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Topic: Buccal pumping

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	Buccal pumping
		Buccal pumping is used by these breath-hold divers to increase pre-dive lung volume and thereby supposedly also the theoretical diving depth.
		During buccal pumping the pulse pressure is dramatically reduced and the systolic pressure is gradually falling (Table 2, Fig.
		One should also bear in mind that the levels of buccal pumping performed by the subjects in this study were not maximal since avoidance of syncope was pursued and it was a demanding protocol with several repetitions.
	www.biol.lu.se /zoofysiol/Johan/Abstr_10.html (1447 words)

	Evidence of a functional role in lung inflation for the buccal pump in the agamid lizard, Uromastyx aegyptius ...
		Evidence of a functional role in lung inflation for the buccal pump in the agamid lizard, Uromastyx aegyptius microlepis -- Al-Ghamdi et al.
		Evidence of a functional role in lung inflation for the buccal pump in the agamid lizard, Uromastyx aegyptius microlepis
		pump and abolished the effects of lung inflation on the buccal pump.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/204/3/521 (296 words)

	The effect of graded hypoxia on the metabolic rate and buccal activity of a lungless salamander (Desmognathus fuscus) ...
		duration, the duration (min h(-)(1)) of buccal pumping and buccal pumping
		The buccal activity of lungless salamanders was responsive
		Buccal pumping frequency was inhibited at 2 % oxygen.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/203/24/3785 (332 words)

	Amphibian Biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This is accomplished by rapid throat pulsations (buccal pumping) that move atmospheric gases over the buccopharyngeal membrane, a semi-permeable membrane lining the mouth and pharynx.
		Buccal pumping is also used in pulmonic respiration to receive and expel gases.
		Pulmonary respiration is usually supplemented by rapid throat pulsations (buccal pumping) that push air over the vascular lining of the buccopharyngeal (mouth and throat) region, and into the lungs, while others use their nares for ventilation.
	www.livingunderworld.org /biology/caudata.shtml (8876 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Because cutaneous respiration is often directly correlated to surface area, the relatively small surface area of the moist, vascular, buccopharyngeal membrane raises doubts as to the involvement of the buccopharynx in respiration (Czopek, 1962).
		However, the continuous buccal pumping of newts and other amphibians, indicate importance of the membrane.
		During breathing in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, three buccal oscillations (oropharyngeal ventilations) occur with the lung ventilatory cycle between the second and the third as shown.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /people/midorcas/animalphysiology/websites/2004/Wilson/buccopharynx.htm (156 words)

	Lung - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Birds are thus equipped to fly at altitudes at which mammals would succumb to hypoxia.
		Reptilian lungs are typically ventilated by a combination of expansion and contraction of the ribs via axial muscles and buccal pumping.
		Crocodilians also rely on the hepatic piston method, in which the liver is pulled back by a muscle anchored to the pubic bone (part of the pelvis), which in turn pulls the bottom of the lungs backward, expanding them.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lung (1386 words)

	Buccal pumping
		Buccal pumping is a method of respiration using the throat muscles.
		Animals using this method will typically move the floor of the mouth or throat in a rhythmic manner that is externally apparent.
		This page was last modified 03:23, 10 Jan 2005.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Buccal_pumping (179 words)

	Non-respiratory resiratory system
		This expiration pump is powered by axial muscles, primarily the transversus abdominus m.
		More efficient then a buccal pump because air can be moved from outside into lung in one phase (not two as into either 4 stroke pump of actinops or 4 stage pump of frogs).
		So some amniotes have retained buccal pumping but this is only used during active locomotion.
	www.usm.maine.edu /bio/courses/bio205/bio205_22_respire.html (1161 words)

	Ear, Nose & Throat Journal: Phylogeny and embryology of the facial nerve and related structures. Part I: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		(8) Buccal pumping is the mode of ventilation in modern amphibians, and it is closely akin to the mode by which fish ventilate their gills.
		During buccal pumping, an animal opens its nostril and lowers the floor of its mouth while elevating the palate and keeping the glottis closed; this creates a vacuum in the oral cavity, into which air is drawn.
		It is probable that this better means of expelling carbon dioxide allowed these creatures to become fully independent from the water and contributed to the development of the amniote egg, which was integral to the transition from amphibian to reptile.
	www.arabmedmag.com /issue-31-01-2004/orl/main02.htm (4850 words)

	research - respiration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Aquatic vertebrates are faced with one of two options for respiration: physically moving their gills through the water ("ram"), or actively pumping water over their gills via "buccal pumping".
		The current model of the mechanics of respiration was described over 40 years ago, and has been incorporated into textbooks and physiological literature alike.
		It was suggested that alternating "suction" and "pressure" pumps allowed for the continuous and unidirectional flow of oxygenated water over the gills.
	biomechanics.bio.uci.edu /_html/research/research_breathing.htm (219 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net
		'''Buccal pumping''' is a method of respiration (physiology) respiration using the throat muscles.
		Mammals, in contrast, use the diaphragm to inflate and deflate the lungs more directly.
		There you find a list of all editors and the possibility to edit the original text of the article Buccal pumping.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Buccal_pumping.html (201 words)

	Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Most fishes are faced with one of two options for gill ventilation: physically moving their gills through the medium ("ram" ventilation), or actively pumping the medium over their gills via "buccal pumping".
		The basic pattern of mechanical movements during buccal pumping was studied over 40 years ago.
		Using pressure transducers implanted into the buccal and gill cavities of actively respiring swellsharks, it was discovered that pressure traces vary within and among individuals.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/Organizations/AES/abst1998a.htm (4913 words)

	Pulmonary Gas Exchange (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Valves of glottis and nostrils open, and floor of buccal cavity is lowered.
		Nostrils close and buccal cavity contracts _ forces air into lungs.
		Glottis closes and nostrils open, and floor of buccal cavity is depressed _ draws new air into buccal cavity.
	www.bio.sdsu.edu /pub/tod/herpetology/lectures/gas_exchange/tsld009.htm (55 words)

	Russian Journal of Herpetology
		This result indicates that the coordination of narial and glottal valves do not depend directly on PSR output and that studies reporting alteration of valve timing in vagotomized toads may be looking at a transformational effect caused by denervation.
		Buccal pump stroke, also became significantly slower while ventilatory entropy became smaller as static lung volume was increased.
		I conclude that levels of PSR output are relevant to the control of buccal pumping frequency but not valve timings and that qualitative aspects of PSR activity (presence of oscillations) are important for generation of adaptive variation in the system’s output.
	www.folium.ru /en/journals/rjh/contents/2000/2000-03.htm (1170 words)

	Alannah's Recent Entries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		During the Agnathan stage muscular phayrngeal pumps were expanded in size and power allowing animals to pick up soil, take what they like and eject the rest (larger in body size used cillia for pharynx and pump takes over).
		Examples of amphibian feeding are grasping, specialized tongue protrusion (hyoid apparatus and positive pressure ventilation of buccal pump) and suction by Urodels (salamanders).
		One example is that their primitive muscular pump gave rise to buccal pumping then lungs, swim bladders, costal ventilation and more over time.
	www.moonpuff.blurty.com /users/white_raine (3373 words)

	physics - Bullfrog
		As it forms a risk to the ecosystems there is an effort to prevent its spread in Europe.
		A Bullfrog uses skin, Buccal Cavity, and lungs for respiration.
		Cutaneose ("skin") gas exchange is very important in all amphibians.
	www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Bullfrog (433 words)

	Lecture 14 Respiration
		Mouth opens and throat lowers to create negative pressure in buccal cavity.
		Operculum opens to create negative pressure so water is drawn from buccal cavity over gills to opercular cavity.
		Mouth closes and throat raises to create postive pressure to drive more water from buccal cavity over gills to opercular cavity.
	www.rhodes.edu /biology/glindquester/zoology/14respiration.html (702 words)

	Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems and Their Interactions in Vertebrates -- Taylor et al. 79 ...
		pump for tidal lung ventilation; their larvae are aquatic gill-breathers.
		A series of thoracic aspiratory pumping movements, which inflated lungs, terminated in a bout of gular pumping, which also resulted in lung inflation.
		A second bout of gular pumping was seemingly initiated by a single thoracic breathing movement.
	physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/79/3/855 (11194 words)

	Module 14: Vertebrates
		Ciliary pumping creates a flow of water with suspended food particles into the mouth and out the gill slits.
		These include a closed circulatory system, with a ventral, chambered heart that pumps blood through arteries and capillaries to provide nutrients and oxygen to every tissue in the body.
		In buccal breathing, the animal drops the floor of the mouth, drawing in air, and then closes the mouth and raises the floor, forcing the air into the lungs.
	faculty.valencia.cc.fl.us /glindbeck/BSC1011C/34Vertebrates.htm (9359 words)

	Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		(1998) Mechanisms of “buccal pumping” (“lung packing”) and its pulmonary effects.
		(1998) Cardiovascular effects of “buccal pumping” in breath-hold divers.
		(1998) Radiografisk beskrivning av hur överfyllning av lungorna åstadkoms med s k "buccal pumping" hos andhållnings-dykare.
	www.ntm.mh.se /epg/textochfiler/abstracts.htm (9271 words)

	SEB Bulletin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Beth's interests have now turned towards the mechanics of lung ventilation in amphibians and reptiles, and the evolutionary transition from buccal pump breathing to costal aspiration in tetrapods.
		She combines techniques from functional morphology, biomechanics and comparative respiratory physiology to study lung ventilation in salamanders and lizards.
		These video recordings clearly demonstrate the differences between buccal pumping and aspiration breathing, and they do so in an intuitive manner that is not possible to convey with static pictures or graphs.
	www.sebiology.org /Bulletin/March1999/agm.htm (1179 words)

	Re: synapsids are reptiles
		What is important, IMHO, is studying how diadectomorphs obtained herbivory and how that herbivory led to a plethora of changes that helped lead to the success of the amniote stock.
		Also important is attempting to understand how early tetrapods that employed buccal pumping evolved into amniotes that used the more effective costal ventilation system of breathing.
		They propose _Diadectes_ as a stem amniote, and hypothesize that change from buccal pumping to costal ventilation changed in a stepwise fashion among stem amniotes, including _Diadectes_.
	dml.cmnh.org /2002Apr/msg00064.html (943 words)

	APP 46 (2) 2001
		The key difference between amniotes (reptiles, birds and mammals) and anamniotes (amphibians in the broadest sense of the word) is usually considered to be the amniotic egg, or a skin impermeable to water.
		We propose that the change in the mode of lung ventilation from buccal pumping to costal (rib-based) ventilation was equally, if not more important, in the evolution of tetrapod independence from the water.
		Anamniotes, living and fossil, have relatively broad heads and short necks, correlating with buccal pumping, and have immobile ribs.
	www.app.pan.pl /acta46-2.htm (2716 words)

	Manuskript och texter
		This means that the dive organizations like PADI, NAUI, CMAS etc, within which almost all air used for recreational diving is compressed, have a possibility to contribute to future diving safety by providing a good denominator for accident statistics “The annual consumption of divers air” to those who analyze diving accidents.
		Grodandning eller “Buccal pumping”, en ny riskfaktor inom sportdykning?
		Cardiovascular effects of “Buccal pumping” in breath-hold divers.
	www.ornhagen.se /manus.htm (3574 words)

	Reptile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Some, though, have found a way around it.
		Varanids, and a few other lizard species, employ buccal pumping as a complement to their normal "axial breathing." This allows the animals to completely fill their lungs during intense locomotion, and thus remain aerobically active for a long time.
		Tegu lizards are known to possess a proto-diaphragm, which separates the pulmonary cavity from the visceral cavity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reptile (1694 words)

	Microhylidae
		Therefore, it is not necessary to modify the endings of names such as Cophylinae, etc. Microhylidae was defined to be the most recent common ancestor of scaphiophrynines and Scoptanura, and all its descendants; this is the currently used concept of the name.
		Synapomorphies of Microhylidae include the following larval features: absence of cornified denticles, ventral velum divided medially, glottis fully exposed on buccal floor, nares not perforated, secretory ridges of branchial food traps with only a single row of secretory cell apices (Wassersug, 1984), and two or three palatal folds in adults (Parker, 1934).
		Synapomorphies of Scoptanura include these larval characters: median spiracle, gill filaments poorly developed or absent, modifications of buccal pumping mechanism (short lever arm on ceratohyal, small buccal floor area), absence of the suspensoriohyoideus muscle, and the lack of separation of the quadrato-, hyo-, and suspensorioangularis muscles.
	www.lifesci.utexas.edu /research/salientia/microhylidae/microhylidae.html (806 words)

	BSC 1011 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Atria are thin-walled for receiving blood, little pumping
		Ventricles are thick-walled for most of the pumping (esp. Left)
		Squid – pumping moves water in and out of mantle cavity
	faculty.ircc.edu /faculty/wtyler/Bio%20II%20notes-guides/bsc_1011%20Ch%2042%20notes.htm (902 words)

	Re: Lungenvolumen / Vitalkapazität der Lunge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Beim ersten Versuch habe ich normal tief, ohne buccal pumping, eingeatmet.
		Mit buccal pumping kam ich auf 7,9 Liter Vitalkapazität.
		: Beim ersten Versuch habe ich normal tief, ohne buccal pumping, eingeatmet.
	www.aida-deutschland.de /forum/messages/246.html (319 words)

	CH 42: Animal Systems - Respiratory: School : jimtrue.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Water flows over the gill diffusive surfaces in an opposite direction to the blood flow.
		In Osteichthyes, which have the best developed system, there is also a 2 stage buccal pumping system, that ensures one-way flow of H
		Lungs - In basic design, this is a thin walled sac enclosed within the body that is richly vascularized (well supplied with blood vessels).
	jimtrue.com /school/bsc2011/000371.html (1051 words)

	breathing
		These would be difficult for terrestial animals to do (respiration by running with your mouth open), and would require a tremendous amount of energy.
		Thus the evolution of various varieties of pump systems.
		Why does air exit back through the trachea instead of a unidirectional tube evolutionarily created someplace else on the body?
	dml.cmnh.org /1999Apr/msg00264.html (417 words)

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