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Topic: Brythonic

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	Brythonic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The modern Brythonic languages all derive from a common ancestral language termed British, Common Brythonic, Old Brythonic or Proto-Brythonic, which is thought to have developed from the Proto-Celtic language which was introduced to Britain from the middle second millennium BC (Hawkes, 1973).
		Brythonic languages were then spoken at least in the whole of Great Britain south of the rivers Forth and Clyde, presumably also including the Isle of Man.
		The Brythonic languages spoken in Scotland, the Isle of Man and England were displaced at the same time by Goidelic and Old English speaking invaders.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brythonic (917 words)

	Brythonic languages - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Brythonic is one of two major divisions of Insular Celtic languages (the other being Goidelic).
		Brythonic languages are thought to have disappeared from Scotland after Irish colonists brought a Goidelic language with them from their home island.
		A few British survivals are thought to be largely or wholly Brythonic in origin: some place-names (bre-, bal-, and -dun for hills, carr for a high rocky place, coomb for a small deep valley); domestic words (hubbub, iron, peat, bucket, crock, noggin, gob, nook); and folk-names for badgers (brock) and their burrows (set).
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /brythonic_languages.htm (511 words)

	Brythonic Tradition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Brythons live as a family based group, and instead of initiating newcomers, they are adopted into the family through an adoption ritual.
		The Brythonic tradition is dedicated to the Lady and Lord of this land of Britain, and deity names are those of the Brythonic/Welsh heritage, for example the Goddesses Cerridwen and Rhiannon.
		The Brythonic tradition bases its practices on religion as practised by the ancient Brythonic tribes who inhabited much of Wales, Scotland and England before being pushed to the far reaches of Wales, Scotland and Cornwall by the invading Romans in the years after 55BCE.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/europe/brython.html (238 words)

	Encyclopedia: Brythonic languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The modern Brythonic languages all derive from a common ancestral language termed Common Brythonic, Old Brythonic or Proto-Brythonic, which is thought to have developed from the Proto-Celtic language which was introduced to Britain from the middle second millennium BC (Hawkes, 1973).
		It is probable that during this period common Brythonic was differentiated into at least two major dialect groups- Southwestern and Western (in addition we may posit additional dialects spoken in what is now England which have left little or no evidence).
		Once, Brythonic languages encompassed most of Great Britain and Ireland – though in Ireland it was replaced with Goidelic when Gaels invaded sometime between 500 and 100 BC, but they were driven to the fringes of Britain by the invasions of the Angles,
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Brythonic-languages (2493 words)

	Brythonic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Brythonic is one of two major divisions of Insular Celtic languages (the other being Goidelic), Also known as P-Celtic for the way it uses a "P" to begin words that began with "kʷ" in Proto-Indo-European.
		Once, Brythonic languages encompassed most of Great Britain and Ireland (though in Ireland it was replaced with Goidelic when Gaels invaded sometime between 500 and 100
		B.C.), but they were driven to the fringes of that island by the invasions of the Angles, Saxon s, and Jutes which brought English to Britain.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Brythonic.html (152 words)

	Southwestern Brythonic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Southwestern Brythonic is one of two dialects into which the Brythonic language split following the Battle of Deorham in A.D., the other being Western Brythonic, which later evolved into Welsh and Cumbric.
		It is the common ancestor of Cornish and Breton, which in the opinion of some (such as Schrijver) did not become distinct before the 12th century, the terms "Old Cornish" and "Old Breton" being geographical rather than linguistic.
		Other significant differences are found in Welsh innovations that Southwestern Brythonic did not participate in, such as the development of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Southwestern_Brythonic_language (291 words)

	Celtic deities, mythological beings and historical figures
		Dea Matrona In Continental Brythonic mythology, Dea Matrona was the goddess of the river Marne in Gaul.
		Govannon (Goibniu) In Insular Brythonic mythology, Govannon (Welsh) was the son of Danu and Beli or Brigid and Tuireann.
		Sirona In Continental Brythonic mythology, Sirona was a goddess of astronomy and fertility, wife of Grannus.
	www.mandrake-press.co.uk /Definitions/celticmythbeings.html (13655 words)

	BBC - History - Latin and Brythonic AD 48 - 400 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		On the eve of the Roman invasion, the inhabitants of Wales, and indeed those of the whole of southern Britain were Brythonic in speech.
		The fact that Latin did not replace Brythonic as the language of society as a whole indicates that Romanisation did not penetrate into the very marrow of the inhabitants of Wales as it did in the greater part of Western Europe.
		Yet Brythonic did borrow many words from Latin, particularly words for things foreign to the Britons before the coming of the Romans - for example, the words for window, book and fort and much of the vocabulary of Christian practice and belief.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/timelines/wales/brythonic.shtml (239 words)

	Labara: Introduction to the Celtic Languages
		The structure of the language was influenced by the Brythonic then spoken in the area.
		The true threat to Brythonic language, however, came with the Anglo-Saxon invaders in the fifth and sixth centuries CE, who soon occupied the eastern part of Britain.
		Wales came under English control in 1282 with the murder of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, the last native prince of Wales4; and with the Acts of Union in the sixteenth century, Wales was annexed to England and Welsh was scheduled to be "utterly extirp'd".
	www.keltria.org /journal/labara1.htm (2874 words)

	BBC - History - The Gododdin 590 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Gododdin were a Brythonic speaking people and it is among them that recorded Welsh literature began.
		The Gododdin, a poem of 1,480 lines, is preserved in a 13th-century manuscript; the work of the poet Aneirin, its core is believed to have been composed in c.590.
		Aneirin was not the sole famous poet of the Brythonic kingdoms of the Old North.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/timelines/wales/gododdin.shtml (311 words)

	Who Were the Celts
		The Celtic languages form two major groups, the Brythonic, or those found primarily in Britain: Cornish, Welsh, and Breton (the latter because of emigration across the English Channel); and Gaelic: those primarily found in Ireland, the Isle of Man, and Scotland.
		Brythonic, the P-Celtic common linguistic ancestor to Welsh, Breton and Cornish, was spoken all over present-day Wales, Cornwall, England and even in the south of Scotland from approximately 500 BCE, surviving through Roman occupation (from approximately 43CE to the early 5th century).
		Latin being spoken by the Roman arrivals in Britain, the Brythonic tongue was soon being influenced by the new language; however, when the Romans departed, Latin began to fall into disuse, Brythonic remaining the more widely-spoken language.
	www.paganuniverse.com /bos/articles/whowerecelts2.html (2827 words)

	Brythonic Divinities (Section II Chapter V) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Brythonic Divinities (Section II Chapter V) ‘On the one hand we have the man Arthur, whose position we have tried to define, and on the other a greater Arthur, a more colossal figure, of which we have, so to speak, but a torso rescued from the wreck of the Celtic pantheon.’ — The Right Hon.
		The old romances of the Brythons were cultivated and revised, and written down by men and women of literary genius.
		Our study of the literary evolution of the Brythonic fairy-romances shows that as early as about the year 800 Arthurian traditions were known, though possibly Arthur himself never had historical existence.
	www.allstarz.org /religioustext/neu/celt/ffcc/ffcc250.htm (5707 words)

	Encyclopedia: List of Brythonic languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Brythonic languages include 3 (SIL estimate) surviving languages and dialects spoken mainly in Europe; this language group is a part of the Celtic language family.
		The meanings of Britain and British have evolved over time and as they have gained political significance.
		In manuscripts of the Anglo-Saxon chronicle there is a reference to the inhabitants having migrated to the islands from " Armenia " but most historians believe this was a mistake in transcription and that the actual origin of the islanders was
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/List-of-Brythonic-languages (261 words)

	Etymological list of counties of the United Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Shire of Clackmannan: "The stone of Manau", a district of the Brythonic people of the Forth area.
		Territory of the Cymry ('Cymry' was the Brythonic word to describe Britons, similar to 'Cymru' (Wales))
		Shire of York: Originally Brythonic meaning 'yew tree', which was misunderstood by the English and Vikings to mean 'boar settlement'.
	www.paloweb.com /wikipedia.asp?l=en&pages=Etymological+list+of+counties+of+the+United+Kingdom (1098 words)

	Fatboy's Sig - Ancient Roman Empire Forums
		Brythonic developed later on the continent but did not readily spread to the islands.
		The most obvious difference between the two is the substitution in Brythonic of a P for the Q in Goidelic.
		The sound represented by Q in goidelic was later replaced by a hard C while the P remained in Brythonic.
	www.unrv.com /forum/index.php?act=ST&f=17&t=1508&view=new& (1278 words)

	Goidelic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Goidelic languages were once restricted to Ireland but in the 6th century Irish colonists and invaders began migrating Scotland and eventually assimilated the Brythonic language who lived there.
		Manx the former common of the Isle of Man is descended from the Gaelic spoken north east Ireland and the now extinct of Galloway (Scotland) with heavy influence from Norse because of the Viking invasions.
		All the other living Celtic languages belong the Brythonic branch of Celtic which includes Welsh Breton and Cornish.
	www.freeglossary.com /Goidelic_languages (466 words)

	Revision (i
		And the local Brits suffered an epidemic and their numbers were further reduced to 11,000, Brythonic 7000 and Latin 4000.
		Although I started off being sceptical that the Germans would not be numerous enough to replace the Brythonic language when this proposal was suggested to me, it is possible that this could have happened.
		into two parts, the Brythonic speakers living in their place name strongholds and the Germans conquered the other half, they would only need half the numbers to bring their percentage up to near the linguistic model.
	www.glaucus.org.uk /Revision.htm (621 words)

	celtlang (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Gaulish: was spoken in northern Italy and France during the time of Roman Republic but died out around the 6th century AD Brythonic: was the language of the Celtic inhabitants of Britain and is the ancestor of Welsh, Cornish and Breton.
		Brythonic words taken into English from the mid-5th century AD brocc from Brythonic *broccos (cf Old Irish brocc; Welsh broch and Gaelic broc "badger).
		Considering that little of the Brythonic language survives in place-names it seems extraordinary that it should survive in an entire sequence of numerals.
	www.yorksj.ac.uk /dialect/celtlang.htm (2140 words)

	BBC - WW2 People's War - brythonic shamanism - U195676
		I have never heard the term Brythonic used with shamanism before either.
		Brythonic was a term "created" to describe the peoples of Britain before the coming of the Romans, it is fair to say that it applies to the indigenous tribes of Britain itself as opposed to the name "Celtic" which applied to the indigenous tribes of Europe during the Iron age.
		This form of shamanism isn’t some great secret that has been revealed to me, I made up the name because I find the use of the word "Celtic” has become overused nowadays and a bit of a cliché.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/ww2/U195676 (688 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Following the disaster of 1093 the 12th century proved ultimately to be a period of recovery and consolidation for the Brythonic dynasties, with the foundations being laid for future advance.
		That created a new political equilibrium in which the elimination of Brythonic power was no longer a practical objective.
		Given Brythonic recognition of Norman overlordship leading Welsh princes could now be granted authority within the Norman supremacy.
	www.tourism.powys.gov.uk /~sionp/hanesfa.celticawales.com/celts/page/p66.txt (569 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		But for the availability of a Brythonic speaking foederati who were available to be imported into Brythonic speaking part of the Roman Empire, it is questionable whether the Welsh language would have survived beyond that historical juncture.
		The surviving evidence of the nature of the Brythonic language is largely that immortalised by Brythonic and Irish rulers seeking to consolidate their position within the Latin speaking Roman world.
		It is worthy of note that the expansive phase to Christianity, so evident in the 5th and 6th centuries continued subsequently and was to have a major impact on the faith in continental Europe.
	www.tourism.powys.gov.uk /~sionp/hanesfa.celticawales.com/celts/page/p54.txt (484 words)

	5th-7th C Brythonic Women's Names (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This is a mini-article exploring the question of what we know about the names of people living in the Brythonic-speaking kingdoms in the north of Britain between the end of the Roman period and the final political absorption of those kingdoms by non-Brythonic-speaking dynasties.
		(Throughout this article I have used the word "Brythonic" to refer to the language family as a whole, and "Brittonic" to refer to the language that was, loosely speaking, the common ancestor of that family.
		In defining "women of the Brythonic north", I've cast the net over both those born into families associated with the northern Brythonic kingdoms and those who married into those families (typically women originating in Wales).
	www.s-gabriel.org /names/tangwystyl/brythonic (2039 words)

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