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Topic: Budapest ghetto

	Ghettos Table of Contents
		The Ban on Births in the Shavli Ghetto
		Decree On the Establishment of the Budapest Ghetto
		The Ghettoization of European Jews: Deportation and Resettlement in the East
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Holocaust/ghetto.html (38 words)

	Ghetto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background are united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.
		This was the last of the original ghettos to be abolished in Western Europe; not until 1870, when the kingdom of Italy conquered Rome from the Pope, was the Ghetto finally opened, with the walls themselves being torn down in 1888.
		Other "ghettos" in the UK include Chapeltown, in Leeds, Moss Side in Manchester and the town of Oldham, where racial tensions and the impact of illegal immigration are strongly felt in a working-class majority city.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Jewish_Ghettos.htm (3293 words)

	tScholars.com \| Budapest ghetto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Budapest ghetto was a ghetto where Jews were forced to live in Budapest, Hungary during the Second World War.
		The ghetto was established in November, 1944, and lasted for less than three months, until the liberation of Pest on January 17, 1945 by the Soviet Army.
		More than half of those that were forced into the ghetto in 1944 were sent to concentration camps, starting almost immediately from the establishment of the ghetto.
	tscholars.com /encyclopedia/Budapest_ghetto (190 words)

	Ghettos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A ghetto is an area where people from a specific ethnic background or united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion.
		This was the last of the original ghettos to be abolished in Western Europe, when the kingdom of Italy was established in 1861 and overthrew the last of the Papal States in 1870, with the walls themselves physically being torn down in 1888.
		Ghettos often became known as vibrant cultural centers, for example the late 19th century Paris, or Harlem in the 1920s and 1930s.
	science.abcworld.net /Ghettos (2021 words)

	"Budapest Ghetto Gets Facelift - Forward.com"
		The newest nightspot in Budapest opened its doors Sunday night on Kiraly Street in the heart of what used to be this city’s Jewish ghetto.
		Budapest had the only rabbinical seminary behind the Iron Curtain, as well as the only matzo factory.
		Radvánszki is involved in Budapest’s Reform synagogue, but he says that the small numbers going to synagogue pale in comparison to those meeting their Jewish friends at bars such as Kuplung, a cavernous industrial place a few doors down from Siraly where an enormous plaster cast of a whale hangs from the ceiling.
	www.forward.com /articles/budapest-ghetto-gets-facelift (1683 words)

	The Jewish Community of Budapest, Hungary
		He was the secretary of the Budapest Neolog community from 1874 to 1904, and the helped the founding of the Jewish-Hungarian Literary Society which was active in the dissemination of Jewish culture to the public at large by means of lectures and publications - among them the first Jewish translation of the Bible into Hungarian.
		Budapest was the birthplace of Theodor (Binyamin Ze'ev) Herzl (1860-1904), the father of modern Zionism, The writer and physicist Max Nordau (1849-1932), a founding member of the World Zionist Congress and author of the Basel Platform at the First Zionist Congress (1897), was also born in Budapest.
		Budapest is now the largest Jewish community in Hungary, and also in Central Europe, with 23 synagogues and prayer houses, two colleges, three secondary schools, three kindergartens, a hospital and two nursing homes, as well as several cemeteries.
	www.bh.org.il /Communities/Archive/Budapest.asp (3016 words)

	The Jewish Post - News - The JEWISH POST remembers... Raoul Wallenberg: A hero without a grave... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In addition to its International Ghetto, Budapest had a general ghetto, which was guarded and sealed off.
		The plan called for the total massacre of the ghetto population, by a combined task force of SS men and Arrow-Crossmen led by a priest, Vilmas Lucska.
		Schmidthuber was commander of the SS troops in Budapest, and Eichmann had designated one of his detachments to spearhead the ghetto action.
	www.jewishpost.com /jp1101/jpn1101d6.htm (593 words)

	Photographs Documenting the Holocaust in Hungary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		When the Soviet Army captured Budapest on January 17-18, 1945, it was too late to save the lives of 564,500 Jews who had been sent to the various death-camps run by the Nazis.
		The Budapest SS headquarters, however, was over-run by the Soviets before the Nazis were able to destroy a huge number of papers which documented their efforts to annihilate the Hungarian Jews.
		Looting of the deserted ghetto in the provinces.
	www.holocaust-history.org /hungarian-photos (2736 words)

	Budapest
		Budapest has a unique geographical arrangement, the Pest side is plain, but the Buda side is hilly.
		Budapest is the richest capital in hot water springs in the world.
		budapest • hungary • buda • cave • stalactite
	www.suite101.com /reference/budapest (2228 words)

	Ghettos in occupied Europe 1939-1944 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During World War II ghettos were established by the Nazis to confine Jews and sometimes gypsies into tightly packed areas of the cities of Eastern Europe.
		In the ghetto of Odrzywol, 700 people lived in an area previously occupied by 5 families, between 12 and 30 to each small room.
		The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on food supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 253 calories (1,060 kJ) per Jew, compared to 669 calories (2,800 kJ) per Pole and 2,613 calories (10,940 kJ) per German.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ghettos_in_occupied_Europe_1939_-_1944 (469 words)

	Case Summaries of Payment Recipients Group 29
		Claimant, born on 03/04/1924 in Hungary, was denied permission to enter Switzerland by Swiss authorities in Budapest, Hungary.Claimant was interned in a slave labor camp overseen by the Hungarian army.
		Claimant, born on 08/15/1934 in Hungary, was denied permission to enter Switzerland in Budapest, Hungary in 1944.Claimant’s mother requested permission for her and claimant to go to Switzerland and permission was not granted.
		Claimants were denied permission to enter Switzerland at the Swiss Consulate in Budapest, Hungary in late 1944/early 1945.Claimants and their mother were in the Budapest ghetto beginning in 1943.Claimants’ father was in forced labor camps for various periods.
	www.claimscon.org /?url=swiss/awards29 (8953 words)

	"RESCUE THROUGH LABOR SERVICE IN HUNGARY" by Dan Danieli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		After the establishment of the ghetto in Budapest early in December 1944, the company was designated to provide police protection within the ghetto.
		The formal award is being presented to Captain Ocskay's son George Ocskay and George's wife Helen at a ceremony organized by the Jewish Federation of Ulster County, NY and The Consul general of Israel in New York, on April 27, 2003 in Kingston, NYUSA.
		The large scale destruction in Budapest during the Soviet siege, the communist takeover, the anti-Communist 1956 uprising and the subsequent Soviet reprisals, the change of the regime at the end of the 1980-s and again in 1990 all brought radical shifts in the governments, "cleansing" of employees and archives, mass destruction of documents and data.
	isurvived.org /Rightheous_Folder/Rescue_by-DanDanieli.html (6597 words)

	Budapest
		Hungary's capital, Budapest, straddles the banks of the Danube River and is the country's most populous city.
		Budapest was created by the union of three cities: Buda, Obuda, and Pest.
		Despite discriminatory legislation against the Jews and widespread antisemitism, the Jewish community of Budapest was relatively secure until the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944.
	www.ushmm.org /wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005264 (577 words)

	EJP \| News \| Eastern Europe \| Hungarians mark anniversary of liberation of Jewish ghetto
		The Budapest ghetto, where Jews were forced by the Nazis to live in Budapest, during WWII, was made of several blocks of the old Jewish quarter of the city surrounding the main synagogue.
		The ghetto was only established for less than three months, between November 1944 and the liberation of the city on 18 January 1945.
		As with other ghettos that had been set up in other parts of Nazi-occupied Europe the area was completely cut off from the outside world: no food was allowed in, rubbish and waste were not collected and the buildings were overcrowded, leading to the spread of diseases such as typhoid.
	www.ejpress.org /article/5322 (717 words)

	Print (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Foremost is the medieval quarter on Buda hill, along with the Castle, St. Mattyas church and the fanciful Fisherman’s Bastion overlooking a breathtaking view of the Danube, Pest and the elegant Chain Bridge.
		Several areas of Budapest boast important Jewish sites ranging from the site of the first Jewish settlement in the picturesque medieval quarter in the Castle Hill district, to the vast Kozma street cemetery at the far edge of town.
		The courtyard of the synagogue is a Holocaust cemetery for victims of the Budapest ghetto; small stone plaques lined up, crowded together like people in the ghetto.
	www.centropa.org /print.asp?print=report&id=5226&CID=36658 (2164 words)

	salamon
		Hungary; Budapest; Kobanya (suburb of Budapest); Budszentmihaly (village in Hungary); General Horthy; antisemitism; BBC broadcasts; invasion of Czechoslovakia; forced labour unit; hiding; bombing of Budapest; Budapest ghetto; Nazi Youth; Arrow Cross brigades; Yellow star; Swiss consulate; Raoul Wallenberg; assumed identity; labour camp; Father Kun; Adolf Eichmann; Hanoar Hatzioni; Russian soldiers.
		Budapest was a thriving, rich and cosmopolitan metropolis at that time.
		The region was breeding ground for the infamous fanatical sects, the Neturei Kartha or Guardians of the Charter in Israel and the equally known Satmar clan in Brooklyn.
	migs.concordia.ca /memoirs/salamon/salamon_whole.html (21116 words)

	The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation - Clarín (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The young man, who was the manager of a firm involved in to the export and import of food, accepted the challenge.
		Shortly after Ladislao and his parents were confined to live in the Jewish ghetto in Budapest, crammed in rooms with seven or eight people in "horrible" conditions, he remembers.
		By the time the Soviet troops arrived in Budapest in the middle of January 1945, Wallenberg is supposed to have rescued around 100,000 Jews from death.
	www.raoul-wallenberg.org.ar /english/clarin9ing2.html (923 words)

	The Siege of Budapest: the Nadir in Hungarian History., UCLA International Institute
		The siege of Budapest and Europe's only major surviving ghetto, November 1944-February 1945, is an extraordinary tale that has yet to be told in great detail in any language other than Hungarian.
		Istvan Deak, at that time a boy of 18 in Budapest and today Emeritus Professor of History at Columbia University, is in a unique position to tell it, and he did so on Thursday May 1st for a crowd of a around 50 UCLA faculty, students, and members of the community.
		The siege of Budapest was perhaps not the most dramatic of sieges, not as devastating as Warsaw in 1939 and again in 1944, Stalingrad in 1942-43, or Leningrad in 1941-43, but it was terrible enough.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /article.asp?parentid=3793 (684 words)

	Budapest Jewish community marks ghetto liberation anniversary - Europe
		Budapest - Hungarian Jews on Thursday marked the 62nd anniversary of the liberation of the Budapest ghetto with a service in Europe's largest synagogue.
		Budapest Mayor Gabor Demszky and Economy Minister Janos Koka were amongst those who attended the service in the Dohany Street synagogue, which sits at the edge of the area that served as the ghetto during the Second World War.
		Around half of the 200,000 Jews living in Budapest prior to the outbreak of war perished during the conflict, many of the sent to concentration camps or lined up on the banks of the Danube and shot.
	news.monstersandcritics.com /europe/news/article_1248445.php/Budapest_Jewish_community_marks_ghetto_liberation_anniversary (316 words)

	61 years after war separated them, sisters find each other \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		The sisters were separated in October 1944 in the Budapest ghetto when Hana left one day to find work and food.
		Their father, Menashe Waiss, had two brothers in Budapest, and in 1941, he decided Klara and Hana would be safer there.
		Her son survived and became a general in the Israeli army; she had a daughter, Hana, in a British displaced persons' camp in Cyprus.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20050209/news_1n9sisters.html (535 words)

	Women & The Holocaust - Personal Reflections
		I was born in Budapest, Hungary on October 23, 1914.
		My mother was born in Lemberg (Lvov) in 1882, and was a young girl when she came to live in Budapest to join her brother Vilmos and sister Bertha.
		In Budapest, apartment buildings, designated to house Jews, were also identified by the same yellow Star.
	www3.sympatico.ca /mighty1/personal/panni.htm (2231 words)

	Raoul Wallenberg, Great Angel of Rescue \| The Foundation for Economic Education: The Freeman, Ideas on Liberty
		Budapest Jews were so demoralized, and Wallenberg looked so unfit for the task, with his fresh face and clean-cut dark blue suit, that he had considerable difficulty persuading people they could help themselves.
		He then took command of all who had raised their hand, and his attitude was such that nobody of the guards opposed it, so extraordinary was the convincing force of his attitude.
		On January 4, 1945, the Nyilas announced their intention to dismantle the international ghetto and force inhabitants into the Central Ghetto where living conditions were the worst—and where goons could easily find large numbers of Jews.
	www.fee.org /publications/the-freeman/article.asp?aid=4602 (5352 words)

	Holocaust Institute for Educators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Writers and Poets in the Ghettos and Camps
		Budapest in World War II Photographs from the Budapest Ghetto
		Dignity and Defiance - life and death in the Warsaw Ghetto
	www.tfn.net /holocaust/ghetto.html (64 words)

	Amazon.fr : Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto: Livres en anglais: Tim Cole,Cole Tim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Focusing on the Jewish ghetto in Budapest during WWII, Cole (author of the controversial Selling the Holocaust) not only explores the architecture of ghettoization, but also tries to enter the minds of the "ordinary men" who built such places of death.
		It will provoke and challenge readers to re-think and re-see the ghetto for what it was--an actual place and way station to death, and something that also had to be imagined conceptually and then graphically designed by the Nazis for their persecution of the Jews.
		...Tim Cole reconstructs the formation of the Jewish ghetto during the Holocaust, focusing primarily on the ghetto in Budapest, Hungary.
	www.amazon.fr /Holocaust-City-Making-Jewish-Ghetto/dp/0415929687 (609 words)

	Hungary Honors Soviet Liberation of Jewish Ghetto
		Holocaust survivors and government officials from Russia and Hungary have commemorated the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the main Jewish Ghetto in Budapest by Soviet troops.
		Rain and wet snow fell on Budapest's main synagogue as Holocaust survivors listened to a prayer for those who died before the liberation of the city's main Jewish Ghetto.
		It was 60 years ago he said, that the Red Army liberated the main ghetto of Budapest and freed thousands of Hungarian Jews, mainly women, children and elderly people, and saved them from death.
	www.voanews.com /english/archive/2005-01/2004-01-18voa20.cfm?CFID=9860615&CFTOKEN=33791677 (479 words)

	The Magyar's Magnificent Budapest - photos of Budapest on Worldisround
		Budapest - travel photos - 20-24 August 2003 Sauntering on the train in what felt like a downwards direction from...
		The transport operators and retail staff are not trying anything on, most of the time, but getting correct information out of them or anything resembling useful assistance was trés difficile.
		The Great Synagogue in the old Jewish Ghetto of Budapest is the...
	www.worldisround.com /articles/27533/index.html (231 words)

	The American Experience \| America and the Holocaust \| People & Events \| Raoul Wallenberg
		Although Wallenberg was sent as an attaché to the Swedish legation in Budapest, he became in effect the representative of the recently established U.S. War Refugee Board.
		In August, the Budapest Jews, who had survived earlier rounds of deportations, were now petrified that they also would be sent to Auschwitz.
		In the last few days before Budapest fell to the Russians, the Hungarian fascists were planning the swift killing of the 115,000 inhabitants of the Budapest Jewish ghetto.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/holocaust/peopleevents/pandeAMEX100.html (867 words)

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