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Topic: Bryophytes

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Bryophyta

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	Bryophytes
		The bryophytes are generally considered a "key" group in our understanding of how the modern land plants (the embryophytes) are related to each other phylogenetically and how they came to conquer the hostile land environment from their primitive home in fresh water (habitats still occupied by relatives of the land plants, the green algae).
		This is because of the apparent basal phylogenetic position of the bryophytes among the extant embryophytes, the remnant lineages present today from the spectacular radiation of the land plants in the Devonian Period, some 400 million years ago.
		Bryophytes tend to have distributional ranges that correspond to historical biogeographic patterns of tracheophytes (Crum, 1966; Schofield, 1969; Crum, 1972; Schofield, 1983), but intriguingly, species of bryophytes (at least with currently prevailing species concepts in the group) usually are relatively more widely distributed.
	ucjeps.berkeley.edu /bryolab/PEET/peet_bryos.html (756 words)

	Bryophyte - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The bryophytes are those embryophyte plants ('land plants') that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids.
		However, since the three groups of bryophytes form a paraphyletic group, they now are placed in three separate divisions.
		Monoicous bryophytes produce both antheridia and archegonia on the same plant body.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bryophytes (388 words)

	The Bryophytes & Lichens Technical Committee
		Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) are autotrophic plants; mosses are generally radially symmetric, with sporophytes of variable and complex differentiation.
		Bryophytes and lichens, together with fungi and algae, are often classed as "lower" plants, since they produce neither showy inflorescences nor large trees.
		Bryophytes and lichens that grow on soil and rock may endure through several successional stages, provided the physiography is undisturbed.
	www.dickinson.edu /prorg/pabs/bryophytes_and_lichens.htm (6127 words)

	Bryophytes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Often overlooked by amateur and professional botanists alike, bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) are nonetheless highly important in the function of ecosystems and an important element in California's plant diversity.
		Bryophytes grow on a wide variety of substrates, including exposed soil, rocks, and trees, and some are even completely aquatic.
		A very helpful feature of most bryophyte taxa is that they can be collected and studied in nearly any month of the year and be identified in their vegetative (gametophytic) state.
	www.cnps.org /programs/Rare_Plant/inventory/bryophytes.htm (630 words)

	E-Flora BC Bryophytes Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In bryophytes, the mature gametophyte is generally leafy, but can be strap-shaped, or thallose. In most gametophytes, growth is indeterminate. Neither gametophyte nor sporophyte has a complex vascular system that is as well-developed as in the vascular plants, although they may have a system that conducts water and nutrients for growth and reproduction.
		Bryophytes, as with all other organisms, show some polymorphism, and this is often exaggerated in extreme environments. The variability is greatest in the gametophyte. Poorly developed specimens often mimic similar species and genera, therefore caution is necessary in applying names.
		As with all organisms in the province, bryophytes are threatened by human disturbance or destruction of the environment. In consequence, some bryophytes are more widespread than they would be without such disturbances. Most, however, have had their abundance restricted. Indeed, a few have been extinguished from the provincial flora within a brief period of time.
	www.geog.ubc.ca /~brian/florae/bryophytes.html (708 words)

	Bryophytes
		Bryophytes are small, herbaceous plants that grow closely packed together in mats or cushions on rocks, soil, or as epiphytes on the trunks and leaves of forest trees.
		First, in all bryophytes the ecologically persistent, photosynthetic phase of the life cycle is the haploid, gametophyte generation rather than the diploid sporophyte; bryophyte sporophytes are very short-lived, are attached to and nutritionally dependent on their gametophytes and consist of only an unbranched stalk, or seta, and a single, terminal sporangium.
		Second, bryophytes never form xylem tissue, the special lignin- containing, water-conducting tissue that is found in the sporophytes of all vascular plants.
	bryophytes.plant.siu.edu /bryophytes.html (1712 words)

	BRYOPHYTES AND FERNS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The life cycle of bryophytes is characterized by distinct alternation of generations in which the gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle.
		Bryophytes require water for sexual reproduction because the antheridia and archegonia are on separate individual gametophytes, so sperm must swim to the archegonia in drops of water.
		The bryophyte sporophyte is nutritionally dependent upon the gametophyte and usually non-photosynthetic.
	www.usd.edu /biol/labs/101/bryo01.htm (2605 words)

	IUCN
		Morphologically, bryophytes are usually small organisms, typically green, and lacking some of the complex structures found in vascular plants.
		Bryophytes have long been used for medicinal purposes and their value as pollution indicators is also well known.
		Bryophytes are also threatened because of their lack of "image" within the sphere of nature conservation.
	www.iucn.org /themes/ssc/pubs/bryophytes.htm (752 words)

	Home Page
		Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) are the only land plants (embryophytes) whose life history includes a dominant gametophyte (haploid) stage.
		Gemmae are a means of asexual reproduction found in many bryophytes.
		The form of the gemmae is often very useful when identifying certain bryophytes.
	www2.una.edu /pdavis/bryophytes.htm (209 words)

	Bryophytes
		"Bryophytes" is a resource devoted to Bryology, the branch of plant science concerned with the study of mosses, liverworts and hornworts.
		They are found growing on soil, rocks and/or trees throughout the world, from coastal Antarctica to the peat bogs of the Northern hemisphere, from the deserts of Australia to the rain forests of the Amazon.
		Field Observations of Southern Illinois bryophytes by Andreas Schinkovitz and Matt Main, Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Univ. of IL at Chicago.
	bryophytes.plant.siu.edu (227 words)

	BookRags: Bryophytes Summary
		Second, bryophytes never form xylem tissue, the special lignin-containing, water-conducting tissue that is found in the sporophytes of all vascular plants.
		Within the bryophytes, liverworts are the geologically oldest group, sharing a fossil record with the oldest vascular plants (Rhyniophytes) in the Devonian era.
		Rain forest bryophytes that hang in long festoons from the trees rely on torrential winds with the rain to transport their sperm from tree to tree, while the small pygmy mosses of exposed, ephemeral habitats depend on the drops of morning dew to move their sperm.
	www.bookrags.com /research/bryophytes-plsc-01 (1767 words)

	Australian Antarctic Division - Bryophytes
		Like the lichens, the bryophytes can be found in almost all areas capable of supporting plant life in the Antarctic, though they are not as widespread.
		The dominant stage in the life cycle of bryophytes is the sexually reproducing gametophyte plant stage.
		Bryophytes are also quite sensitive to atmospheric pollution from distant sources.
	www.aad.gov.au /?casid=2433 (480 words)

	Bryophytes : Hong Kong Flora and Vegetation
		Bryophytes, comprising mosses (??), liverworts (??) and hornworts (???), are a group of small, green land plants characterized by (a) the absence of vascular tissues and by (b) the unique life history having a dominant gametophyte generation (?????), which produces the sex organs (antheridia and archegonia) and gametes (sperms and eggs).
		The sporophytes (???), which produce spores, cannot live alone and is essentially dependant on the gametophyte for water and nutrients.
		Bryophytes are the second largest group of land plants, followed angiosperms, with about 15,000 species worldwide.
	www.hkflora.com /v2/bryophytes/what_are_bryophytes.htm (141 words)

	SparkNotes: Plant Classification: Bryophytes
		Bryophytes, or "moss plants" (the phylum includes both mosses and liverworts), are the most primitive of the terrestrial plants and require a moist environment for their existence.
		Bryophytes are dependent upon the moisture in their surroundings for both reproduction and fluid transport.
		The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle.
	www.sparknotes.com /biology/plants/plantclassification/section1.html (392 words)

	Bryophytes
		Most species of bryophytes don't become established in stands before these stands attain 100 years of age, and they are best developed in stands 400 years or older.
		Bryophytes also intercept, absorb, and buffer nutrients and water in the canopy and understory (Brown and Bates 1990).
		Bryophytes are also a major component of the forest stream ecosystem, providing year-round habitat for a wide array of algal species, aquatic invertebrates, and amphibians."
	www.efn.org /~onrcdoug/creatures.htm (4624 words)

	Biological Diversity 5
		Bryophytes are small, nonvascular plants that first evolved approximately 500 million years ago.
		Bryophytes lack vascular tissue and have life cycles dominated by the gametophyte phase.
		Vascular plants tend to be larger and more complex than bryophytes, and have a life cycle where the sporophyte is more prominent than the gametophyte.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_5.html (2710 words)

	Nearctica - Natural History - Non-Vascular Plants - Bryophytes
		The Bryophytes consist of three groups of non-vascular plants; the mosses, the liverworts, and the hornworts.
		They lack vascular elements such as phloem and xylem, and in their alternation of generations the haploid stage (gametophyte) and the diploid stage (the sporophyte) are both large and conspicuous (although the gametophyte tends to be more visible).
		A checklist of the bryophytes of Kentucky with distributional data by county.
	www.nearctica.com /nathist/moss/mosses.htm (424 words)

	What Are Bryophytes
		Bryophytes are a group of small, simple, green land dwelling plants of which, a few are aquatic comprising of Hornworts (Anthocerotopsida), Liverworts (Hepaticopsida), and Mosses (Bryopsida).
		As Bryophyte are simple plants, most have no internal means for transporting water or nutrients.
		Bryophyte are mostly one cell thick, sometimes the midrib and stalk are several cells thick but do not contain any water conducting tissue.
	www.hiddenforest.co.nz /bryophytes/what.htm (299 words)

	Plant Diversity - Bryophytes and Pteridophytes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The gametophyte form of bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms all produce their gametes within multicellular organs (gametangia).
		Be able to describe the similarity and difference between bryophytes and pteridophytes.
		View living and preserved specimens from the remaining bryophyte and pteridophyte phyla (Hepatophyta, Lycophyta) and other specimens of the Phylum Pterophyta (whisk fern and horsetail).
	biology.dbs.umt.edu /biol103/labs/Wyrick/10a_plant_diversity_bryophyte_pteridophyte.htm (1127 words)

	Bryophyte Pictures
		ROM disks with photographs from bryophytes; with habitat, habitus and details, in the field and in the studio.
		The pictures are in jpg format with a solution of 800x600 or 1024x768 pixels and are free to use in lectures, presentations and publications (with reference to the autor).
		A collection of 860 fantastic pictures of bryophytes (mainly nordic species) and landscapes from Norway, region Troendelag, from down at the cost to the high mountains.
	homepages.compuserve.de /milueth/Moose/index.htm (325 words)

	Bryophtes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		There are three major groups of bryophytes: the liverworts, the mosses, and the hornworts.
		The bryophyte sporophyte, unlike that of other plants, does not become a free-living and independent plant; instead, it remains permanently attached to the gametophyte.
		The bryophytes lack xylem and phloem, the specialized tissues used by all other plants for the transport of water and food materials (primarily sugar).
	www.bio.umass.edu /biology/conn.river/bryophyt.html (158 words)

	Research on bryophytes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		For conservation and monitoring purposes, bryophyte diversity in and outside the nature reserves is compared.
		Bryophyte diversity is not evenly distributed in the landscape.
		In the Garden the study of tropical bryophytes has mainly focused on Central Africa, with studies of the hepatics by C. Vanden Berghen and bryophytes by F. Demaret.
	www.br.fgov.be /RESEARCH/PROJECTS/bryophytes.html (582 words)

	Bryophytes: Liverworts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		All bryophytes are eukaryotic, have chlorophyll a and b as well as xanthophylls and carotenoid pigments for photosynthesis, store starch, have pectin-cellulose walls, mitosis is open (nuclear membrane disappears in mitosis), and cytokinesis is by formation of a cell plate along a phragmoplast.
		The dominant phase of the bryophyte life cycle is the gametophyte (haploid).
		Bryophyte sporophytes consist of the haustorial foot (nutrition exchange area), a supporting (seta) stalk (maybe with hydroids and leptoids), and (sporangium) capsule.
	koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu /Plant_Biology/liverwort.html (1363 words)

	BioEd Online Slides: bryophytes, Plantae, nonvascular, mosses, fern
		The Plant Kingdom is often separated into bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), pteridophytes (ferns), and seed plants.
		Bryophytes are plants that lack vascular tissue, true roots, stems, and leaves.
		Examples of bryophytes are mosses, hornworts, and liverworts.
	www.bioedonline.org /slides/slide01.cfm?q=bryophytes&dpg=1 (392 words)

	Bryophytes: Hornworts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		We have already seen how bryophytes are eukaryotic, have chlorophyll a and b as well as xanthophylls and carotenoid pigments for photosynthesis, store starch, and have pectin-cellulose walls.
		Bryophytes are very similar to each other and fundamentally similar to flowering plants.
		In hornworts, as for all other bryophytes, the dominant phase of the life cycle is the haploid gametophyte.
	koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu /Plant_Biology/hornwort.html (653 words)

	Bryophytes
		There are about 20,000 species of Bryophytes, the plants which lack vascular tissue.
		Although more prevalent in moist and shady areas, Bryophytes can be found in alpine regions, where they are subjected to freezing, and some in deserts, where they are desiccated most of the time.
		Bryophytes lack vascular tissues so Bryophytes must absorb all water and nutrients at the surface and pass them from cell to cell.
	scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu /rkr/Botany110/lectures/bryophytes.html (846 words)

	Collectors of Bryophytes in HBG
		This is an index of the collectors of bryophytes in HBG, comprising some information on their collections.
		There are samples of bryophytes from Germany (Bayern, Hamburg, Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein), other European countries (Italy, Austria, Schweden, Switzerland and Spain) as well as South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Peru and Venezuela).
		Bryophytes, mainly from the vicinity ofLeer in Ostfriesland (e.g.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /bzf/herbar/collectors_bryophytes.htm (7942 words)

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