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Topic: Bt corn

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	Bt Corn and Monarch Butterflies
		Bt 176 was the earliest developed Bt corn and was quickly supplanted by other types; it has never been planted on more than 2 percent of all the acres planted with corn.
		Bt corn was developed as a way of providing corn with natural resistance to some pests, particularly the European corn borer and to a lesser extent the corn earworm, the southwestern corn borer, and the lesser cornstalk borer.
		Since Bt corn was introduced, use of pesticides recommended for European corn borer control decreased from 6 million to slightly over 4 million acre treatments in 1999, a drop of about one-third, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/br/btcorn (1997 words)

	Transgenic maize - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bt corn is a variant of maize, genetically altered to express the bacterial Bt toxin, which is poisonous to insect pests.
		In the case of corn, the pest is the European Corn Borer.
		StarLink was a variety of Bt corn patented by Aventis Crop Sciences (a subdivision of Aventis, acquired by Bayer AG in 2002).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bt_corn (896 words)

	Encyclopedia: Bt corn
		Currently there are two traits that have been engineereds into corn, these are resistance to the herbicides and incorporation of a gene that codes for the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin, protecting plants from insect pests.
		Herbicide resistant corn is grown in the United States and was approved for import into the EU in 2004.
		Bt corn is a variant of maize, genetically altered by methods of to express the bacterial Bt toxin, which is poisonous to insect pests.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Bt-corn (454 words)

	Bioengineering - Bt Corn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Bt corn, a genetically modified organism (GMO), has been both the poster-child and thorn in the side of the plant biotechnology industry from the late 1990’s to present.
		Bt corn may be toxic to non-target organisms, transgenic genes may escape to related corn species, and the ECB and other pests may become resistant to Cry proteins.
		Bt corn is brilliantly simple in design yet enigmatic: its great potential can not be banned or postponed, yet its extensive use may jeopardize both humans and the environment.
	www.bioteach.ubc.ca /Bioengineering/btcorn (1487 words)

	Managing Corn Pests with Bt Corn
		Bt corn hybrids are a highly effective and economical alternative to conventional insecticide treatments, if targeted pest activity is at economically significant levels.
		Corn plants containing the gene can produce delta endotoxin and therefore be toxic to insects that are susceptible to that form of the protein.
		If European corn borer is a problem in your area you would lose the benefits of Bt corn for this pest until hybrids are available that contain events that target both pests.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/crops/00708.html (3013 words)

	Monarchs and Bt corn: questions and answers \| Integrated Crop Management
		Bt pollen from event 176 (KnockOut), which was known to express the protein in the pollen, was intentionally used in the study.
		Results from 3,334 Bt corn producers in a 1997 survey from six states showed that 29.5 percent of these farmers were planting Bt corn with the intent of eliminating insecticide use for European corn borer control.
		Bt corn has proven to be a valuable pest management option for the corn producer.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/icm/1999/6-14-1999/monarchbt.html (1572 words)

	Bt-Corn for Corn Borer Control \| University of Kentucky Entomology
		If there is enough corn borer activity to cause an average of 1 cavity per stalk in a susceptible hybrid at the end of the season, then you would save $12.55 per acre using Bt corn versus no corn borer control at all.
		Table 2 indicates that when corn borer populations are at the level that would result in an average of one cavity in every 4 plants in an untreated susceptible hybrid, the use of the hybrids would not be justified.
		Corn borers can attack corn planted at any time, but usually first generation damage is most severe in early planted corn and late planted corn is more severely damaged by second generation European corn borer and southwestern corn borer.
	www.ca.uky.edu /entomology/entfacts/ef118.asp (2924 words)

	Bt corn reduces serious birth defects
		Bt preparations have been safely used for years in agriculture and are one of few insect control methods used in organic agriculture.
		It is not unusual for Bt corn to have one-tenth to one-twentieth the amount of fumonisin that is found on organic and conventional corn varieties.
		Genetically improved Bt corn kernels are less often damaged by insects, greatly reducing the chance of fumonisin contamination and its harmful effect.
	westernfarmpress.com /news/10-27-04-Bt-corn-birth-defects/index.html (1238 words)

	Bt Corn Growers' Guide Now Available (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		As the usefulness of Bt corn hybrids becomes more widely accepted and Bt corn acreage expands, corn producers (and seed companies, researchers, extension personnel, and government regulators) have a keen interest in preserving the effectiveness of this technology for the long term, including minimizing the potential build up of ECB resistance to Bt.
		Bt corn fields must be planted within 400 metres (1/4 mile) of the non-Bt refuge.
		Although Bt corn is effective against the European corn borer it will not eliminate corn diseases or other common corn insect pests such as cutworms, wireworms, white grubs, seedcorn maggots, corn rootworms, aphids or mites.
	www.ontariocorn.org /ocpmag/nov99rr.html (730 words)

	Bt Corn Stands Tall
		European corn borers or their damage, on the other hand, were difficult to find.
		With a light corn borer population this year, guys in this area are guessing that there won't be many overwintering and the population could be light again next year.
		When we harvested the plots, the Bt corn was all standing while the plots around it were broken down.
	www.cornandsoybeandigest.com /mag/soybean_bt_corn_stands/index.html (1078 words)

	Bt corn not working
		"Bt corn hybrids [GE corn] are an unproven technology in the South.
		Bt corn should effectively control Southwestern and European corn borers and have moderate control on corn earworms and fall armyworms.
		corn insecticide use by 1% to 2% of corn acres, or 714,000 to 1.4
	member.tripod.com /~ngin/spray.htm (783 words)

	Week 3: Genomics: Recent Advances in Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In the U.S. and Canada alone, corn damage and control costs are in excess of one billion dollars each year.
		The reason such a large proportion of corn is destroyed is because an insect, the European corn borer, lays its eggs on the stalk and leaves of the plant.
		The newly hatched larvae feed on the plant, then chew a shallow layer of cells that is enough to damage the whole corn plant.
	www.amnh.org /learn/pd/genetics/scenarios/scenario_btcorn.html (109 words)

	Bt Corn & European Corn Borer
		Irrigated corn with its higher yields is monitored closely for insect pests, such as European corn borer and the southwestern corn borer, and is treated frequently with insecticides.
		Bt corn technology is so new that performance data from research and extension entomologists are limited.
		Bt corn reduces the European corn borer population in a field and, depending on prevalence of Bt corn in the area, influences the local European corn borer population.
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/cropsystems/DC7055.html (6095 words)

	Bt Corn
		Bt corn: Bt corns express the natural toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) which acts as a pesticide against mainly the European Corn-borer whose infections previously have resulted in reduced yield.
		Monarchs have also lost their habitats previous to the creation of Bt corn, so Bt corn being seen as the major culprit by the public would be misleading.
		He does not think that Bt toxin is strong enough to prevent resistance acquisition, but that either stronger toxins should be used or larger refuges should be mandated, where resistent pests are allowed to mate with susceptible one to dilute the resistant alleles, which need to inherited recessively.
	www.bol.ucla.edu /~snarayan/Bt.html (1290 words)

	Bollgard/Bollworm Debate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This was the first commercial year of Bt hybrid availablility for corn growers in the U.S. Bt corn is a "transgenic" crop, that is, the plants have a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, inserted into their own genetic material.
		But, there is an important assumption to this analysis which states that Bt corn will pay off in 50-80% of the corn fields in the U.S., and this is that the Bt hybrids have equal yield potential of the non-Bt hybrids.
		In the end, yield of the corn hybrid will be some combination of having a good yielding hybrid to begin with, and having the addition of the Bt gene, or for that matter future gene insertions which may give protection for other insects (we are told that corn rootworm transgenics are just around the corner!).
	www.pmac.net /hector.htm (598 words)

	AMSQ - BT Corn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Bt corn hybrids with an improved resistance to corn borer have been available to Quebec producers since 1996.
		Bt and non-Bt seed must not be mixed in the planter (boxes have to be cleaned between planting of these two kinds of corn) and finally the refuge must be sown in strips of six rows or more.
		Preventing insect resistance to Bt protein is a condition required by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency for the marketing of Bt corn.
	www.fpccq.qc.ca /amsq/english/tech1_a.html (345 words)

	Choosing a Bt Transgenic Corn Hybrid, NF00-409
		These Bt-transgenic corn hybrids offer a degree of control of European corn borer larvae that is far greater than that of native resistance previously available in corn hybrids, and equal to or greater than that of conventional insecticide applications.
		Efficacy of this event against second generation larvae that attack corn during grain fill may be reduced due to lack of expression in the silk and developing ear and the decreasing Bt protein production that occurs as the plant senesces.
		Corn borer larvae feeding on Bt corn are exposed to the Bt toxin at much higher levels than from use of foliar Bt insecticides.
	ianrpubs.unl.edu /fieldcrops/nf409.htm (1633 words)

	Articles: Farmers
		In addition, the biotech corn had double the yields — 2.8 tons per acre instead of the 1.4 tons he had been averaging with conventional hybrid corn.
		In addition, the biotech corn is often safer than conventional varieties because it has less damage from corn borers that burrow into corn stalks and kernels, allowing fungi to enter and produce a mold that is harmful to humans and animals.
		With the extra money he earned planting biotech corn, Paraluman said he was able to double the amount of land he irrigates and add on to his house, which, in addition to his wife and two daughters, is home to his mother, sister and her two children.
	www.whybiotech.com /index.asp?id=4488 (1118 words)

	Bt corn and stalk rots \| Integrated Crop Management
		Corn stalk rot, lodging and Bt corn in 2000
		Corn borer infestations in those plots were naturally occurring and were not severe.
		Obviously the relationships among stalk rots, European corn borers, and Bt hybrids are not clear-cut.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/icm/1999/2-15-1999/btcornandsr.html (537 words)

	Bt-Corn for Corn Borer Control \| University of Kentucky Entomology
		Bt corn does not require any specialized equipment so it is available to farms of all sizes.
		Corn borer populations can vary in size from year to year and are not predictable.
		Bt corn that provide full season control have reduced damage by corn earworm and fall armyworm by 50 to 70%.
	www.uky.edu /Ag/Entomology/entfacts/fldcrops/ef118.htm (2924 words)

	Study Questions Widespread Use of Bt Corn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The scientists say current regulations that allow the use of Bt corn focus too narrowly on the toxicity aspect to specific insect species.
		The article, "Transgenic Insecticidal Corn: Beyond Insecticidal Toxicity to Ecological Complexity," is a review of recent scientific studies that detail Bt corn's effects on insects and other microorganisms.
		It also looks at planting rates of Bt corn, use rates of insecticides and yield studies of resultant crops from U.S. Midwest states.
	www.biotech-info.net /study_questions.html (361 words)

	Bt-Corn: What It Is and How It Works \| University of Kentucky Entomology
		In addition, corn is used to make high fructose corn syrup, which is used as a sweetener in many foods such as soft drinks and baked goods.
		In the case of Bt corn, the donor organism is a naturally occurring soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, and the gene of interest produces a protein that kills Lepidoptera larvae, in particular, European corn borer.
		Growers use Bt corn as an alternative to spraying insecticides for control of European and southwestern corn borer.
	www.ca.uky.edu /entomology/entfacts/ef130.asp (866 words)

	Articles: Consumers
		Biotech corn may actually be safer to eat than conventional varieties — particularly in some developing countries — because it has built-in protection against insect pests that burrow into corn kernels, creating conditions for a mold to develop that can be harmful to both humans and animals.
		"Minimizing insect damage through Bt corn has significantly reduced concentrations of fumonisin in food and feed," said Clive James, the author of the report from ISAAA, a nonprofit organization whose mission is to help alleviate hunger and poverty by sharing crop biotechnology applications.
		"Bt corn is protected against damage from corn borers and consistently has 90 percent less fumonisin than conventional plants," said a 2000 report from the American Academy of Microbiology titled, 100 Years of Bacillus Thuringiensis: A Critical Scientific Assessment.
	www.whybiotech.com /index.asp?id=4213&trackid=4226 (1011 words)

	Bt Corn for Corn Rootworms? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Unlike the Bt corn hybrids currently on the market that protect against stalk and ear tunneling from European corn borer, these new "rootworm-protected" Bt corn hybrids are designed to protect corn roots from the ravages of western and northern corn rootworm feeding.
		If you recall, 1996 marked the first year that transgenic Bt corn hybrids were available to growers for controlling European corn borer, a major pest of corn throughout the U.S. corn belt and mid-Atlantic states.
		Given the recent announcement by Monsanto, as well as the tremendous efforts being made in the Bt arena by other genetic engineering and large seed development companies, I fully expect that Bt corn hybrids with resistance to corn rootworms will be available to Virginia corn growers within the next five years.
	www.ext.vt.edu /news/periodicals/cses/1998-12/1998-12-02.html (425 words)

	ipedia.com: Bt corn Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Bt corn is a variant of corn, genetically altered by methods of biotechnology to become poisonous for insects.
		This was achieved by inserting a gene from the soil-dwelling microorganism Bacillus thuri...
		Bt corn is a variant of corn (aka maize), genetically altered by methods of biotechnology to become poisonous for insects.
	www.ipedia.com /bt_corn.html (190 words)

	Bt Corn: Less Insect Damage, Lower Mycotoxin Levels, Healthier Corn / April 26, 2000 / News from the USDA Agricultural ...
		Bt corn that has been genetically modified to prevent damage by European corn borers may also be less likely to harbor mycotoxins, toxins produced by fungi on corn ears, according to an Agricultural Research Service entomologist.
		Patrick F. Dowd found fumonisin levels 30- to 40-fold lower in Bt corn than in non-Bt varieties in Illinois cornfields.
		While Bt corn is modified mainly to resist European corn borers, Bt corn also showed lower levels of mycotoxins when corn earworms were present in fields, although not as significant a reduction as when European corn borers were the primary insect pest.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/pr/2000/000426.htm (249 words)

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