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Topic: Bryozoans

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	Bryozoans
		Bryozoans are most abundant in temperate-tropical waters that are not too turbid.
		As bryozoan individuals are quite small, they are commonly observed under the microscope from longitudinal or transverse thin-sections.
		Bryozoans come in a variety of colonial growth habits that can easily be observed without thin-sections.
	paleo.cortland.edu /tutorial/Bryozoans/bryozoans.htm (418 words)

	IBA - About Bryozoa
		Bryozoans have a wide variety of shapes, from thread-like growths attached to shells and rocks to elaborate erect bushes made of flattened branches, to simple free-living cones.
		Bryozoans are not as diverse or abundant in tropical regions as they are at mid-latitudes and in polar waters.
		Membership in the IBA is open to all with an interest in bryozoans, whether it be the use of bryozoans as research animals addressing biological or paleobiological questions or the study of the animals themselves to learn more about their distribution and diversity.
	www.nhm.ac.uk /hosted_sites/iba/pages/bryozoa.html (618 words)

	Caesar Creek bryozoans (Clint Bailey) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Bryozoans, meaning "moss animals", are a diverse group of small, filter feeding, colonial marine organisms.
		Bryozoans are an important biostratigraphic tool for paleontologists because their evolution follows a distinct pattern from the Ordovician through the Holocene.
		Thin, branching cryptostome bryozoans are common at Caesar Creek.
	www.wooster.edu /geology/Geo250/bryozoansCB.html (363 words)

	Bryozoa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In their aquatic habitats, bryozoans may be found on all types of hard substrates: sand grains, rocks, shells, wood, blades of kelp, pipes and ships may be heavily encrusted with bryozoans.
		The tentacles of the bryozoans are ciliated, and the beating of the cilia creates a powerful current of water which drives water together with entrained food particles (mainly phytoplankton) towards the mouth.
		Cyclical degeneration and regeneration of the polypide is characteristic of marine bryozoans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bryozoa (1150 words)

	Explanation of biotope intolerance, recoverability and sensitivity assessments of Bugula spp. and other bryozoans on ...
		Bryozoan turfs form preferentially on steep surfaces and under overhangs and larvae preferentially settle under overhangs, presumably to avoid smothering and siltation (Ryland, 1977; Hartnoll, 1983).
		Most of the hydroid and bryozoan species within the biotope are recorded to the north or south of the British Isles and are unlikely to be adversely affected by long term increases in temperature at the benchmark level.
		Bryozoans are common members of the fouling community and amongst those organisms most resistant to antifouling measures, such as copper containing anti-fouling paints.
	www.marlin.ac.uk /biotopes/Bio_Sensexp_CR.Bug.htm (5644 words)

	Introduction to the Bryozoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Bryozoans, or "moss animals," are aquatic organisms, living for the most part in colonies of interconnected individuals.
		Bryozoan colonies range from millimeters to meters in size, but the individuals that make up the colonies are rarely larger than a millimeter.
		Bryozoans are considered nuisances by some: over 125 species are known to grow on the bottoms of ships, causing drag and reducing the efficiency and maneuverability of the fouled ships.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /bryozoa/bryozoa.html (253 words)

	Bryozoa - Definition, explanation
		Bryozoans ("moss animals") are tiny colonial animals that generally build stony skeletons of calcium carbonate, superficially similar to coral.
		Most bryozoans are sessile and immobile, but a few colonies are able to creep about, and a few species of non-colonial bryozoans live and move about in the spaces between sand grains.
		Bryozoans do not have any defined respiratory, circulatory or nerve systems due to their small size.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/b/br/bryozoa.php (669 words)

	Bryozoan Introduction
		Bryozoans, sometimes referred to as moss animals or ectoprocts are tiny, colonial organisms.
		Bryozoan diversity (as measured by number of species) within the Indian River Lagoon is approximately 1/3 that of bryozoa in coastal and offshore habitats (Winston 1995).
		Bryozoans are ecologically important in the Indian River Lagoon due to their feeding method.
	www.sms.si.edu /irlspec/IntroBryozoa.htm (974 words)

	Bryozoans
		The majority of bryozoans are marine (several thousand species), but one class, the Phylactolaemata, is found exclusively in fresh water.
		The basic ground plan of a bryozoan superficially appears to have more in common with a coral; they are, in fact, ecological analogs.
		Bryozoans and corals are in different phyla and are unrelated.
	www.bio.umass.edu /biology/conn.river/bryozoa.html (531 words)

	Bryozoans by Ronald L. Shimek, Ph.D. - Reefkeeping.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Bryozoans are often overlooked by casual observers, such as beachcombers or amateur naturalists, and probably because of this, I don't know of any of them that has a useful common name.
		Bryozoans are common space-occupying organisms on shallow water rocky or hard substrata throughout the world, and like many groups reach a great diversity of species number in the tropics.
		Bryozoans generally do not seem to be particularly adept competitors, and will not typically overgrow animals such as soft corals, corals or sponges.
	reefkeeping.com /issues/2003-10/rs/index.php (3145 words)

	inducable morphology in marine bryozoans
		Bryozoans are colonial organisms that form an important component of marine fouling communities in all of the world's oceans.
		Bryozoan colonies are made up of asexually produced modules called zooids, which typically consist of a calcareous exoskeleton and a feeding structure called the polypide.
		During the larval development period, prior to settlement and metamorphosis to the benthic form, the larvae are presumed to be dispersed considerable distances from the parental habitat.
	www.st-andrews.ac.uk /~merg/morphology.htm (946 words)

	The Bryozoans (Phylum Bryozoa)
		The Bryozoans are an ancient phylum of small to microscopic but fascinating and often beautiful animals that build intricate colonies.
		Colonies of Bryozoans are started by a single individual, which after its larval existence settles onto a substrate and after a little growth begins to reproduce asexually (by budding).
		All Bryozoans, as far as we know, are hermaphrodite (meaning they are both male and female).
	www.earthlife.net /inverts/bryozoa.html (2007 words)

	Bryozoans by Ronald L. Shimek, Ph.D. - Reefkeeping.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Bryozoans are often overlooked by casual observers, such as beachcombers or amateur naturalists, and probably because of this, I don't know of any of them that has a useful common name.
		Bryozoans are common space-occupying organisms on shallow water rocky or hard substrata throughout the world, and like many groups reach a great diversity of species number in the tropics.
		Bryozoans generally do not seem to be particularly adept competitors, and will not typically overgrow animals such as soft corals, corals or sponges.
	www.reefkeeping.com /issues/2003-10/rs/index.php (3145 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Several bryozoan species can be found in the Midwestern United States, especially in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky which used to be a part of a large ocean.
		With regard to the bryozoan groups lacking mineralized skeletons, the statoblasts of freshwater phylactolaemates have been recorded as far back as the Permian, and the ctenostome fossils date only from the Triassic.
		The Bryozoans were formerly considered to contain two subgroups: the Ectoprocta and the Entoprocta, based on the similar bodyplans and mode of life of these two groups.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=bryozoans (1135 words)

	Bryozoans
		Most bryozoans are marine, but a few dozen species live in freshwater habitats and a number these are known in South Dakota.
		The frequent occurrence of bryozoans in eutrophic wa ters indicates a high tolerance of both low oxygen and increased levels of toxic ions.
		Two main types of statoblast are formed: floatoblasts with a central capsule surrounded by a ring of air-filled cells serving in floatation; and sessoblasts t hat lack floatation cells and remain cemented to the living tissue or attached to solid objects.
	www.northern.edu /natsource/INVERT1/Bryozo1.htm (1754 words)

	reefED - GBR Explorer - Bryozoans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Bryozoan colonies come in a wide range of forms and sizes varying from plant-like forms to flat sheets.
		Bryozoans are often among the first animals to settle and grow on bare patches of the reef.
		Bryozoans on coral reefs form relatively small colonies and occur in environments such as caves and under coral plates.
	www.reefed.gbrmpa.gov.au /explorer/animals/marine_invertebrates/bryozoans/index.html (251 words)

	WD-BB-59 Bryozoans in New Hampshire Lakes
		Bryozoans are filter feeders that eat phytoplankton (algae) and detritus (organic matter from dead plants and animals).
		Bryozoans are immobile and attach to rocks, submerged trees, docks, or anything stable that is underwater.
		Bryozoans are not hazardous to human health and do not indicate a pollution problem.
	www.des.state.nh.us /factsheets/bb/bb-59.htm (509 words)

	Bryozoans and Freshwater Sponges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Bryozoans are tiny colonial animals that are fairly common in lakes and streams with suitable habitat.
		Bryozoan colonies grow by budding from the adult zooids.
		New colonies will establish from a free-swimming, microscopic larval stage or by growth of dormant spore-like "statoblasts." Most Bryozoans live in salt water, and of the 20 or so freshwater species found in North America, most are found in warm-water regions attached to plants, logs, rocks and other firm substrates.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/wq/plants/plantid2/descriptions/bryozoan.html (371 words)

	Bryozoans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Bryozoans, or "moss animals," are aquatic organisms that live in very highly populated colonies of interconnected individuals.
		Others, like the fossil bryozoans shown here, form lacy or fan-like colonies that in some regions may form an abundant component of limestones.
		Bryozoan colonies range from millimeters to meters in size, but the individuals that make up the colonies are rarely larger than a millimeter.
	www.animalweb.com /animalworld/showanimal.asp?iid=63 (190 words)

	Bryozoans are colonial animals
		Bryozoans have existed for hundreds of millions of years (since the early Ordovician) and are common fossils in marine deposits.
		All bryozoan colonies have feeding individuals with a funnel of ciliated tentacles to filter small particles of food from the water.
		Bryozoans are one of the main groups of fouling organisms, animals and plants that encrust ships, piers, buoys and other man-made structures in the oceans.
	www.angelfire.com /va3/bryozoans (709 words)

	Bryozoans
		Bryozoans are small colonial marine organisms closely related to brachiopods.
		Bryozoans are always colonial and almost always live in marine environments.
		Bryozoans are filter feeders, so prefer clear water to live in.
	www.wooster.edu /geology/Bryozoans.html (414 words)

	Sedgwick Museum - Wenlock creatures: Bryozoans
		Bryozoans, or ‘moss-animals’ are colonial animals which are common in shallow seawater.
		Bryozoans were very important parts of the Wenlock Reef, ‘baffling’ and trapping sediment in their skeletons.
		Bryozoans first appeared in the Ordovician, and are common in seas today.
	www.sedgwickmuseum.org /wenlock/creatures/bryozoans/index.html (159 words)

	Journal of Systematic Biology--Volume 8, Issue 1
		Holt (2000) and Margulis and Schwartz (1998) agree that Bryozoa and Endoprocta have a composition of a crown of tentacles, a stalk, and a calyx.
		But in the Bryozoans, the mouth lies within the U-shaped region of tentacles and the anus is outside the tentacle region (Pennak, 1953; Margulis and Schwartz 1998).
		Another difference between Bryozoans and Endoprocts is that the cilia on Endoprocts beat irregularly, while the cilia on the Bryozoans beat in regular waves (Margulis and Schwartz, 1998; Storer and Usinger, 1965; Bullough 1970).
	comenius.susqu.edu /bi/202/Journal/Vol8/number1/1Ron.html (2023 words)

	Caught and Coloured: Bryozoans
		Bryozoans (more popularly known as lace corals) are a phylum of modular marine invertebrates.
		A total of 309 species or varieties of bryozoans were illustrated in the Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria, making them by far the largest group of animals covered in the publication.
		Bryozoans are rarely the focus of taxonomists, therefore the number of species covered in the Prodromus, along with the clarity with which these cryptic animals were illustrated, has given their part of the publication long-standing value.
	www.museum.vic.gov.au /caughtandcoloured/Bryozoans.aspx (248 words)

	Ecology of Bugula spp. and other bryozoans on vertical moderately exposed circalittoral rock (CR.Bug)
		In temperate waters most bryozoan species tend to grow rapidly in spring and reproduce maximally in late summer, depending on temperature, day length and the availability of phytoplankton (Ryland, 1970).
		Several species of bryozoans and hydroids demonstrate seasonal cycles of growth in spring/summer and regression (die back) in late autumn/winter, over wintering as dormant stages or juvenile stages (see Ryland, 1976; Gili and Hughes, 1995; Hayward and Ryland, 1998).
		Seasonal storms probably affect the community, removing fronds of macroalgae (when present), the uprights of hydroids, bryozoans, some ascidians, starfish, sea urchins and mobile epifaunal species, especially where the biotope occurs on boulders or stones that may be mobilized by extreme water movement.
	www.marlin.ac.uk /biotopes/Bio_Eco_CR.Bug.htm (1259 words)

	BRYOZOANS
		Bryozoans are sessile (mostly), colonial organisms that form an external calcareous skeleton, such that they are often mistaken for corals.
		Bryozoans belong to the phylum bryozoa and along with phylum brachiopoda and phylum phoronida are assigned to the superphylum Lophophorata or Lophotrochozoa (depending on which research line you follow).
		Bryozoans are composed of a polymorphic, microscopic animal (the zooid) that secretes a calcareous macroscopic skeleton (the zooecium) in which it resides.
	dana.ucc.nau.edu /~hcd2 (625 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Listing Endangered and Threatened Species and Designating Critical Habitat: Petition To List ...
		NMFS feels that, due to the limited and preliminary nature of the sampling, this should not be used as a basis to assert that these bryozoans may not exist elsewhere and are threatened with extinction.
		The petitioners assert that, because bryozoan larvae are non-feeding organisms, they must settle on an appropriate grain of sand quickly and metamorphose to form a new colony before they die.
		Winston asserts that the Capron Shoal bryozoans for which ESA listing and protection are sought ``belong to the same order taxonomically as the bryozoan species which is the source of a potent anti-cancer agent, Bryostatin 1.'' She also asserts that ``Bryostatin 1 derives from the bryozoan Bugula species of bryozoan which is also present in...
	www.epa.gov /EPA-SPECIES/1999/May/Day-28/e13556.htm (1941 words)

	Freshwater bryozoan - Lophopus crystallinus: More Information - ARKive
		Bryozoans are a group of small aquatic animals that live as colonies.
		Bryozoans can reproduce either sexually, in which a free-swimming stage results, or asexually either through 'budding' or by the production of a dormant 'statoblast' stage.
		This bryozoan is a priority species under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan; the Species Action Plan aims to maintain all populations of the freshwater bryozoan and assist an increase in the species' range by 2010, perhaps using artificial substrata to aid research and monitoring (3).
	www.arkive.org /species/ARK/invertebrates_terrestrial_and_freshwater/Lophopus_crystallinus/more_info.html (669 words)

	Bryozoans (Bryozoa) on the Shores of Singapore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Bryozoans are believed to feed on bacteria and plankton.
		A bryozoan has a U-shaped digestive tract that brings its anus back to the opening in the house, next to the lophophore, for waste disposal.
		A bryozoan compound is part of the drug bryostatin which is being tested as an anti-cancer drug.
	www.wildsingapore.com /wildshores/bryozoa/bryozoan.htm (647 words)

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