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Topic: Brute force attack

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	PGP Attacks
		The attack is a passive one where the attacker sits on a network and observes the RSA operations.
		While the attack is definitely something to be wary of, it is theoretical in nature, and has not been done in practice as of yet.
		This attack, however exotic it may seem, is not beyond the capability of anyone with some technical know-how and the desire to read PGP encrypted files.
	axion.physics.ubc.ca /pgp-attack.html (5523 words)

	Brute force attack - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptanalysis, a brute force attack is a method of defeating a cryptographic scheme by trying a large number of possibilities; for example, exhaustively working through all possible keys in order to decrypt a message.
		For symmetric-key ciphers, a brute force attack typically means a brute-force search of the key space; that is, testing all possible keys in order to recover the plaintext used to produce a particular ciphertext.
		In a brute force attack, the expected number of trials before the correct key is found is equal to half the size of the key space.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brute_force_attack (1010 words)

	Learn more about Brute-force search in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For example, in computer chess, rather than computing the full minimax tree of all possible moves for the remainder of the game, a more limited tree of minimax possibilities is computed, with the tree being pruned at a certain number of moves, and the remainder of the tree being approximated by a static evaluation function.
		Brute force search is also important in cryptography, where a well-designed algorithm should only be breakable by a brute-force search of its key space.
		As of the year 2002, symmetric ciphers with keys 64 bits or less are vulnerable to brute force attacks.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /b/br/brute_force_search.html (886 words)

	Password Recovery Methods - Brute Force Attack
		Brute Force Attack is the most widely known password cracking method.
		It is assumed that the attack is carried out on a single computer and the brute force speed is 500 000 passwords per second.
		Brute Force Attack tries all password combinations and you don’t know which one of them is correct.
	lastbit.com /rm_bruteforce.asp (755 words)

	Key size - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The length of a key is critical in determining the susceptibility of a cipher to exhaustive search attacks.
		The widely accepted notion that the security of the system should depend on the key alone has been explicitly formulated by Auguste Kerckhoffs (in the 1880s) and Claude Shannon (in the 1940s); the statements are known as Kerckhoffs' principle and Shannon's Maxim respectively.
		A key should therefore be large enough that a brute force attack (possible against any encryption algorithm) is infeasible – i.e, would take too long to execute.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Key_size (1099 words)

	Brute-force search - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For example, a brute-force algorithm to find the divisors of a natural number n is to enumerate all integers from 1 to n, and check whether each of them divides n without remainder.
		A brute-force algorithm for this problem is to generate all possible arrangements of eight queens on the board, and, for each arrangement, check whether there are any two queens on the same row, column, or diagonal.
		In applications that require only one solution, rather than all solutions, the expected running time of a brute force search will often depend on the order in which the candidates are tested.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brute-force_search (1724 words)

	Imperva Glossary \| Brute Force Attack
		Brute force attacks use exhaustive trial and error methods in order to find legitimate authentication credentials.
		Using brute force, attackers attempt combinations of the accepted character set in order to find a specific combination that gains access to the authorized area.
		Using Brute Force applications, attackers may try thousands of session IDs embedded in a legitimate URL in an attempt to view greeting cards that they are not authorized to view.
	www.imperva.com /resources/glossary/brute_force.html (334 words)

	Smart force attack
		Brute force attack will not help you to break a 9-character password even if all the letters of the password are in the same case.
		it is important that the "smart force" engine was fast enough, 'cause the time taken to generate a password is added to the time taken by the verification itself.
		The obtained results indicate that the time of a search of all variants with a non-zero probability for a 10-character password will total about 8 days instead of 45 years (as is in the case of a "brute force attack") with a search speed of 100,000 passwords per second.
	lastbit.com /psw2.asp (1010 words)

	A Brute Force Search of DES Keyspace (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Brute force attacks like this are naturally suited to distributed or parallel computing efforts, since they essentially consist of a large number of independent problems--the testing of each key.
		Whereas previous attacks against ``live targets''--cryptosystems enjoying ``real'' use--required the attacker to be relatively well-funded, the kind of power necessary to attack real targets is becoming available to those who are not well-funded, but dedicated enough to make an investment of their time.
		While using this type of effort to do a brute force attack on a 64-bit key would be difficult today, it will certainly be possible in the not so distant future, as more people become involved in these efforts, and as CPU speeds increase according to Moore's Law.
	www.interhack.net /pubs/des-key-crack (2766 words)

	3.3.5 Brute force attack prevention (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Brute force attacks are simply attacks designed to guess passwords.
		The simplest thing to prevent brute force attacks from succeeding is to choose truly random passwords that are not based on words in any language and are longer than 8 letters.
		While it is possible to get around the brute force attack protection it makes the attack take so long that it becomes effectively useless.
	www.indievisible.org /crescent_docs/3_3_5.html (449 words)

	Cryptography/Brute force attack - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		At this writing, 128 bit key lengths seem reasonable for elliptic curve algorithms, and 1024 bits for such other asymmetric key algorithms as RSA (asymmetric key algorithms that rely on complex mathematical problems for their security always will need much larger keyspaces as there are short-cuts to cracking them, as opposed to direct brute-force).
		The term ¨Brute Force Attacks¨ is really an umbrella term for all attacks that exhaustively search through all possible (or likely) combinations, or any derivative thereof.
		In this attack, the attacker has already hashed his entire suite of dictionaries, and all he need do is compare the hashes.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Cryptography:Brute_force_attack (561 words)

	Brute force attack - Computing Reference - eLook.org
		The quicker the brute force attack, the weaker the cipher.
		Feasibility of brute force attack depends on the key length of the cipher, and on the amount of computational power available to the attacker.
		Brute force attack is impossible against the ciphers with variable-size key, such as a one-time pad cipher.
	www.elook.org /computing/brute-force-attack.htm (79 words)

	Windows Genuine Advantage : Brute force attack on Windows Vista product keys?
		This is called a brute force attack because there really isn't much intelligence involved and the goal is to just randomly cycle through key after key after key until a legit one is found.
		One report indicates that the script written to perform this attack goes through about a thousand keys every half an hour; frankly, that's a pretty slow brute force attack.
		The current versions of the attack seem to be using a modified version of an MS-supplied vbs file, so the lack of speed is hardly surprising.
	blogs.msdn.com /wga/archive/2007/03/02/brute-force-attack-on-windows-vista-product-keys.aspx (590 words)

	Security Forums :: View topic - Brute force attack
		Traditionally, a brute-force attack is a form of known-plaintext attack, and requires a small chunk of ciphertext, along with the plaintext that corresponds to it.
		Your scenario is more relative to dictionary attacks, which are specialized forms of brute force, that take advantage of predefined plaintext/ciphertext databases, in that success can be as simple as finding values that match.
		I find it very fascinating that given enough time, work effort, and ingenuity, once could considerably mitigate the time and complexity involved in a brute force search, by significantly narrowing down their search criteria, based on elements within the environment in which their search will be deployed.
	www.security-forums.com /viewtopic.php?t=12544 (1173 words)

	Brute-force attack
		To gain access to the account using a brute-force attack, the program would try all the available words it has to gain access to the account.
		Another type of brute-force attack is a program that runs through all letters and/or letters and numbers until it gets a match.
		Although a brute-force attack may be able to gain access to an account eventually, these types of attacks can take several hours, days, months, and even years to run.
	www.computerhope.com /jargon/b/brutforc.htm (166 words)

	Coding Horror: Brute Force Key Attacks Are for Dummies
		Each additonal bit doubles the number of keys you have to test in a brute force attack, so by the time you get to 128 or 256 bits, you have a staggeringly large number of potential keys to test.
		If we want to double the amount of time the brute force attack will take, all we need to do is tack on one teeny, tiny little bit to our key.
		It's painfully clear that a brute force attack on even a 128 bit key is a fool's errand.
	www.codinghorror.com /blog/archives/000631.html (1939 words)

	G4 - Feature - FTP Brute Force Attack
		A brute force attack, by definition, is an attack that requires trying all or a large fraction of all possible values until the right value is found.
		In today's show we illustrate how to brute force our way into an FTP server using a list of usernames and commonly used passwords that we provide.
		To protect against this attack, you should enable a lockout policy on the amount of failed password attempts when running an FTP server.
	www.g4tv.com /techtvvault/features/38076/FTP_Brute_Force_Attack.html (181 words)

	SANS Institute - Glossary of Terms Used in Security and Intrusion Detection
		Domain hijacking is an attack by which an attacker takes over a domain by first blocking access to the domain's DNS server and then putting his own server up in its place.
		An attack that sends an improperly large ICMP echo request packet (a "ping") with the intent of overflowing the input buffers of the destination machine and causing it to crash.
		The Smurf attack works by spoofing the target address and sending a ping to the broadcast address for a remote network, which results in a large amount of ping replies being sent to the target.
	www.sans.org /resources/glossary.php (12790 words)

	SolarWinds.Net Toolset Applications -Security Utilities
		SNMP Brute Force Attack - The SolarWinds SNMP Brute Force Attack will attack a IP address with SNMP queries to try and determine the SNMP read-only and read-write community strings.
		SNMP Dictionary Attack - The Dictionary Attack application uses permutated hacker dictionaries to attack network devices in an attempt to break into them or discover their community strings.
		The SNMP Brute Force Attack was written to allow you to create, in a controlled environment, an attack on the security of your network.
	www.solarwinds.net /Tools/Engineer/Categories/Security.htm (518 words)

	sshdfilter V1.4.4 ssh brute force attack blocker (Site not responding. Last check: )
		blocks the frequent brute force attacks on ssh daemons, it does this by directly reading the sshd logging output and generating iptables rules, the process can be quick enough to block an attack before they get a chance to enter any password at all.
		Summerising, of these 10 sample attacks, 1750 attempts, 720 were for root, 1013 were for illegal accounts, the rest were for existing accounts.
		In fact, until the authors of the brute force attacks improve their code and send an ssh id string, sshdfilter would actually have blocked 1744 attempts, allowing only 6 guesses of the root account over an average of 6 days.
	www.csc.liv.ac.uk /~greg/sshdfilter (1879 words)

	CodeGuru: Blocking Brute-Force Attacks (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A brute-force attack is an attempt to discover a password by systematically trying every possible combination of letters, numbers, and symbols until you discover the one correct combination that works.
		First, because the success of the attack is dependent on time, an easy solution is to inject random pauses when checking a password.
		Brute-force attacks are surprisingly difficult to stop completely, but with careful design and multiple countermeasures, you can limit your exposure to these attacks.
	www.codeguru.com /Csharp/.NET/net_security/authentication/article.php/c7907 (2574 words)

	Austech.Info - BRUTE FORCE ATTACK PMKs
		what i now hope to do is set up some sort of brute force attack on the pmks.
		my knowledge of brute forcing is rather limited and i am now trying to learn as much about this as possible but if anyone has any ideas or some constructive critisism i would be greatful for their input or maybe this has been tried before and im barking up the wrong tree.
		Sheer brute force is not really the way, but with some clever thinking you can make the job much easier.
	www.austech.info /showthread.php?t=88707 (703 words)

	Brute-force search (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For example, an anagram problem can be solved by enumerating all possible combinations of words with the same number of letters as the desired phrase, and checking one by one whether the words make a valid anagram.
		Generally, brute force refers to any method that does not involve a heuristic or rely on any intelligent observation, but tries every possible solution to find the best solution.
		Such an approach may be used as a benchmarking tool for better algorithms.
	www.freedownloadsoft.com /info/brute-force.html (522 words)

	sci.crypt: Re: Cost of a brute force attack
		is a brute force in which the order of the attempts has...
		Cracking a crypto system is not a matter of brute force.
		than DES, as it is less amenable to brute force attack, it should be...
	www.derkeiler.com /Newsgroups/sci.crypt/2004-10/0135.html (321 words)

	Brute force attack - Langmaker (Site not responding. Last check: )
		brute force (n.), brute-force (v.), brute-forcing (adj) A technique to break into someone's computer, network, or account by trying at once all the possible key combinations, usually by testing a large amount of plain text and cyphertext pairs up to half of the total disk key space.
		"In order to alert for brute forcing the product needs to detect failed login attempts and re-login attempts.
		You wouldn't like to receive an alert whenever a certain user fails to login (...) [but] the number of failed login attempts from each I.P. address and alert only if that number bypasses a certain threshold." (Imperva.com, 2005)
	www.langmaker.com /db/Eng_bruteforceattack.htm (141 words)

	Fedora: brute force ssh attack
		Reply: Jan Schaefer: "Re: brute force ssh attack"
		Reply: Matthew Miller: "Re: brute force ssh attack"
		there are numerous brute force ssh attacks in the web.
	linux.derkeiler.com /Mailing-Lists/Fedora/2005-04/5172.html (464 words)

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