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Topic: Buddhism in Korea, North

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	Korean Buddhism Summary
		Contemporary Korean Buddhism is distinguished from Chinese Buddhism by the importance it assigns to meditation, and from Japanese Buddhism by its relative lack of strong sectarian divisions.
		Buddhism reached Korea from China and Central Asia and, according to traditional histories, was adopted by the rulers of the northern kingdom of Koguryo in 372 CE, the southwestern kingdom of Paekche in 384 CE, and southeastern kingdom of Shilla in 527 CE.
		Buddhism in Korea remained subdued until the end of the Joseon period, when its position was strengthened somewhat by the Japanese occupation, which lasted from 1910 to 1945.
	www.bookrags.com /Korean_Buddhism (6477 words)

	Buddhist Studies: Mahayana Buddhism: Korea
		Prior to the arrival of Buddhism, the main religious practice in Korea was that of Shamanism which still holds a significant place in Korean life.
		It was an elementary form of Buddhism that he taught, consisting of the teaching of Karma and the search for happiness which seemed to blend well with the indigenous Shamanism, so it was quickly assimilated.
		Buddhism holds as sacred what is known as the Triple Gem (Triratana in Sanskrit), which is the Buddha - the Teacher, the Dharma or his Teaching, and the Sangha or the order of followers - the clergy.
	www.buddhanet.net /e-learning/buddhistworld/korea-txt.htm (922 words)

	Buddhism in Korea
		South Korea is bounded on the north by North Korea; on the east by the Sea of Japan; on the southeast and south by the Korea Strait, which separates it from Japan; and on the west by the Yellow Sea.
		The state of South Korea was established in 1948 following the post-World War II partitioning of the peninsula between the occupying forces of the United States in the south and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in the north.
		With the downfall of the Koryo Dynasty in 1392 A.D., Buddhism slowly declined as the new rulers of the Choson Dynasty adopted Neo-Confucianism.
	www.buddhismtoday.com /english/world/country/027-korea.htm (2842 words)

	North Korea - The Role of Religion (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Buddhism suffered a decline, however, and Buddhists were persecuted to some extent during the Chosn Dynasty.
		North Korea has been represented at international religious conferences by state-sponsored religious organizations such as the Korean Buddhists' Federation, the Christian Federation, and the Ch'ndogyo Youth Party.
		In the late 1980s, it became apparent that North Korea was beginning to use the small number of Christians remaining in the country to establish contacts with Christians in South Korea and the West.
	countrystudies.us.cob-web.org:8888 /north-korea/36.htm (871 words)

	North Korea (10/06)
		North Korea's 1972 constitution was amended in late 1992 and in September 1998.
		North Korea's judiciary is "accountable" to the SPA and the president.
		North Korea's economy declined sharply in the 1990s with the end of communism in Eastern Europe, the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the ensuing breakdown of trade relations with the countries of the former socialist bloc.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2792.htm (7987 words)

	North Korea - Atlapedia Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It is bound by China to the north, Russia to the northeast, South Korea to the south, the Yellow Sea to the west.
		In July 1991 North Korea applied for its own seat in the UN and in October the US announced that is was removing nuclear weapons from South Korea in an attempt to force North Korea to open its facilities to international inspections as fears escalated over its nuclear program.
		North Korea refused to allow the inspections claiming that the IAEA demand was a violation of its sovereignty.
	www.atlapedia.com /online/countries/korea_n.htm (1563 words)

	SEON - THE BUDDHISM OF KOREA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Although not the first form of Buddhism to reach Korea, it was this school of Buddhism which was eventually to become the main Buddhist tradition in Korea where it became known as Seon, from where it later spread to Japan where it was known as Zen.
		This added to the decline of Buddhism in Korea and was a contributing factor to the upsurge of Christianity.
		A move that may contribute to the revival of Buddhism in Korea was the holding of the bi-ennial conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists in Seoul in October, 1990, which I also attended.
	www.zip.com.au /~lyallg/Seon.htm (3093 words)

	Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
		The three were taken in apparent retaliation for criticism of North Korean human rights violations made by their father, a former prisoner in North Korea, in the Japanese media.
		The North Korean authorities deny this allegation, claiming that the three brothers were deported to North Korea for breaking Chinese law and that they are living with relatives.
		In a number of cases, North Korean authorities reportedly told Russian authorities that a particular North Korean who had applied for asylum in Russia or elsewhere was a criminal offender in North Korea.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eap/8330.htm (10054 words)

	E-sangha, Buddhist Forum and Buddhism Forum -> North Korea Ready for War
		North Korea has repeatedly refused US demands to give up its drive for nuclear weapons and declared last year that it had an atomic arsenal to defend itself.
		North Korea on Wednesday launched seven missiles including a new version of the long-range Taepodong, which is believed to be capable of reaching Alaska or Hawaii but quickly crashed in the Sea of Japan.
		North Korea is almost completely isolated from outside information, and North Koreas are brainwashed from birth in more intense way than we think of in our societies.
	www.lioncity.net /buddhism/index.php?showtopic=32661 (2935 words)

	North Korea country information
		North Korea is located in Eastern Asia along the Korea Bay and the Sea of Japan.
		North Korea responded by evicting the UN inspectors who were monitoring the nuclear program.
		The current economic situation is so bad that there are areas of North Korea where there is neither electricity nor sufficient chlorine to run water treatment plants, resulting in a contaminated water supply for 60% of the population.
	www.elca.org /countrypackets/korea-north/desc.html (705 words)

	019-korea
		Buddhism in the period of the three kingdoms contributed much to the development not only in the field of spiritual advancement, but also in cultural field such as sculpture, architecture, construction, painting and industrial art, etc. [8]
		The most outstanding point to be noted with regard to the spiritual influence throughout the country was that the centre of court of the statute of Buddhism transferred itself from the aristocracy to the common people with the emergence of the monks Hyesuk, Hyegong (in the period of 579-647) and wonhyo [9] (617-686).
		Buddhism are seen in the context of an overarching scheme of revelation and levels of textual interpretation.
	www.buddhismtoday.com /english/world/country/019-korea.htm (3013 words)

	North Korea - Nuts and Bolts - DangerFinder (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		After the Japanese surrender of 1945, Korea was divided into two directorates: The USSR occupied the north, while the United States controlled the south below the 38th parallel.
		The language in North Korea is Korean, with indigenous elements in the vocabulary.
		The climate in North Korea is cold and dry in the winter with warm summers.
	www.comebackalive.com.cob-web.org:8888 /df/dplaces/northkor/nutnbolt.htm (300 words)

	Korea, North: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — FactMonster.com
		In the 17th century, Korea became a vassal state of China and was cut off from outside contact until the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895.
		The North Korean invaders swiftly seized Seoul and surrounded the allied forces in the peninsula's southeast corner near Pusan.
		In late December 2002, North Korea expelled UN weapons inspectors from the country, and in Jan. 2003 it announced it was officially withdrawing from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0107686.html (1340 words)

	Korean Buddhism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As Christianity has become increasingly influential in Korea, it is estimated that the declining proportion of the religious population among self-professed Buddhist community in South Korea now accounts for about 23% of the country's population.
		During the reign of the next king, King Chinhung, the growth of Buddhism was encouraged - eventually being recognized as the national religion of Silla.
		The monk Jajang (慈藏) is credited with having been a major force in the adoption of Buddhism as a national religion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Korean_Buddhism (4751 words)

	E-sangha, Buddhist Forum and Buddhism Forum -> North Korea's Situation
		Many of us following the news understand that North Korea is dancing with the creation of nuclear weapons, something to be concerned about for sure.
		He says guards in N. Korea's prisons are clearly instructed by superior officers to treat prisoners as quote, "Non human." If, by chance a guard fails to comply by this code, he is subject to methods of torture as well.
		North Korea is possibly the most despicable reigime on the planet.
	www.lioncity.net /buddhism/index.php?showtopic=2191 (1178 words)

	Adherents.com: By Location
		"Korea, since the 1960s, has seen the emergence of religious movements seeking to rediscover the indigenous Korean religion, that ancient religion which is believed to have prevailed prior to the importation of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Christianity.
		However, given North Korea's ongoing campaign to exterminate all Christians, applying a Western church-building paradigm to this situation in a totalitarian state may lead to a dubious conclusion.
		The Mahayana school of Buddhism, with its acceptance of local deities as a means of drawing the masses to temples for an eventual study of more orthodox doctrines and practices, proved to the liking of the Koreans.
	www.adherents.com:443 /adhloc/Wh_177.html (4175 words)

	Buddhism in Korea
		Buddhism has a long history, originating in India over 2,600 years ago.
		Travelers introduced the religion to Korea around the fourth century A.D. Since that time, Buddhism has greatly influenced Korean society, culture, and the arts.
		Of the 18 different sects in Korea, the Chogye sect represents close to 90% of the country's devout.
	www.lifeinkorea.com /Information/buddhism.cfm (233 words)

	The Three Vehicles: Hinayana, Mahayana and Tantrayana
		But, of course, these different parts cannot really be separated; the roots sustain the tree in their way, and the fruit depends on the roots and leaves and branches as well.
		A major reason for this development of different schools within Buddhism may be that the Buddha taught for decades.
		Only during one short period in history Buddhism was banned in Shri Lanka, but it was later restored with teachings from Thailand which in turn had originated in Shri Lanka.
	buddhism.kalachakranet.org /vehicles.html (2612 words)

	North Korea - Country Profile - Democratic People's Republic of Korea - DPRK - Choson
		KIM Chong-il has ruled North Korea since his father and the country's founder, president KIM Il-song, died in 1994.
		After decades of mismanagement, the North relies heavily on international food aid to feed its population, while continuing to expend resources to maintain an army of about 1 million.
		North Korea's long-range missile development and research into nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and massive conventional armed forces are of major concern to the international community.
	www.nationsonline.org /oneworld/korea_north.htm (680 words)

	North Korea (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		KOREA NEWS SERVICE english/korean - News stories from the official news agency of North Korea, the Korean Central News Agency.
		Korea is one Belgian, French and Dutch group formed to promote understanding of North Korea.
		North Korean Studies english - carries current info about the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, it relations with Russia and Australia, defectors, Soviet Koreans, as well as historical and historiographical research in the DPRK
	www.tuttinsieme.it.cob-web.org:8888 /tutti/tut/as/northkorea/northkorea.htm (306 words)

	Korea, North: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com
		Clinton ignored Kim Jong-il's Nukes: evidence indicates North Korea has had operational nuclear devices since 1994 and never had any......
		The Method to the Madness : Sure it sounds crazy, but North Korea has a clear record of brandishing missiles to press for peace, not......
		North Korea's Challenge of Regime Survival: Internal Problems and Implications for the Future.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107686.html (1469 words)

	Religion in North Korea (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In 1948, the UN proposed nationwide elections; after P'yongyang's refusal to allow UN inspectors in the north, elections were held in the south and the Republic of Korea was established.
		The North's heavy investment in military forces has produced an army of 1 million troops equipped with thousands of tanks and artillery pieces.
		Despite growing economic hardships, North Korea continues to devote a significant portion of its scarce resources to the military.
	atheism.about.com.cob-web.org:8888 /library/world/KZ/bl_NKoreaIndex.htm (447 words)

	Buddhist Channel \| S/N Korea \| Pakistan Delivered Buddhism to Korea
		However, the origin of Buddhism in Korea is not 100 percent from India, according to the top Pakistani envoy in Seoul.
		Min Hee-sik, former French literature professor of Hanyang University in Seoul, said that Koreans’ perception that Buddhism came from India is wrong because over 90 percent of Korean Buddhism is based on Gandhara and the rest is based on Buddha’s life in India.
		He said that French documents support the view that Gandhara is the spot from where today’s Buddhism spread to the world _ Buddhist temples were built for the first time in Gandhara, according to him.
	www.buddhistchannel.tv /index.php?id=45,3254,0,0,1,0 (590 words)

	Korea Travel: Dori-sa (Gyeongsang (North) Province) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Dori-sa was built by Adowhasang, the monk who introduced Buddhism to Korea during the Silla Dynasty (668 - 935).
		Estimated to have originally been located at the foot of Naengsan Mountain, it burned in a fire in 1677.
		This special style pagoda belongs to the group of Mojeon stone pagodas that depict Buddhism during the early Silla Dynasty.
	www.lifeinkorea.com /Travel2/349 (167 words)

	Buddhism by country (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The last column shows the Buddhist percentage compared to the total Buddhist population of the world (Buddhists in the region * 100/total Buddhist population of the world).
		(Note: Egypt, Sudan, and other Arab Maghreb countries are counted as part of North Africa, not Middle East).
		Ukraine, Seychelles, Buddhist, Bhutan, Tanzania, Kingdom, Cameroon, Bolivia, Jamaica, Korea
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia/b/bu/buddhism_by_country.html (204 words)

	Underground Religion in North Korea » Netscape.com
		Religion – There's Buddhism and Confucianism and government-sponsored religious groups that exist to provide an illusion of religious freedom...
		This is an interesting account about the "underground church" and how they hope a unified Korea will rise once again to become "the Jerusalem of Asia."
		Too bad many fundies will see this as an opportunity to push their religion onto others instead of encouraging liberty and democracy.
	religion.netscape.com /story/2006/07/04/underground-religion-in-north-korea (163 words)

	Buddhism (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
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	www.buddhism-guide.com.cob-web.org:8888 (309 words)

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