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Topic: Bryggen inscriptions

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Runic alphabet

Codex Runicus

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Fuller brooch

Alemannic language

Alamanni

	Inscription - Academic Kids
		Inscriptions are words or letters written, engraved, painted, or otherwise traced on a surface and can appear in contexts both small and monumental.
		Coin texts and monumental carvings on buildings are both included by historians as types of inscriptions.
		The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum is an example of an attempt by scholars to publish an organized collection of the known inscriptions from a particular language.
	academickids.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Inscription (90 words)

	Bryggen inscriptions at AllExperts
		The Bryggen inscriptions are a find of some 670 runic inscriptions on wood (mostly pine) and bone found from 1955 and forth at Bryggen (and its surroundings) in Bergen, Norway.
		Before the find of these inscriptions, there was doubt whether the runes were ever used for anything else than inscriptions of names and solemn phrases.
		Another important aspect of the find was that many of the inscriptions were obviously at least as young as the 14th century.
	en.allexperts.com /e/b/br/bryggen_inscriptions.htm (425 words)

	Rune
		Inscription using both cipher runes, the elder futhark and the younger futhark, on the Rök Runestone
		However, in the middle of the 1950s, about 600 inscriptions known as the Bryggen inscriptions were found in Bergen.
		These inscriptions were made on wood and bone, often in the shape of sticks of various sizes, and contained inscriptions of an everyday nature - ranging from name tags, prayers (often in Latin), personal messages, business letters, expressions of affection, to bawdy phrases of a profane and sometimes even vulgar nature.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/r/ru/rune.html (3277 words)

	SECRETE RUNES
		The lower inscription is written with the younger runes and fuþark is counted as the 1st aettir.
		The inscription is from the Norum baptismal font in Norum Church in Sweden.
		A corresponding inscription is found on a coffin in Lomen Stave Church, but the oldest inscriptions of this group are on the Grølev stone in Sjælland in Denmark and the Ledberg stone in Östergötland in Sweden, both of which were written when Scandinavia still was a heathen socity: þmk iii sss ttt iii lll, i.e.
	www.arild-hauge.com /esecreter.htm (1819 words)

	Definition of Inscription
		Inscriptions are words or letters written, engraved, painted, or otherwise traced on a surface and can appear in contexts both small and monumental.
		Coin texts and monumental carvings on buildings are both included by historians as types of inscriptions.
		The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum is an example of an attempt by scholars to publish an organized collection of the known inscriptions from a particular language.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Inscription (135 words)

	Runic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		These inscriptions were made on wood and bone, often in the shape of sticks of various sizes, and contained inscriptions of an everyday nature — ranging from name tags, prayers (often in Latin), personal messages, business letters, expressions of affection, to bawdy phrases of a profane and sometimes even vulgar nature.
		A handful of Elder Futhark inscriptions were found in Gothic territory, such as the 4th century ring of Pietroassa.
		The largest concentration of runic inscriptions are the Bryggen inscriptions found in Bergen, more than 650 in total.
	work-pro.net /cgi-bin/cgiproxy/nph-proxy.pl/000110A/687474702s656r2r77696o6970656469612r6s72672s77696o692s52756r65 (2720 words)

	Runic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, Scandinavian scholars interprete these inscriptions as Proto-Norse, but it should be noted that the differences between Proto-Norse and other Germanic dialects were still minute and that the classification is mostly based on location rather than forms.
		For a long time it was assumed that this kind of grand inscription was the primary use of runes, and that their use was associated with a certain societal class of rune-carvers.
		However, in the middle of the 1950s, about 600 inscriptions known as the Bryggen inscriptions were found in Bergen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Futhark (3277 words)

	THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NORWEGIAN RUNES
		Numerous runic inscriptions from the later years found in archeological diggings in towns, for example Bryggen in Bergen, not only open a new world of thought and ideas, but have brought us in contact with the small merchants and small scale occupations or trades.
		The runic trading inscriptions show that this was hardly daily shopping as we know it, because the consignment and the accounts point to much larger purchases of butter, milk, fish, grain, cod, salt, beer etc. But this is an old and well known fact of life of the Norwegian agricultural population.
		The runic inscriptions as "Gyda says you should go home" and "Now there is a big noise and a hubub" shows us probably something about the life in public-houses, confirming stories about the lack of sobriety in the towns, and that much drinking and drunkenness was common when people came together.
	www.arild-hauge.com /enruner.htm (1463 words)

	Viking Age runes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For instance over 500 inscriptions of post-11th C date were found during the Bryggen excavation in Bergen, Norway.
		Inscriptions in the Nordic futhark are primarily in Old Norse (and its later derivatives such as Old Swedish), but a few are in Latin.
		The inscriptions cover the breadth of purposes to which writing may be used: advertising, correspondence, memorial, magic, ownership, religion, etc.
	www.ravensgard.org /gerekr/runic.html (485 words)

	Bergen Sightseeing Guide - TravelPuppy.com
		Bryggen (the wharf area) is in the middle of the quayside close to the fish market.
		Despite its small scale there is plenty to keep the tourist amused, with many of the key attractions focusing on the city’s natural setting and the beautiful surroundings.
		Many of the buildings were ravaged by fire through the centuries and they have been carefully restored to their original state.
	travelpuppy.com /norway/bergen/sightseeing.htm (1237 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Archaeological excavations in the port district (Bryggen) have resulted in an exceptionally rich material from the Middle Ages.
		The inscriptions are of many kinds; everyday messages, business letters, private letters, poems and magical formulas that have given us a lot of interesting information.
		Large amounts of inscriptions have been found on wooden sticks and bones in the Nordic Medieval cities and more than 600 have been found only i Bergen.
	viking.hgo.se /Topic/week24.html (97 words)

	Rune
		Inscriptions in medieval Scandinavian runes show a large number of variant rune-forms, and some letters, such as s, c and z, were often used interchangeably.
		Of the total number of Norwegian runic inscriptions preserved today, most are medieval runes.
		Notably, more than 600 inscriptions using these runes have been discovered in Bergen since the 1950s, mostly on wooden sticks (the so-called Bryggen inscriptions).
	www.hotspotsz.com /Article_about-Rune (3188 words)

	Resources on Bryggen academic institutions
		Bryggen - UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Bryggen, the old wharf of Bergen, is a reminder of the town's importance as partof the Hanseatic League's trading empire from the 14th to the mid-16th
		Bryggen, the oldwharf of Bergen, is a reminder of the town's importance as part of the
		Bryggen, the oldwharf of Bergen, is a reminder of the trading empire that existed from the
	mongabay.org /conservation/Bryggen.htm (1716 words)

	Runes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This hypothesis is based on the earliest inscriptions of ca.
		The earliest runic inscriptions were certainly not coherent texts of any length, but simple markings on artefacts (e.g.
		These inscriptions were made on wood and bone and contained several phrases of a profane and sometimes even vulgar nature.
	www.writen4u.com /public/Runes.asp (3059 words)

	Runes [further Considerations] \| Encyclopedia of Religion
		The rune-master raised the stone in memory of his dead son, but evidently the father was a priest, and the stone appears to have a second purpose of testing a person's knowledge of ancient lore.
		That Manx Scandinavians assimilated the Cross as a warrior standard and implement of power—akin to the weapons of the pagan gods—is seen from the tenth-century slate cross fragment at Kirk Andreas.
		Pieces of wood with runic inscriptions of mythological poetry, found in the Bryggen section of Bergen, Norway, show that this medium as well as this material had an enduring life in an Christian, urban, nonclerical environment as late as the twelfth to fourteenth centuries.
	www.bookrags.com /research/runes-further-considerations-eorl-12 (966 words)

	Bergen Things to Do Tips by Cristian_Uluru - VirtualTourist.com
		Bryggen is not a museum however, but part of the cultural heritage that is still in use in a living historical area of the city.
		The Bryggen Museum is based on the findings of the archeological excavations of Bryggen between 1855 and 1972.
		The Torget as the Bryggen is probably the symbol of Bergen.
	members.virtualtourist.com /m/82cb6/365da/4 (847 words)

	Scandinavian Calligraphy and Illumination
		Most of the surviving Viking Age runic inscriptions come from runestones, which were erected as grave markers, memorials, and cenotaphs most often.
		By the Middle Ages in Scandinavia, runes came to be used occasionally to record Latin incriptions (approximately 10% of all medieval runic inscriptions are Latin) and these usually invocations of saints or prayers.
		In Bryggen, Norway, 110 "ownership tags" have been found, shaped in many cases so that they can be easily attached to goods or merchandise.
	www.vikinganswerlady.com /callig.htm (2474 words)

	Rune Gild: Swedish Rune Stones by Philip Quadrio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A number of these inscriptions although difficult to interpret appear to be personal names, even the sequence of the text or whether the inscription is a verb or a noun are difficult to determine
		This inscription is thought to be a name, although it is unclear whether this is a personal name or a nick name or a name for the brooch, it is also possible that the inscription might have some magical purpose.
		One of the most important types of runic inscriptions are in the form of memorial stones, many of which have skilful pictorial additions.
	www.runegild.org /pq_swedish_rune.html (3753 words)

	Pensum/læringskrav (MAS1100 - Høst 2003)
		K. Holman: `Scandinavian Runic Inscriptions as a Source for the History of the British Isles`, pp.
		With the exceptions of James Knirks` article `Runes and Runic Inscription` in Medieval Scandinavia, and the excerpts from Birgit Sawyer`s book The Viking Age Rune-Stones, all these texts are to be found in the compendiums Runology I or II.
		Some of these inscriptions might be exchanged for another, any exchange must, however, be accepted by the teacher.
	www.uio.no /studier/emner/hf/iakh/MAS1100/h03/pensumliste.xml (385 words)

	OM SYMBOL
		The Scandinavian variants are also known as Futhark (or fuþark, derived from their first six letters: F, U, Þ, A, R, and K); the Anglo-Saxon variant as Futhorc (due to sound changes undergone in Old English by the same six letters).
		There, the chips fell in a way that said that he would not live long (Féll honum þá svo spánn sem hann mundi eigi lengi lifa).
		For a long time it was assumed that this kind of grand inscription was the primary use of runes, and that their use was associated with a certain societal class of rune-carvers.
	mrsspokane.com /Runes.htm (1108 words)

	NORSE MYTHOLOGY FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Archaeological studies of graves at the Swedish island of Lovön have shown that the Christianisation took 150-200 years, and this was a location close to the kings and bishops.
		Likewise in the bustling trading town of Bergen, many runic inscriptions have been found from the 13th century, among the Bryggen inscriptions.
		One of them says ''may Thor receive you, may Odin own you'', and a second one is a galdra which says ''I carve curing runes, I carve salvaging runes, once against the elves, twice against the trolls, thrice against the thurs''.
	www.galerienyc.com /Norse_Mythology (3667 words)

	Bryggen - Webled.com
		[ Bryggen, the old wharf of Bergen, is a reminder of the town's ]...
		Bryggen (nesten) på turisttoppen - Hordaland - NRK Nyheter
		[ NEST MEST POPULÆR: Bryggen i Bergen ]...
	www.webled.com /Bryggen.htm (359 words)

	Halfdan's Page on Viking Runes & Futharks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A research bibliography of serious publications on Norwegian runic inscriptions and runes as writing symbols compiled by the Runic Archives, Department of Archaeology at the University of Oslo
		The peoples of ancient Germania, Scandinavia, and Britain attributed mystical power to their runic letters, which were believed to hold magical force..
		The Bryggen Runic font for Mac, developed by Odd Einar Haugen at the University of Bergen, Norway.
	www.blue-n-gold.com /halfdan/runes.htm (391 words)

	Intute: Arts and Humanities - Full record details for Runic inscriptions from Bryggen in Bergen
		This site, hosted by the National Library of Norway, provides a database and catalogue of the runic inscriptions found during excavations at Bryggen, the medieval wharf of Bergen.
		The intention of the project is to develop a schema for rune graphology.
		Each entry in the database is accompanied by an image of the item inscribed and a both a literal and normalised transcription while the catalogue is divided by inscription type.
	www.intute.ac.uk /artsandhumanities/cgi-bin/fullrecord.pl?handle=humbul11462 (181 words)

	Psychics - Runes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Runes are characters used in Germanic writing systems for inscriptions on wood, stone, bone, metal and clay.
		Each rune represents both a sound and a word beginning with (or including) that sound; thus runes can be used as letters, to spell out words, or as symbols to stand for words.
		Excavations at Bryggen in Bergen, Norway have uncovered a number of these runic message sticks containing both business and personal correspondence.
	www.moonwhisper.com /runes.htm (6506 words)

	:: The World of the Vikings ::
		Gullskoen font, replaces the "Bryggen Runic Font" for Mac, previously found on this page.
		This new font, also by Odd Einar Haugen, is available both for Macintosh and Windows and both in PostScript and TryeType format.
		A simple form for searching a database of Runic inscriptions at Bergen Museum.
	www.worldofthevikings.com /links.php?topic=ru (182 words)

	World City Guide
		Although many of the buildings were ravaged by fire through the centuries, they have been carefully restored to their original state.
		At the eastern end is the Torget, Bergen’s picturesque market where fish, fruit, vegetables, flowers, handicrafts and souvenirs are sold.
		This museum was built around the remains and houses various artefacts, including traditional costumes.
	sites.virtuoso.com /DestinationGuides/wcg/ber/94.html (832 words)

	Runes from Bryggen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		These pages contain a catalogue of runic inscriptions from Bergen and a searchable database of the same inscriptions.
		The material was produced at the Norwegian Computing Centre for the Humanities (NCCH) at the University of Bergen.
		The inscriptions in this catalogue and in the database do not comprise a scholarly publication.
	www.nb.no /baser/runer/eindex.html (238 words)

	Bryggen Museum Norway Directory
		This museum is built on the site of the archeological excavations of Bryggen.
		The excavations took place between 1955 and 1972.
		The exhibits include unearthed ceramics, runic inscriptions, artifacts etc. The displays illustrate commerce, shipping, cultural activities, handicrafts and daily life in the Middle Ages.
	www.norway.com /directories/d_company.asp?id=349 (98 words)

	Rune Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A complete analysis of the corpus plus a searchable database of hundreds of runic inscriptions from Bryggen, Norway.
		This site has the full text, translation, drawings of inscriptions, and color photos of rune stones, as well as maps and numbers of the distribution of rune stones found all over the world.
		It also has a description of the Futhark, but it is not as comprehensive as other sources or as well done as the other areas of this site.
	www.tarahill.com /runesmith/linkrune.html (250 words)

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