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	Polemic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polemics is the practice of disputing or controverting religious, philosophical, or political matters.
		As such, a polemic text on a topic is written specifically to dispute or refute a topic that is widely viewed to be a "sacred cow" or beyond reproach, in an effort to promote factual awareness.
		Polemic is also a branch of theology, pertaining to the history or conduct of ecclesiastical controversy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polemics (146 words)

	Why We Need Interreligious Polemics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Anywhere, in fact, where religion is the central topic, it seems that the polemical dimensions of the intellectual life are swept under the rug, or treated as the kind of embarrassment that reasonable people ought to pretend isn't there.
		I have suggested, first, that polemical argument and confrontation are integral and essential to the intellectual life, and that any attempt systematically to remove them from that life is dangerous and, in the end, incoherent.
		This is an important qualification for a number of reasons, most obviously that if one of the justifications for engagement in interreligious polemics is that it is heuristically valuable (as are its analogues in other dimensions of the intellectual life), then obviously revision, alteration, and abandonment of passionately held religious views must be a possibility.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft9406/griffith.html (4365 words)

	On Vegetarianism
		Vegetarianism was not a part of the early Buddhist tradition and the Buddha himself was not a vegetarian.
		Buddhists who insist on vegetarianism have a simple and compelling argument to support their case.
		Those who believe that vegetarianism is not necessary for Buddhists have equally compelling although more complex arguments to support their view: (1) If the Buddha had felt that a meatless diet was in accordance with the Precepts he would have said so and in the Pali Tipitaka at least, he did not.
	www.buddhistinformation.com /on_vegetarianism.htm (3275 words)

	Buddhist philosophy (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Buddhist philosophy is the branch of Eastern philosophy based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha (c.
		Early Buddhist philosophers and exegetes created a pluralist metaphysical and phenomenological system in which all experiences of people, things, and events, can be broken down into smaller and smaller perceptual or perceptual-ontological units called dharmas.
		The original positive Buddhist contribution to the field of metaphysics is prat&299;tyasamutp&257;da, which arises from the Buddhist critique of Indian theories of causality.
	buddhist-philosophy.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (1628 words)

	Buddhist polemics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alongside this reformist agenda is a strong conservatism which constrains Buddhists to accept texts as the word of the Buddha and therefore sacrosanct.
		In very early Buddhist texts (such as the Dhammapada, or Sutta Nipata) an Arahant (ie one who has achieved the goal, is enlightened, completely liberated from suffering) is seen as second to the Buddha only in the sense that he led them to the goal.
		Also Buddhist monasteries in for example Thailand provide help to society in general in many different ways by such things as constructing (or financially supporting) hospitals, providing schooling, and in the recent past, even raising money to help pay off the country's debt to the IMF.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Buddhist_polemics (1006 words)

	USF Center for the Pacific Rim :: Pacific Rim Report No.9
		“Zen Christian” or “Buddhist Jew.” While the attempt to live a life committed to two religious traditions is fraught with complexities, it also holds great potential, for a dual commitment may be preferable to the forced rejection of a tradition that speaks to one in a compelling way.
		Polemic is a tool to be used judiciously, not something that should characterize or dominate the encounter.
		But many Buddhists have argued that through a practice like meditation, the constructions (even the most stubborn ones, like “the self”) can be seen through and dissolved; their power over our experience (to mediate, frame, limit and interpret it) fades and disappears (and then, on this view, reality can be experienced in its “suchness”).
	www.pacificrim.usfca.edu /research/pacrimreport/pacrimreport9.html (8835 words)

	Buddhist polemics (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Buddhist polemics revolve around the veracity and efficacy of doctrine and practice.
		Buddhist polemics, Hinayana, Mahayana, Vajrayana, Yanas, Buddhist philosophy
		Buddhist polemics is one of the topics in focus at Global Oneness.
	www.experiencefestival.com.cob-web.org:8888 /a/Buddhist_polemics/id/303072 (501 words)

	[No title]
		BUDDHIST PERCEPTIONS OF CHRISTIANITY Somebody who is a christian and looks up on the religious scene in korea might find much easier a buddhist perception from christianity and of course there are such takeovers, so they should be mentioned before we go into the wise a verse thing.
		There are sunday-services in the mist buddhist temples, according to the 7 day week with the free sunday, and additional to traditional buddhists instruments the visitor and participant of buddhist services will find a piano used to guide buddhist songs with very christian like melody, and even women-choirs like in parish services.
		Catholics and Buddhist are in their view the same poor who have to go to hell will they not convert so "their" church.
	www.buddhist-christian-studies.org /sept99.txt (3558 words)

	New Sinhala extremist party stands Buddhist monks in Sri Lankan elections
		The JHU is standing 252 Buddhist priests as candidates in 21 of the country’s 22 electoral districts on an explicitly Sinhala-Buddhist supremacist program.
		The Buddhist hierarchy was particularly incensed that Christian groups were offering welfare and education programs to the poor as a means of gaining converts.
		Buddhist revivalism, which bewailed the social evils introduced by Europeans and looked back to a glorious Sinhala past, was always an element of the chauvinist politics employed by the capitalist class, particularly against the growing influence of the Trotskyist Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP).
	www.wsws.org /articles/2004/apr2004/jhu-a01.shtml (1908 words)

	UU Sangha, Spring 2002
		In the Sutra a great many traditional Buddhist doctrines are at least mentioned, such as the four holy truths, the eight-fold path, the three marks of the Dharma, inter-dependent origination, the twelve-link chain of causation, the six perfections, and so forth.
		Buddhist stories continued to be used down to the present day by Unitarian Universalists in their religious education programs.
		Such inclusions of Buddhist and other heritages of the world's religions in UU congregational life are not widespread but appear to be growing.
	www.uua.org /uubf/sangv6n2.htm (4853 words)

	Introduction - World Scripture - Andrew Wilson
		Polemics attacking a priest, brahmin, mullah, or rabbi for hypocrisy could best be understood not as a partisan attack on another religion, but rather as illuminating a universal problem of religious people.
		Examples include: New Testament polemics against the Jews and the Mosaic Law, the Qur'an's polemics against the Christian doctrine that Jesus is the Son of God, and the Lotus Sutra's polemics against Theravada Buddhism as an inferior vehicle.
		A vast compendium of Buddhist teachings which is little known in the West is the Mahaparinirvana Sutra, whose main theme is the Buddha nature which is full of compassion and transcends the impermanent world of activity.
	www.tparents.org /Library/Unification/Books/World-S/WS-Intro.htm (15392 words)

	Zen Precepts. Riggs. 11/9/04.
		Leaving aside the controversy over the origin of his special set, there is no doubt that Dōgen and his disciples assumed the right to ordain monks with these precepts without approval from either the government or from the established Japanese temples, and by so doing took a major step toward controlling their own affairs.
		For Buddhist monks in China there was a standard set of precepts and procedures used to become a monk, regardless of the monk’s affiliation with any particular lineage or kind of practice.
		For American Sōtō Buddhists, who are seldom born into a Buddhist family with ties to a particular lineage, receiving the precepts has become more like a rite of passage.
	www.acmuller.net /zen-sem/2004/riggs.html (8418 words)

	1996 AAS Abstracts: Japan Session 55 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the standard view, the waki's identity as a traveling priest is mere dramatic convention, allowing the playwright to place the ghostly protagonist on stage to recite her tale of the past.
		However, a major theme of this play is the tension generated by the defiling presence of a Buddhist priest at a Shinto shrine.
		Furthermore, although the shite attempts to purify herself of bitter memories through retreat within her sacred sanctuary, at the climax of the play the shrine is transformed into an emotional prison from which she escapes via a Buddhist-inspired vehicle of salvation.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1996abst/japan/j55.htm (1143 words)

	The University of Chicago Martin Marty Center
		But the Buddhists went even further by claiming that their understanding of filial piety was superior to the Confucian one, because by aiming at universal salvation all ancestors would be honored, not just one’s own.
		The five Buddhist prohibitions to be respected by lay believers are reminiscent of the Ten Commandments of Christianity … But to Ricci and the missionaries, these resemblances were nothing but traps set by the devil.
		A few years later the persecution of Buddhists began, justified through an edict issued in 845 C.E. In this edict Buddhists were accused of adhering to a foreign, barbarian religion that undermined the customs and mores of China and was responsible for the contemporary social crisis.
	marty-center.uchicago.edu /webforum/122003/commentary.shtml (6894 words)

	Feature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Bastian was a pious and practical Buddhist, well-known for placing his press at the service of the Dhamma, and also for his projects for the benefit of pilgrims in the sacred cities.
		The ample grounds of the Wijayatilakaramaya in the centre of the town was donated to the Sangha by the family.
		The 'Buddhist Annual' of Ceylon highlights the pioneering work of English Civil servants in Pali studies and the rendering of the Pali scriptures and historical and literary work into English, leading to the inclusion of Pali and Buddhist studies in the curricula of the Universities of Europe and America.
	www.dailynews.lk /2005/08/08/fea02.htm (977 words)

	E-sangha, Buddhist Forum and Buddhism Forum -> Buddhist Apohavada
		Dhirendra Sharma is son of Vidyabhushana Pandita and one of the finest scholars in the Buddhist and Nyaya epistemology.
		In Indian Buddhist logic of Dignaga and Dharmakirti, paramartha (mataphysical entities) are the absolutely particular point-instances (svalaksana) that are beyond space, time, and change.
		The first theory can be called direct presentationism (as words are referring directly to the things), while the latter theory is and extreme form of representationism, since the words refer to the concepts, and there is no warranty that the concepts do adequately refer to the things itself.
	www.lioncity.net /buddhism/index.php?showtopic=338 (748 words)

	The Yogacara School of the Mahayana Buddhist Philosophy
		The Buddhist philosophical school of Yogacara established in the frames of Mahayanistic Buddhism is one of the most complex and interesting phenomena of the philosophical trends of traditional India.
		It is also determined by the fundamental Buddhist problem, that is living being and its liberation from the bondage of Samsara.
		But in any case the school of Yogacara Buddhist philosophy is one of the most profound and subtle Indian philosophical system spreading with the Buddhist religion all along Eastern and Central Asia.
	www.kheper.net /topics/Buddhism/Yogacara.html (1452 words)

	Taoism and Science
		Taoists borrowed monasticism from Buddhists, competed against them for imperial patronage, split into sects that competed with each other, but failed to build "an organized church." They remained sunk in degeneracy, the intellectual and moral standards of their communities low, until the last "Taoist pope" was ousted in 1927.
		Like Buddhist sects, when not drawing on the state's largesse, they absorbed their share of the government's recurring distrust for unofficial foci of popular esteem.
		After examining Buddhist scriptures it is natural to conclude, at least as a broad and preliminary generalization, that "in the last resort, Buddhism was a profound rejection of the world . . .
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~nsivin/7tao.html (17858 words)

	Empty Mountains - Buddhist Apologetics of Wisdom and Compassion
		The opening lines of the Buddhist scriptures say that every individual is the sum total of what he or she thought in his or her past life.
		With Buddhahood, both the conventional appearance of phenomena and their emptiness, i.e., the two truths appear simultaneously (which is the definition of omniscience), and there is no distinction to be made between a period of meditation and a period of nonmeditation: all a Buddha’s cognitions are direct and valid.
		The Buddhist renunciant is interested in helping others attain nirvana, but not by merely “improving samsara.” That is, removing suffering once and for all is based on a soteriological solution, which cannot be achieved by a technological, political, or sociological approach.
	www.emptymountains.org (18621 words)

	History of the Buddhist Councils
		Two people were charged with remembering the two parts of the teachings: Ananda, the Buddha's closest companion for over 25 years was in charge of reciting the Dharma, while another great monk that had a great memory, Upali, was in charge of remembering all the Vinaya rules.
		After hours of polemics, Maha Kassapa finally ruled that none of the Vinaya rules should be changed whatsoever and stated "if we changed the rules, people will say that the Buddha's disciples changed his rules even before his funeral fire has ceased burning."
		After the council, great Emperor Asoka (who was not natively born a Buddhist, but was converted) sent missionaries to Sri Lanka, Kanara, Karnataka, Kashmir, the Himalayan region, Burma and Afghanistan.
	www.ahistoryofbuddhism.com /Buddhist-Councils.html (588 words)

	Kamma in Context: The Mahakammavibhangasutta and the Culakammavibhangasutta
		The ‘homeless life’ of the Buddhist adept as described in the Saamaññaphala Sutta was a pre-Buddhist phenomenon, as were the ideas of meditation jhaanas, sa.msaara and kamma.
		According to the Saamaññaphala Sutta this sort of vision arose for the Buddhist adept as a result of the perfection of meditation (jhaana) coupled with the perfection of ethics.
		Ethics are so integral to the Buddhist path that it seems highly unlikely the Buddha would describe religious practice that denies a basis of ethics as establishing true religious insight.
	www.westernbuddhistreview.com /vol4/kamma_in_context.html (7696 words)

	THDL: Nyingma Literature Collection
		While Buddhist figures and movements surely were active on the Tibetan plateau long before, Tibetan religious histories concentrate on events in the latter half of the eighth century as marking a watershed during which Buddhism definitively established itself within Tibetan culture.
		Thus, from the late tenth into the eleventh century there is a gradual polarization between new Buddhist lineages referring to themselves as "Modernists" or "New Ones" (Sarma, gsar ma) and the older Buddhist lineages still adhering to the imperial legacies and hence known as the "Ancients" or "Old Ones" (Nyingma, rnying ma).
		It should be noted that despite the rhetoric and polemics, it was clear that Sarma and Nyingma authors were in extensive dialog from the late tenth century onwards, and that Nyingma "treasure" texts are in many ways best understood as the Nyingma appropriation of new Indian materials against the background of their own received traditions.
	www.thdl.org /collections/literature/nyingma.html (1658 words)

	SAMAR \| Fictions and Polemics
		Indeed, each fiction, as the author explains, was composed as part of a process of working through myriad issues surrounding the responsibilities of the public and private identities he embraced as an academic immigrant to the United States in the early 1960s.
		The course plotted by these polemics adheres rigorously to secular and democratic values as the basis from which to understand the overlapping histories of South Asian nation states and their remarkable diasporas.
		To call all non-fiction "polemics," as the author does, whether the articles be scholarly or journalistic, can be understood as an acknowledgment that nothing to which we turn our minds, pens, or keyboards in this day and age can honestly purport to be disinterested.
	www.samarmagazine.org /archive/article.php?id=38 (1648 words)

	The Peripatetic Class: Buddhist Traditions and Myths of Pedagogy
		I had been working through a standard introductory curriculum: the life of the Buddha, the four noble truths, the twelve-fold chain of interdependent origination, etc., when after class, a student from Thailand came to me in tears.
		She had a Buddha-image around her neck, a talisman that she had been wearing since childhood, and she could not reconcile the God "Buddha" she grew up with, with the "Buddhism" being taught in Religion 152," in which a focus on the non-theistic polemics of the Theravadin tradition is standard fare.
		Mind is to be developed and sharpened; a reasonably healthy body is needed to carry the mind on its way, but the two shall rarely if ever never meet.
	fp.uni.edu /jrae/JarowSpring2002.htm (392 words)

	welch
		The text used by Church leaders in the late fourth century to legitimate the prohibition of pagan religious practices is used by Bishop Colenso in the 19th century to challenge the presumed superiority of Christian colonizers to the colonized ‘heathen’(Draper).
		Many of us would argue that the polemics of our time are as unproductive intellectually and as dangerous politically as the “apostate conspiracy theories” analyzed by Gaca.
		As in judiciary practice, polemics allows for no possibility of an equal discussion: it is processing a suspect; it collects the proofs of his guilt, designates the infraction he has committed, and pronounces the verdict and sentences him.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /AnS/religious_studies/SBL2000/welch.html (2977 words)

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