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Topic: Bubble fusion

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	Strange Horizons Articles: Fusion Future, by Paul Lucas
		One form of inertial confinement fusion is found in hydrogen bombs, where radiation pressure from a surrounding nuclear fission chain reaction (an A-bomb) is used to compress the deuterium in the bomb's core to fusion conditions.
		The main advantage of bubble fusion is that while it still generates the extremes needed to create fusion, the bubbles in which they're created are so tiny as to pose no real risk to the outside environment.
		Though the "cold fusion" technique first announced in 1989 seems currently unworkable, both bubble fusion and muon-catalyzed fusion point the way to how small, portable fusion generators may someday be made to work without vast amounts of shielding or magnetic containment.
	www.strangehorizons.com /2006/20060904/fusion-a.shtml (4098 words)

	Researchers Report Bubble Fusion Results Replicated
		This approach, called bubble fusion, and the new experimental results are being published in an extensively peer-reviewed article titled "Additional Evidence of Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavitation," which is scheduled to be posted on Physical Review E's Web site and published in its journal this month.
		At Rensselaer and in Russia, Professors Lahey and Robert I. Nigmatulin performed the theoretical analysis of the bubble dynamics and predicted the shock-induced pressures, temperatures, and densities in the imploding vapor bubbles.
		Block is a fellow of the ANS and is the longtime director of the Gaerttner Linear Accelerator (LINAC) Laboratory at Rensselaer.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/energy-tech-04n.html (749 words)

	Are days numbered for 'bubble fusion'? - fundamentals - 18 March 2006 - New Scientist
		THE prospect of cheap energy from tabletop "bubble fusion" seems as far from reality as ever, with its biggest proponent under scrutiny following the failure of others to reproduce his results.
		Bubble fusion is the idea that blasting a liquid with sound can make bubbles grow within it and then collapse, generating high enough temperatures to trigger thermonuclear fusion.
		Naranjo concludes there is less than a one in a million chance that fusion could have produced the observed spectrum.
	www.newscientist.com /channel/fundamentals/mg18925432.900-are-days-numbered-for-bubble-fusion.html (342 words)

	Halfbakery: 2 fusion devices
		At present, the usefulness of current "bubble" fusion technologies are limited to laboratory curiosities, and are completely ineffective as a source of power.
		With regards to the size issue, the nature of bubble fusion favors smaller sizes, especially when compared to other proposed methods for fusion power generation (which typically entail entire buildings or large complexes).
		Fusion provides the potential for extremely high energy densities (consider the yield of the typical hydrogen bomb!) By tapping this enormous power through the use of controlled, micro-fusion implosions, such a portable power device could provide a nearly indefinate stream of power.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/2_20fusion_20devices (4556 words)

	ZPEnergy.com - Bubble Fusion takes next hurdle
		Bubble Fusion now says that these conditions are even extreme enough to cause nuclear fusion when acetone is used where light hydrogen has been replaced by heavy hydrogen (deuterium).
		Thermonuclear fusion of two deuterium nuclei is indicated by the production of either a helium-3 nucleus and a neutron or the heaviest hydrogen isotope, tritium, and a proton.
		Indeed it is difficult separating the fusion neutrons from the background which is due to the neutron source.
	www.zpenergy.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1412 (1508 words)

	IEEE Spectrum: Bubble Power
		Unleashed through a fusion reactor of some sort, the energy from 1 gram of deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, would be equivalent to that produced by burning 7000 liters of gasoline.
		It is hard to imagine that mere sound waves can possibly produce in the bubbles, even briefly, the extreme temperatures and pressures created by the lasers or magnetic fields, which themselves replicate the interior conditions of stars like our sun, where fusion occurs steadily.
		Its five founders are Boston University; Impulse Devices Inc. in Grass Valley, Calif.; Purdue University; the University of Mississippi in Oxford; and the University of Washington in Seattle.
	spectrum.ieee.org /may05/1119 (413 words)

	Evidence bubbles over to support tabletop nuclear fusion device
		The bubbles then expand to a much larger size, about 6,000 microns, or millionths of a meter – large enough to be seen with the unaided eye.
		Because the bubbles grow to such a relatively large size before they implode, their contraction causes extreme temperatures and pressures comparable to those found in the interiors of stars.
		Fusion of deuterium atoms emits neutrons that fall within a specific energy range of 2.5 mega-electron volts or below, which was the level of energy seen in neutrons produced in the experiment.
	news.uns.purdue.edu /html4ever/2004/0400302.Taleyarkhan.fusion.html (1586 words)

	Nuclear Fusion From Bubbles Blasted With Sound
		Tritium gas, a radioactive by-product of deuterium-deuterium bubble fusion, is actually a part of the fuel, which can be consumed in deuterium-tritium fusion reactions.
		At Rensselaer and in Russia, Professors Lahey and Robert I. Nigmatulin performed the theoretical analysis of the bubble dynamics and predicted the shock-induced pressures, temperatures, and densities in the imploding vapor bubbles.
		Fusion of deuterium atoms emits neutrons that fall within a specific energy range of 2.5 mega-electron volts or below, which was the level of energy seen in neutrons produced in the experiment.
	www.scienceagogo.com /news/20040202192718data_trunc_sys.shtml (1475 words)

	Bubble fusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bubble fusion or sonofusion is the common name for a nuclear fusion reaction hypothesized to occur during sonoluminescence, an extreme form of acoustic cavitation; officially, this reaction is termed acoustic inertial confinement fusion (AICF) since the inertia of the collapsing bubble wall confines the energy causing a rise in temperature.
		The sensitivity of the fusion rate to temperature, which is in turn a function of how small the bubbles get when they collapse, in combination with the likely sensitivity of the latter to fine experimental details, may account for the fact that some research workers have claimed to see an effect, while others have not.
		In 2004, new claims of bubble fusion were made by the Taleyarkhan group, claiming that the results of previous experiments have been replicated under more stringent experimental conditions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bubble_fusion (2539 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Fusion controversy rekindled
		It is within these collapsed bubbles, the researchers say, that the nuclei of atoms fuse, releasing energy in the same way that the Sun does.
		In fusion, the nuclei of two atoms of deuterium - a heavy form of hydrogen - are pushed together to form helium or tritium - another form of hydrogen - with the release of energy.
		It is believed that the bubble collapse causes a momentary shock wave that creates high pressures, high temperatures and a flash of light, which scientists call sonoluminescence.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1855000/1855672.stm (916 words)

	Pyroelectric fusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pyroelectric fusion is a technique for achieving nuclear fusion by using an electric field generated by pyroelectric crystals to accelerate deuterium ions (tritium might also be used someday) into a metal hydride target also containing deuterium (or tritium) with sufficient kinetic energy to cause these ions to fuse together.
		The novel idea with this approach to fusion is in its application of the pyroelectric effect to generate a strong electric field (gigavolts per meter), by heating the crystal from −30°C to +45°C in a few minutes.
		This development is not related to earlier claims of fusion having been observed during sonoluminescence (bubble fusion).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pyroelectric_fusion (584 words)

	Bubble fusion makes controversial return - Advanced Physics Forums (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In sonoluminescence, the bubbles in a liquid emit light when they are forced to expand and collapse by sound waves.
		Physicists believe that the pressures and temperatures inside the collapsing bubbles could be high enough to initiate nuclear reactions.
		Taleyarkhan, who was then based at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, claimed that the temperature inside the collapsing bubbles was in excess of a million degrees - high enough for two deuterium nuclei to undergo a fusion reaction (Science 295 1868).
	www.advancedphysics.org /forum/showthread.php?t=414 (590 words)

	The Newark Metro: Internet Café Boasts Bubble Tea and Success (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fusion Ti’s main attraction is its large menu of bubble teas—drinks offering a twist on the common tea-drinking experience.
		Fusion Ti’s owners and staff are constantly inventing new bubble tea recipes, and customers are more than welcome to customize their drink orders.
		Their ultimate goal is to make Fusion Ti, whose name “fusion” represents the collaboration of the organic and the inorganic, reflective of the café’s combination of bubble tea and technology, into a franchise.
	www.newarkmetro.rutgers.edu /reports/display.php?id=112 (1251 words)

	Cold Fusion is Back: Results replicated for Bubble Fusion - CWS Talk! - ChristianWebSite.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the late afternoon of January 24, the academic calm of Japan's Hokkaido University was shattered by an explosion in one of its laboratories.
		Fusion is a tremendous source of energy; the reason we're not using it to meet our everyday energy needs is that it's very hard to get a fusion reaction going.
		The whole trick with fusion is you've got to get protons close enough together for the strong force to overcome their electrical repulsion and merge them together into a nucleus.
	www.botcw.com /talk/showthread.php?p=146030 (4710 words)

	Researchers report bubble fusion results replicated
		This approach, called bubble fusion, and the new experimental results are being published in an extensively peer-reviewed article titled "Additional Evidence of Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavitation," which is scheduled to be posted on Physical Review E's Web site and published in its journal this month.
		Tritium gas, a radioactive by-product of deuterium-deuterium bubble fusion, is actually a part of the fuel, which can be consumed in deuterium-tritium fusion reactions.
		At Rensselaer and in Russia, Professors Lahey and Robert I. Nigmatulin performed the theoretical analysis of the bubble dynamics and predicted the shock-induced pressures, temperatures, and densities in the imploding vapor bubbles.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-03/rpi-rrb030204.php (766 words)

	Physics News Update
		Bubble fusion, the apparent generation of fusion energy through the violent collapse of bubbles in a liquid tank, has been reported in a paper about to be published in Physical Review E (Taleyarkhan et al.
		According to Galonsky, the authors have not demonstrated that the sonofusion data for neutron emission is free of gamma-rays.
		While separating neutron and gamma-ray signals is challenging, it is necessary to have a clean neutron-only spectrum to have an unambiguous demonstration of nuclear fusion.
	www.aip.org /enews/physnews/2004/split/675-3.html (275 words)

	RPI: News & Events - Bubble Fusion Research Progresses
		He recently presented the team's latest bubble fusion results at the annual meeting of the American Nuclear Society and at an international conference in Poland.
		Fusion power holds great potential for solving the world's energy problems, and Lahey says it could eliminate many of the drawbacks currently associated with nuclear power.
		In bubble fusion, cavitation bubbles form, and rapidly grow, when liquid inside an ultrasonic pressure field is struck with high-energy neutrons.
	news.rpi.edu /update.do?artcenterkey=212&setappvar=page(1) (522 words)

	IEEE Spectrum: Bubble Power
		Unleashed through a fusion reactor of some sort, the energy from 1 gram of deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, would be equivalent to that produced by burning 7000 liters of gasoline.
		Today, researchers are using enormous lasers or powerful magnetic fields to trigger limited fusion reactions among deuterium and other hydrogen isotopes.
		It is hard to imagine that mere sound waves can possibly produce in the bubbles, even briefly, the extreme temperatures and pressures created by the lasers or magnetic fields, which themselves replicate the interior conditions of stars like our sun, where fusion occurs steadily.
	www.spectrum.ieee.org /may05/1119 (413 words)

	Bubble fusion makes controversial return (March 2004) - News - PhysicsWeb
		In sonoluminescence, the bubbles in a liquid emit light when they are forced to expand and collapse by sound waves.
		Physicists believe that the pressures and temperatures inside the collapsing bubbles could be high enough to initiate nuclear reactions.
		Taleyarkhan, who was then based at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, claimed that the temperature inside the collapsing bubbles was in excess of a million degrees – high enough for two deuterium nuclei to undergo a fusion reaction (Science 295 1868).
	physicsweb.org /article/news/8/3/3 (589 words)

	[No title]
		Presumably, the oscillations of the bubble cause the gas in the interior to be heated to incandescent temperatures during the compression portion of the cycle.
		Fusion Technology and the Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, where Pons and Fleischmann first published, are the only two journals still publishing such work, said Oriani.
		Nonetheless, said Oriani, there are pockets of rich funding for cold fusion: SRI International (formerly the Stanford Research Institute) has $2 million a year from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Japanese interests have equipped a lab in Southern France for Pons and Fleischmann, and significant work is being done in several labs in Japan.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/academic/physics/Cold-fusion/fd-latest/thruFD3398 (4480 words)

	Sonofusion - room temperature fusion using sound frequencies to induce bubble implosion
		Purdue investigates professor's tabletop nuclear fusion research - Purdue University is reportedly investigating the research of Professor Rusi Taleyarkhan, who said he produced nuclear fusion in a tabletop experiment.
		The new sound of fusion - State-of-the-art science is capable of tapping sources of infinite energy and has been since the 1950s.
		Temperature inside collapsing bubble 4x that of Sun - Using a technique employed by astronomers to determine stellar surface temperatures, chemists at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have measured the temperature inside a single, acoustically driven collapsing bubble.
	www.freeenergynews.com /Directory/ColdFusion/Sonofusion (839 words)

	News in Science - Probe into 'bubble fusion' claim - 09/03/2006
		A scientist who says he has achieved 'cold fusion' using sound waves to make bubbles is being investigated by his current university after complaints from colleagues.
		In his original report, published in the journal Science in 2002, Talayarkhan and colleagues say they created nuclear fusion in a beaker of chemically altered acetone by bombarding it with neutrons and then sound waves to make bubbles.
		Experts have been especially sceptical about cold fusion claims since Britons Professor Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons of the University of Southampton held a news conference in 1989 to claim they had achieved it.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s1587823.htm (514 words)

	Bubble fusion, back with a pop - Ex Isle Forums
		Reports that the bubble had burst for a form of cheap, table-top nuclear fusion may have been premature.
		Rusi Taleyarkhan, the physicist at the centre of a furore surrounding so-called bubble fusion, was last week cleared of scientific misconduct.
		Fusion, especially if it is just ordinary hydrogen not duterium or tritium, is harder to achieve.
	www.exisle.net /mb/index.php?showtopic=44143&view=getlastpost (570 words)

	Nature Newsblog: Bubble fusion: silencing the hype
		First, lets not confuse bubble fusion with cold fusion, it may be class of phenomenon also related to condensed matter physics.
		The fact that the response of the LS detector to the fusion neutrons does not look like an "ideal" 2.5 MeV spectrum, from my own experience, is most likely due to the simple presence of (elastically and inelastically) backscattered fusion neutrons from the surrounding walls and floors of the laboratory and other nearby material.
		Another source of unreproducibility is variation of the voltage during electrolysis causing surges in the microdefect pressure which may increase the size of the defects and the rate of fusion or may result in a network of fissures in the palladium destroying its effectiveness in cold fusion.
	blogs.nature.com /news/blog/2006/03/bubble_fusion_silencing_the_hy.html (1667 words)

	Controversies - Nature attacks bubble fusion
		In March 1989, the initial claims for Cold Fusion were reported by Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons of the University of Utah.
		Alternative approaches like Cold Fusion and latterly, Bubble Fusion are designed to avoid this problem altogether - The Bubble Fusion process.
		It might be thought that in the present circumstances surrounding energy supply, pioneering attempts to solve the problems of nuclear fusion would be generally welcomed and supported; at least until they proved impracticable.
	www.skepticalinvestigations.org /controversies/Josephson_bubblefusion.htm (532 words)

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