecture.
		Like the Prairie school clients, the people who commissioned Brutalist houses were interested in a new attitude to residences and were almost exclusively after something clean, maintenance free, and with all the modern conveniences.
		Like many Brutalist buildings, the garden space is almost exclusively green and relatively maintenance-free as opposed to the Queen Anne or Suburban styles that have colourful gardens.
	www.ontarioarchitecture.com /Brutalist.htm (673 words)

	thecoolhunter.net - architecture
		Architecture and landscape become interrelated as a series of gardens and courtyards flow in and from the building itself.
		A fitting tribute to cultural and architectural traditions of an area steeped in history, but a refreshing approach to a home in the hills that isn’t all bling and dodgy ‘period’ features.
		Libraries aren’t generally known for amazing architecture but this incredible one in Italy has us dying to get there amongst the books.
	www.thecoolhunter.net /architecture (4555 words)

	London's Brutalist Architecture Meets a Brutal End - Gridskipper, the Urban Travel Guide
		Brutalist architecture isn't as bad as it sounds.
		Though especially popular in post WWII England (where the war had caused the need for massive rebuilding on a miniscule budget), brutalism can be found everywhere, from Boston's City Hall to the Dhaka National Assembly in Bangladesh.
		Now one of London's most famous Brutalist structures, the Pimlico School will soon be demolished.
	www.gridskipper.com /travel/london/londons-brutalist-architecture-meets-a-brutal-end-189638.php (212 words)

	Flickr: Brutalist Architecture (inc. brick, metal and glass)
		Brutalist architecture is not confined to 1960-70's rough textured concrete
		interested in exploring that wider context of Brutalist architecture.
		The Brutalist movement encompassed a new way of thinking about construction.
	www.flickr.com /groups/brutalism (629 words)

	Et Tu, Brutalism? - Raise the Hammer
		The Brutalism style of architecture is a sub-style of the Modernist period (post-war to 1975).
		Brutalist buildings are defined by their exposed, bunker-like, bare concrete walls, and usually have main entrances not oriented to the street - a major criticism of the old Art Gallery of Hamilton building.
		To some degree it is an appropriate term to describe some Brutalist buildings, which often feature windowless blank walls.
	raisethehammer.org /index.asp?id=097 (1145 words)

	[No title]
		It should be noted, though, that many architects chose the Brutalist style even when they had large budgets, as they appreciated the 'honesty', the sculptural qualities and perhaps the uncompromising, anti-bourgeoisie, nature of the style.
		The architecture column of Private Eye, "Nooks and Corners", began life as "Nooks and Corners of the New Barbarism", with "new barbarism" clearly intended as a reference to "new brutalism".
		Although the brutalist movement was largely dead by the mid-1980s, it has experienced an updating of sorts in recent years.
	www.daniellamakeupcollection.com /history-of-brutalist.htm (1128 words)

	AIQ-Architecture of Israel-Editor Ami Ran (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Today architecture is studied for five years as opposed to four; there are more fields to study; there are libraries, computers, and workshops.
		One of the better periods of your architecture is an expression of the Brutalist style, although today one sees bare concrete in your buildings only during the first stages of the skeletal construction.
		The school of architecture in Tel Aviv is part of Tel Aviv university, with all that goes along with this sort of public framework - appointments, curriculum, etc. Despite all this, we have founded a good school that will continue to improve with time.
	www.aiq.co.il /pages/EnglishArticle.asp?id=58 (2271 words)

	Department of Architecture - News / Events (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Architectural Design project work completed by Year 3 students on the BSc in Architectural Studies Socrates/Erasmus exchange, is currently on public display in the Ground Floor Gallery, Architecture Building, Rottenrow.
		The Department of Architecture is delighted to note considerable achievement in the annual Scottish architecture student awards 2006, hosted by the Lighthouse Architecture Centre, and in conjunction with the Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland.
		The growth and transition of organic matter is juxtaposed with Brutalist Modern architecture, which in turn becomes part of the landscape rather than existing on it.
	www.strath.ac.uk /architecture/news.html (1071 words)

	Courses \| Carnegie Mellon School of Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Architectural Drawing I: A Tactile Foundation is the introductory course in a sequence of three drawing courses required by the school of architecture for its professional degree program.
		The fourth semester of architectural studies at Carnegie Mellon University is concerned with the detailed development and refinement of architectural design as informed by the technical and aesthetic knowledge related to the meaning and usage of materials and the act of construction.
		Modern Architecture and Theory 1900-1945 is an architectural history lecture course that surveys the modern buildings and literature of the first half of the twentieth century, focusing primarily on Europe but extending also to non-western countries.
	www.arc.cmu.edu /cmu/programs/ugrad_progs/courses.jsp (10609 words)

	Interstices 4: (Mis)appropriation in New Zealand Architecture: an incriminating cite, Vanya Steiner
		The whare whakairo, claimed to be an architectural ordering of relationships legitimating a claim to land, property, authority and identity is however now widely regarded as a post-European structure; a (mis)appropriation of the chief's house, large guest houses and the churches of the European missionaries.
		Kipnis describes architecture as "the scene of the proper, a scene of stability." In Derrida's writing the proper is also seen to be bound to that of the house.
		One of the earliest uses of concrete block as an architectural element in New Zealand was in Miles Warren's Dorset St flats (1956-57) which responded to the New Brutalism Warren had recently seen in England.
	www.architecture.auckland.ac.nz /common/library/1995/11/i4/THEHTML/papers/steiner/front.htm (5784 words)

	Korean architecture Summary
		Architecture flourished in the royal capital of Kyongju, though almost all traces of the former glory have vanished at the present time.
		In the north, Stalinist and absolutist, often brutalist architecture, was championed.
		Korea since the 1980s had its most famous architectural works driven by sports: the Asian Games (1986), the Olympics (1988), and the 2002 World Cup stadia, as well as great support being given by the chaebols such as Samsung who owned the sports teams that would become their tenants.
	www.bookrags.com /Korean_architecture (3952 words)

	Brutalism's Brutal Practicality
		Unlike their International style cousins, Brutalist architecture was about stretching the limits of how concrete could be shaped.
		Two early attempts to bring Brutalist utilitarianism to the forefront of public service was the construction of both University Hospital in Petaling Jaya and Kuala Lumpur General Hospital.
		Another prime example of Brutalist architecture in KL is the Australian High Commission building located a stones throw away from the Petronas Twin Towers.
	www.mir.com.my /rb/photography/portfolio/azrul/html/prac1.html (1285 words)

	From Here To Modernity Architects - Brutalism
		But the architecture of the early welfare state avoided the stringent Modernism advocated by the pre-war pioneers in CIAM, opting instead to ape the gentle style of Sweden's long established social architecture.
		The architecture of the Festival was consciously 'modern', but some of the buildings attracted criticism for their supposed frivolity, and were accused of parodying the heroic Modernism of the pre-war years.
		But the honesty in the Brutalist treatment of materials means that these buildings are often considered to be simply ugly, and what's more, have not proved immune to the crippling social problems which spread in the 1970s in particular.
	www.open2.net /modernity/4_15.htm (637 words)

	Adam \| Art Gallery - The Habitat (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In The Habitat, a frieze of "straight" photographs of late modern and New Brutalist New Zealand university buildings, Gavin Hipkins continued his exploration of the legacies of modernist utopianism.
		"New Brutalist" architecture has, from the start, been associated with school buildings, perhaps because of its inherent qualities of being functional, straightforward and often starkly austere in form.
		Hipkins' grainy, grey prints may "emulate the New Brutalists' 'truth to materials' dictum, expressed in their preference for visible steel and primitive concrete" but times have changed, and so has the 'truth' of these buildings.
	www.vuw.ac.nz /adamartgal/exhibitions/2000/2000-the-habitat.html (124 words)

	New York Architecture Images- (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Brutalist structures are heavy and unrefined with coarsely molded surfaces, usually exposed concrete.
		The origin of Brutalism is generally ascribed to the architect Le Corbusier, who experimented widely with concrete designs and whose massive plans for highrise block housing were very influential.
		American architect Paul Rudolph designed some of the most famous brutalist buildings, some of which are often used to define the style.
	www.nyc-architecture.com /STYLES/STY-Brutalist.htm (206 words)

	Paulo Mendes da Rocha of Brazil Becomes the 2006 Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate
		Juror Carlos Jimenez from Houston who is professor of architecture at Rice University, said, "...he builds with exceptional economy to achieve an architecture of profound social engagement, an architecture that transcends the limits of construction to dazzle with poetic rigor and imagination."
		The purpose of the Pritzker Architecture Prize is to honor annually a living architect whose built work demonstrates a combination of those qualities of talent, vision and commitment, which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture.
		The field of architecture was chosen by the Pritzker family because of their keen interest in building due to their involvement with developing the Hyatt Hotels around the world; also because architecture was a creative endeavor not included in the Nobel Prizes.
	feeds.europenews.net /?rid=8df55d6893a80f77&cat=88176adfdf246af5&f=1 (1621 words)

	FRIENDS Issues
		Despite a strong interest among preservation practitioners, modern architecture lacks the “heart-tugging” appeal of more traditional historic building making it a difficult “sell.” Modern architecture is especially difficult to preserve because their historic, technical and cultural significance are not widely understood or appreciated.
		A significant example of modern architecture on the Upper East Side, The Group Residence for Young Adults at 217 East 87th Street (Horace Ginsbern and Assoc., Architects: 1968), is slated for demolition beginning in mid-May 2003.
		Horace Ginsbern (1900-1969) was an architectural chameleon, working in a variety of architectural styles, from Art Deco in his apartment buildings on the Bronx’s Grand Concourse to Modern in his public housing projects in Harlem.
	www.friends-ues.org /Issues.htm (2523 words)

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