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	Fullerene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since buckminsterfullerenes have a similar shape to that sort of dome, the name was thought to be appropriate.
		Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, which is composed of a sheet of linked hexagonal rings, but they contain pentagonal (or sometimes heptagonal) rings that prevent the sheet from being planar.
		In the Walt Disney film, Flubber, the formula and molecular structure of the Flubber was modeled after buckminsterfullerene.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Buckyball (1047 words)

	Buckminsterfullerene, Science, College Term Papers.com
		Buckminsterfullerene Once in a while there are discoveries of compounds which surprise the scientific community.
		Buckminsterfullerene has been a paragon of stability because of its survival skills inside the cluster-making machine where it first made itself known.
		Scientists now believe that buckminsterfullerene is likely to be formed in sooty flames, and there is a possibility that it is abundant in the universe, particularly near red-giant stars.
	www.collegetermpapers.com /TermPapers/Science/Buckminsterfullerene.shtml (1160 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - buckminsterfullerene
		Buckminsterfullerene, a natural physical form, or allotrope, of the element carbon (Allotrope).
		Developments reported by chemical scientists and engineers in 1997 included innovative flexible ceramics, a new process for recycling waste plastics, and novel ways of using tiny carbon "nanotubes" as well as buckyballs (that is, buckminsterfullerene, a soccer-ball-shaped molecule consisting of...
		Fuller, R(ichard) Buckminster : buckminsterfullerene and buckyball carbon
	ca.encarta.msn.com /buckminsterfullerene.html (97 words)

	[No title]
		Buckminsterfullerene by the gross forms a solid crystal, is stable at room temperature, and is an attractive mustard-yellow color.
		In chemical terms, the discovery of buckminsterfullerene -- a carbon sphere -- may well rank with the discovery of the benzene ring -- a carbon ring -- in the 19th century.
		Buckminsterfullerene may have been "born" in an interstellar star-lab, but it'll become a part of everyday life, your life and my life, like nylon, or latex, or polyester.
	www.eserver.org /cyber/sterling/bucky.txt (2028 words)

	The Discovery of Fullerenes, and Their Potential Applications
		The facet of buckminsterfullerene and the related fullerenes that one first must look at is their discovery.
		Buckminsterfullerene and the rest of the fullerenes, except for buckytubes, had three co-discoverers, while buckytubes themselves were discovered by Sumio Iijima, a scientist working at NEC Corporation's Fundamental Research Laboratories in Japan.
		The story of the discovery of buckminsterfullerene is a long and complex one, and before one can look at the big historical moment of discovery by Smalley, Kroto, and Curl, one must look further back in time to the summer of 1967, which just happened to be Canada's centennial.
	endor.hsutx.edu /~chemist/FullerLecture/fuller.htm (4672 words)

	Situs Web Kimia Indonesia \| Kolom Artikel - Mengenal Buckminsterfullerene
		Buckminsterfullerene adalah cluster karbon yang pertama ditemukan, yang memiliki bentuk geometri seperti bola.
		Buckminsterfullerene menjadi topik pembicaraan dan penelitian yang menarik.
		Dari sejarah penemuan buckminsterfullerene menunjukkan kepada kita bahwa kolaborasi disiplin ilmu yang berbeda (dengan bukti-bukti ilmiah yang sahih) akan melahirkan hasil yang mengagumkan dan tidak diperkirakan sebelumnya.
	www.chem-is-try.org /?sect=artikel&ext=13 (895 words)

	The Creative Science Centre - by Dr Jonathan P. Hare
		Buckminsterfullerene, on the other hand, is composed of just 60 atoms and its structure, although fairly complex, is in fact far more familiar.
		Buckminsterfullerene is a tiny molecular football of carbon as many times smaller than a real football, as the earth is to a football.
		The molecule was named Buckminsterfullerene in honour of the architect, who designed geodesic domes based on similar pentagonal and hexagonal structures.
	www.creative-science.org.uk /c60hist.html (5113 words)

	A Periodic Table of the Elements From Mineral Information Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Carbon is the only element which has an entire branch of chemistry devoted solely to it and its reactions--organic chemistry-- so named because most of the compounds that all life requires contain carbon.
		Graphite carbon is used in steel making, printing, sugar refining, respirators, water purification and treatment and in pencil lead and batteries.
		Buckminsterfullerene is currently too rare to have any industrial use but it holds great potential for the future.
	www.mii.org /periodic/C.htm (347 words)

	lab
		Buckminsterfullerene is a fourth alotrope of carbon with 60 atoms.
		It is estimated that some 40 to 100 million people will be affected by the year 2000 with the HIV virus, which makes finding a cure to this debilitating disease crucial to the survival of our society.
		One such possibility is the use of buckminsterfullerene, one of the most exciting new discoveries in the field of chemistry These new molecules, more commonly known as "bucky balls," appears to have a much promise in the world of AIDS technology.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~cem181h/projects/97/bucky (2246 words)

	A New Class of Carbon Structures
		This cluster of 60 carbon atoms was especially stable because of its hollow, icosahedral structure in which the bonds between the atoms resembled the patterns on a soccer ball.
		The molecule was named Buckminsterfullerene after the geodesic domes designed by architect Buckminster Fuller.
		The identification of this form of carbon (also called buckyballs) sparked broad interest in the chemistry of an entire class of hollow carbon structures, referred to collectively as fullerenes.
	www.er.doe.gov /sub/accomplishments/decades_discovery/8-pf.html (331 words)

	MAKING.HTML
		Most molecules absorb in the Infra-red (IR) and the number of absorptions is dependant on the number of atoms in the molecule and how symmetrical the structure of the molecule is. In general an N atom molecule will have about 3N absorptions in the IR.
		However because of the unique symmetry of Buckminsterfullerene, C60 has just 4 IR absorptions.
		This incredibly simple spectral fingerprint for C60 made IR spectroscopy a particularly effective method by which to probe for C60 in the arc made materials.
	www.ch.ic.ac.uk /local/projects/Lertpibulpanya/SYNTHESIS.html (818 words)

	Chemistry Hall of Fame - 1998 - Buckyballs
		Buckyball is an acronym for the 60-carbon alkene Buckminsterfullerene, a new form of carbon.
		This produces a structure containing 60 chemically equivalent vertices that are connected by 32 faces, 12 of which are pentagonal and 20 hexagonal, otherwise known as a soccer ball (3).
		The molecule was given the name Buckminsterfullerene in honour of architect R. Buckminster Fuller, the inventor of the geodesic dome, and a founder in the studies of polygonal structures (3).
	www.chem.yorku.ca /hall_of_fame/essays98/buckyball/bucky1/bucky.htm (806 words)

	PORCELAINIA/Buckminster Fuller Presentation
		The Buckminsterfullerene Presentation Series has been inspired by buckminsterfullerene and the work of the scientists who discovered them.
		These four geometric representations of the buckminsterfullerene molecule, carbon-60, are named for the four letters of the Greek alphabet: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon.
		During 1996 and 1997, each piece was presented to an individual who has contributed to the discovery of this new allotrope of carbon and to those who have contributed to the better understanding of the geometry which forms a basis for geodesic domes.
	www.porcelainia.com /bfp.html (484 words)

	The Naming of Buckminsterfullerene
		H.W. Kroto said that the newly discovered carbon cage molecule was named buckminsterfullerene "because the geodesic ideas associated with the constructs of Buckminster Fuller had been instrumental in arriving at a plausible structure" [1].
		Buckminsterfullerene was discovered by chemists who were not looking for what they found.
		This is exactly what the chemist has discovered to be true." Baggott goes on to describe how Fuller had derived his vector equilibrium (cuboctahedron, in conventional geometry) from the closest packing of spheres of energy.
	www.4dsolutions.net /synergetica/eja1.html (1855 words)

	Fullerene Workshop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The discovery of a third form of carbon would therefore caused a great stir in the scientific community if it were true.
		Buckminsterfullerene is a tiny molecular cage of carbon having 60 atoms making up the mathematical shape called a truncated icosohedron.
		C60, buckminsterfullerene, and a whole family of carbon cage molecules called the fullerenes, were first discovered in 1985 on a very sensitive laboratory instrument.
	www.susx.ac.uk /Users/kroto/workshop.html (2118 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Perfect Symmetry: The Accidental Discovery of Buckminsterfullerene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This new molecule, one of a large family of carbon cage molecules called "fullerenes"--represents a new form of carbon, complementing such well-known materials as diamond and graphite.
		In this account, prize-winning science writer Jim Baggott tells the compelling story of buckminsterfullerene, from its natural occurrence in the cold chemistry of interstellar clouds to its accidental, stunning creation in a modern chemistry laboratory, and the subsequent development of one of today's fastest-growing scientific fields.
		Author tells the story of the accidental discovery of buckminsterfullerene, from its origins in the cold chemistry of interstellar clouds to the development of the fast-growing field of fullerene science.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/ASIN/0198557906/nobelprizeintern (422 words)

	fullerene
		Fullerenes derive their name from the American architect R. Buckminster Fuller, whose geodesic dome design is similar to the molecular structure of C
		Buckminsterfullerene, or buckyball, is the name applied to C
		The unique structure and properties of buckminsterfullerene suggest potential uses for fullerenes as superconductors, lubricants, industrial catalysts, and drug-delivery systems (e.g., targeted cancer therapy).
	www.britannica.com /nobel/micro/718_17.html (315 words)

	Chemistry At Iowa State University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		That is, if one could remove part of the C60 structure, and attach hydrogens to the danglingbonds, a fullerene-related aromatic hydrocarbon would be produced.
		hydrocarbon corresponding to the polar cap of buckminsterfullerene.
		The aim is to prepare these compounds in sufficient quantities so as to use them as intermediates in the total synthesis of buckminsterfullerene.
	www.chem.iastate.edu /faculty/Peter_Rabideau/research.html (243 words)

	CHM 137Y Interesting Molecules
		Buckminsterfullerene first gave scientists a hint of its existence in the early 1980s.
		Equipment designed to produce clusters of carbon atoms in the gas phase showed that carbon atoms had a strong tendency to aggregate in groups of 60.
		With such characteristics, buckminsterfullerene may well be a key player in molecular-scale engineering.
	www.chem.utoronto.ca /coursenotes/CHM137Y/98-99/InterestingMolecules/molecules98.html (640 words)

	Books: The Most Beautiful Molecule
		Yet buckminsterfullerene was discovered only in 1985, by the British chemist Harry Kroto and Americans Rick Smalley and Bob Curl.
		Although it was found by serendipity, buckminsterfullerene is perhaps the ultimate 'designer' molecule.
		The story of its discovery appealed to me not only as a lapsed chemist (whatever did happen to that Ph D?) but as a follower of architecture and design—subjects which turn out, possibly not entirely coincidentally, to be interests of Kroto's as well.
	www.hughalderseywilliams.com /books/the_most_beautiful_molecule.htm (254 words)

	Amat Containment
		Other varieties include laser-pressure containment, utilizing 6 split beams of laser light striking the amat, keeping it pinned in the target zone, or buckminsterfullerene sequestered amat.
		Buckminsterfullerene has a repulsive effect in its core called an 'electron repulsion zone' which keeps atoms (whose outermost layers are, of course, electrons) centered within the cavity.
		With sufficient force, the buckminsterfullerene can either crack or inertially lose containment of the amat, leading to a matter/antimatter reaction that can easily be chained through other buckminsterfullerenes.
	www.orionsarm.com /tech/amat_containment.html (159 words)

	Carbon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Structure: each atom is bonded trigonally to three other atoms, making a 2-dimensional network of flat six-membered rings; the flat sheets are loosely bonded.
		Structure: comparatively large molecules formed completely of carbon bonded trigonally, forming spheroids (of which the best-known and simplest is the buckminsterfullerene or buckyball).
		The structure is somewhat similar to the structure of graphite.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carbon (2115 words)

	Buckminsterfullerene
		Buckminsterfullerenes and The Development and Properties of Single Walled and Multi Walled Carbon Na
		This article provides a good introduction to some of the more basic nanosized carbon structures such as buckminsterfullerene or buckyballs and single and multi walled carbon nanotubes.
		Researchers have made carbon nanotubes (single and multi-walled) using a gaseous carbon-containing feedstock, combined with a catalyst on a magnesia particulate support.
	www.azonano.com /SearchResults.asp?MaterialKeyWord=Buckminsterfullerene (494 words)

	Atomic Evolution
		However, certain elements may have multiple forms that are distinctly different from each other.
		Carbon exists as graphite, diamond and the newly discovered buckminsterfullerene.
		Finally, buckminsterfullerene is the allotrope of carbon that exists in clusters of 60 atoms, C-60.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0110925/html/elements/periodictable/periodictable4.html (86 words)

	The Vega Science Trust - Freeview Video On The Web - Buckminsterfullerene, C60, the Celestial Sphere that Fell to Earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Buckminsterfullerene, C60, the Celestial Sphere that Fell to Earth
		In 1985 an experiment, designed to unravel the carbon chemistry in Red Giant Stars, revealed the existence of C60 Buckminsterfullerene (the third allotropic form of carbon).
		The story of the discovery and the way its symmetry relates to the natural and physical world are described.
	www.vega.org.uk /series/vri/vri3 (144 words)

	PORCELAINia/Presentation/Alpha
		"Alpha," a spherical porcelain buckyball was the first piece of the Buckminsterfullerene Presentation Series and was presented to Sir Harold Kroto on June 8, 1996 who, with Richard Smalley, co-discovered and named buckminsterfullerene C60 molecule in 1985.
		Professor Kroto, who has an interdisciplinary background in the sciences, is known for his contributions to the fields of astrophysics and chemistry.
		Before discovering buckminsterfullerene, Kroto's pioneering contributions to microwave spectroscopy and radioastronomy were already well known in Europe.
	www.porcelainia.com /alp.html (173 words)

	Chemical of the Week -- Buckyballs
		Because this idea was inspired by the geodesic dome, they named this C60 allotrope of carbon buckminsterfullerene.
		The amounts of buckminsterfullerene (“buckyballs,” for short) prepared by laser were extremely small.
		The evidence for the structure would remain sketchy until C60 could be prepared in larger quantities.
	scifun.chem.wisc.edu /chemweek/buckball/buckball.html (913 words)

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