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Topic: Bukharan Peoples Republic

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	Bukharan Jews - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bukharan Jews (Bukhoran Jews, Bukharian Jews) is a blanket term for Jews from Central Asia speaking a dialect of the Tajik language.
		Bukharan Jews used Persian language to communicate among themselves and later developed "Bukhori", a distinct dialect of the Tajiki-Persian language with certain linguistic traces of Hebrew.
		Bukharan cuisine consists mainly of shish kabobs of chicken, beef or lamb.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bukharan_Jews (1294 words)

	History - Under the Soviets
		Two representatives of Bukharan Jewry, Raphael Potilahov and Jacob Va'adiayov, served in 1918 as ministers in the short-lived autonomous government in Khuqand.
		At the onset of the Soviet rule a network of secular government schools was established for the Bukharan community; the first teachers in these schools were Ashkenazi Jews, who did not know the language of the Bukharan Jews, and the language of instruction in these schools was Hebrew.
		In the large cities of Central Asia, where the Bukharan Jewish population is mainly concentrated, thirty years after the elimination of the community's cultural life and particularly its network of schools, the Judeo-Tajik language was the major means of communication in all areas of life only among those aged 55–60 or more.
	www.bjewsusa.com /HI_under_soviets.htm (1049 words)

	Tajikistan
		People under age thirty made up 75 percent of the population; people under age fifteen were 47 percent of the total.
		Average family size in the republic, according to the 1989 census, was 6.1 people, the largest in the Soviet Union.
		The total number of people who fled their homes during the troubles of 1992 and 1993, either for other parts of Tajikistan or for other countries, is estimated to be at least 500,000.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/tajikistan/all.html (17825 words)

	Bukharan Jews - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		Bukharan Jews got their name from the Uzbek city of Bukhara, which once had a large community.
		Bukharan Jews used Persian language to communicate among themselves and later developed "Bukhori", a distinct dialect of the Tajiki-Persian language with certain linguistic traces of Hebrew language.
		With disintegration of the USSR and foundation of the independent Republic of Uzbekistan in 1991, there was an abrupt growth of nationalism, chauvinism and xenophobia in Uzbek public consciousness, rapid revival of Islam caused a sudden increase in the level of emigration of Jews (both Bukharan and Ashkenazi).
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Bukharan_Jews (988 words)

	v16n2
		With the option of repositioning oneself as a native people, a guardian of the global ecosystem, and accessing the resources that the global environmental movement has at its disposal, the ability of states to categorize indigeneous peoples as marginalized members of the nation-state rapidly diminishes.
		The Russians succeeded in establishing military authority over the native people in Kamchatka, but it was not until the Soviet era that Russians achieved their goal of consolidating the dispersed natives into towns and villages and instituting agriculture as opposed to fishing and hunting, as the principle lifestyle.
		Further discussion often led people to remark on the ironic ways that the name is used, as an innocuous code word for the illegal activity, a code incidentally which worked perfectly as the unemployment rate was soaring and television was a principle activity for many.
	condor.depaul.edu /~rrotenbe/aeer/aeer16_2.html (19722 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/History of Central Asia
		The people lived in gers, tents made of hides and woods that could be disassembled and transported.
		To govern settled peoples the steppe nomads were forced to rely on the local bureaucracy, a factor that lead to the rapid assimilation of the steppe peoples into the culture of those they had conquered.
		The People's Republic of China sees the region as an essential future source of raw materials; most Central Asian countries are members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia (3952 words)

	Central Eurasian Studies Review - Volume 2 - Number 1 - Winter 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The grammar of the communicative relations between people in terms of the contradiction between the inside and the outside of a house is a promising topic of research.
		I conducted the fieldwork in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and the Kyrgyz Republic.
		The intrinsic worthiness of dragging these peoples memories back from buried vaults of consciousness in their senescence doesnt always seem so transparent to me. The value of the interviews has to be tempered by both a cross-disciplinary theoretical perspective and a comparative effort that examines other works framing social histories of collectivization.
	cess.fas.harvard.edu /cesr/html/CESR_02_1.html (15623 words)

	Politics of compromise - The Tajikistan peace process
		Between 20,000 and 60,000 people were killed in the first year of fighting when the war was at its peak, with most commentators judging that about 50,000 lives were lost between May and December 1992.
		Tajikistan is a landlocked mountainous country situated to the north of Afghanistan, to the north-west of China, to the south of the Kyrgyz Republic and to the east of Uzbekistan.
		One distinction has been between the peoples of the plains in the north, who in ancient times were a part of the rich urban-based culture of Transoxiana, and the people of the mountains in the centre, east and south-west, who were comparatively isolated and developed strong localized identities.
	www.c-r.org /accord/tajik/accord10/civil.shtml (3799 words)

	Central Eurasian Studies Review - Volume 1 - Number 2 - Spring 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Many people I talked to were singularly unimpressed with MAHNs acknowledgement that while people had suffered under their watch, ultimately, MAHN itself was also a victim, not a perpetrator.
		While inculcating in Soviet people of all nationalities the notion that they have the right to education in their "own" language and the blossoming of their particular national culture, Soviet nationalities ideologies also put pressure on them to russify, both linguistically and culturally, by punishing and provincializing people who wanted to remain national.
		People of Volga German ancestry, by contrast, need to acquire German in order to qualify for immigration to Germany, while knowledge of Hebrew is not required for Jews to emigrate to Israel.
	cess.fas.harvard.edu /cesr/html/CESR_01_2.html (14535 words)

	"Safe Treyf": New York Jews and Chinese Food [long but interesting] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As people we spoke with were quick to point out, Chinese cooking disguises the tabooed ingredients by cutting, chopping, and mincing them.
		People who were labeled "kikes" and "sheenies" learned to refer to Chinese Americans as "chinks." Two of our informants, whose mothers used to say "Let's go eat at Chinks," did not discover until adolescence or later that "chinks" was a disparaging and contemptuous term.
		A few people even insisted that their parents, who had learned their English on the streets, had not known that chinks was a racist epithet.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/816332/posts (4184 words)

	Central Asia: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Northern Hemisphere's (Northern Hemisphere's: The hemisphere north of the equator) southernmost permafrost (permafrost: Ground that is permanently frozen), at Erdenetsogt sum, Mongolia (Mongolia: A landlocked socialist republic in central Asia), 46°17' north.
		The history of Central Asia is marked by several millennia of dominance by the horse peoples of the steppe (steppe: Extensive plain without trees (associated with eastern Russia and Siberia)), who were some of the most militarily potent peoples in the world.
		The Bukharan Jews (Bukharan Jews: more facts about this subject) were once a sizable community in Uzbekistan, but nearly all have emigrated in recent years.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/central_asia (3816 words)

	Baku Congress of the Peoples of the East
		Under the second Ukrainian People’s Republic the Ukraine was a colony of French capital, in accordance with the agreement which the mercenary Petlyura signed in Odessa with the French General D'Anselme.
		The third Ukrainian People’s Republic, promised by the same Petlyura, was merely a screen for the establishment in the Ukraine of the hated evil rule of the Polish gentry.
		We see that Soviet republics have been formed from the former colonies, in Turkestan, Caucasia and other countries with a Moslem population, and these Soviet republics are entering as federal units into Soviet Russia; and now these Soviet republics, inhabited by oppressed toilers, are developing culturally, raising their cultural level.
	www.marxists.org /history/international/comintern/baku/ch05.htm (8830 words)

	History (from Tajikistan) -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		In August 1920 the Revolution was extended to the khanate of Bukhara, which embraced most of the territory occupied by modern Tajikistan; the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic was declared in October 1920, and early in 1921 the Soviet army captured Dushanbe and Kulob (Kulyab).
		On December 5, 1929, the status of the Tadzhik A.S.S.R. was raised to that of a union republic (S.S.R.).
		A landlocked republic of Central Asia, Tajikistan borders Kyrgyzstan on the north, Uzbekistan on the north and west, Afghanistan on the south, and China on the east.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-214553 (1533 words)

	Jihad Watch: Malaysian Ambassador to Russia: "One of the roots of the problem is that there are still a lot of Zionists ...
		The People's Republic of Khorezm (Khiva) is established under the leadership of the Young Khivans.
		The People's Republic of Bukhara is established under the leadership of the Young Bukharans and the Bukharan Communist Party, with Faizullah Khojaev (1896-1938) as chairman and then premier.
		The Bukharan SSR is established, eplacing the People's Republic of Buhkhara.
	www.jihadwatch.org /archives/004585.php (3256 words)

	Central Asian Khanates
		It was reported to have flown a red flag with a crescent in the center and the initials of the state in Cyrillic letters in the hoist.
		On November 19, 1924 the name of the state was changed to the Bukharan Siviet Socialist Republic and presumably the initials on the flag also changed to 'BSSR' but the state was overthrown on the 24th of that same month by the Uzbek SSR Temporary Revolutionary Committee.
		The last basmachi warriors, retreating to the Ferghana Valley (1923-1924), were directed by the famous Kurshermat and used a different flag: red with shahadda, crescent and eight five-pointed stars in the canton, all in white, reported in Flag Bulletin 95.
	www.fotw.net /flags/casia.html (1602 words)

	Diaspora on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Jewish population of Central and Eastern Europe, until World War II the largest in the world, was decimated in the Holocaust.
		Despite the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, the vast majority of the Jewish people remains in the diaspora, notably in North America, Russia, and Ukraine.
		Reconsidering the tale of Rabbi Yosef Maman and the Bukharan Jewish diaspora.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/d/diaspora.asp (1198 words)

	Central Asian Political Transitions
		The extent to which this relabeling, and the "passive revolution," have brought the leadership into conformity with the consciousness of the people may be indicated by the degree of authoritarian control which the political elites feel compelled to exercise.
		The low receptivity of Central Asian people to the appeal of the Iranian model of Islam reflects not just the Shi'a-Sunni divide or the legacy of seventy years of Soviet secular repression of religion, but also the diverse and complex character of Central Asian Islam.
		The vulnerability of the Central Asian republics is a product of the interest attracted to these states because of their geopolitical setting, their resources and the characteristics of the population that make linkages on the basis of shared identity exploitable.
	www.ca-politicaltransitions.com /ResearchPapers/Thesis/ChapterFour.html (8748 words)

	Russian Civil War Polities
		Many polities referred to here as "republics" are simply given that designation historically and were not actually republics, many in fact never established a form of administration.
		Also second part of name of this republic is pointed not for self named town, but for all Krivorogian basin.
		It was to be a free federation of Turkic and Ugro-Finnic peoples of Volga-Ural Region, remembering the glory of the Golden Horde.
	www.worldstatesmen.org /Russia_war.html (3794 words)

	History (from Turkmenistan) -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A republic of Central Asia, Turkmenistan borders Uzbekistan on the northeast, Kazakhstan on the northwest, the Caspian Sea on the west, Iran on the southwest, and Afghanistan on the southeast.
		Most people live in the oasis areas in the south and along the Amu Darya in the east.
		From 1924 to 1991 it was the capital of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-214562 (1458 words)

	Russian Conquest - History - Turkmenistan - Asia
		The Bolsheviks also conquered the emirate of Bukhoro and the khanate of Khiva, which included the eastern and northern portions of present-day Turkmenistan; these two states were designated People’s Soviet Republics (Khiva was renamed Khorezm, as it had been known prior to the 16th century).
		In 1922 the Bolsheviks founded the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), and in 1924 Turkmen territory was designated the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR).
		The Turkmen SSR included portions of the Khorezmian and Bukharan People’s Soviet Republics, which were abolished as political entities.
	www.countriesquest.com /asia/turkmenistan/history/russian_conquest.htm (571 words)

	Jews of Bukhara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		At first, these relatively prosperous and urbane Jews from the West were appalled by the provinciality of the Bukharans, which surely equalled that of Russia's and Poland's 'ghetto Jews'.
		Few Bukharans had any comprehension of modern advances in science and technology or of the new socioeconomic and political ideas which were about to alter the course of history.
		However, Bukhara itself remained a nominally independent state known as the "Bukharan Soviet Peoples' Republic" until 1924, when its territory was incorporated into the newly-organized Soviet Socialist Republic of Uzbekistan.
	members.dancris.com /~byblos/buksovt.htm (797 words)

	MyJewishBooks Online
		Keepers of the flame of Judaism, these are people who are working in the twenty-first century but are deeply aware of their religious legacy, from Sephardic to Ashkenaz, from learned to comic.
		The people here represent the rabbinate as the hard-to-define, impossible-to-categorize world that it is. Included are rabbis who are fixtures on talk shows, serious authors, scholars, the first woman rabbi, and the first Ethiopian rabbi.
		Also discussed is the influence of Averroe's commentary on Plato's Republic, and the Machiavellian rejection of the theory of the philosopher-king and its influence upon early modern Jewish scholars, such as Simone Luzzatto and Spinoza, who rejected it in favor of a so-called Republican attitude.
	www.myjewishbooks.com /sep02.html (14648 words)

	Central Asia Republics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The FirstBook [sic] of Demographics for the Republics of the Former Soviet Union, 1951-1990.
		Chislennost' naseleniya soyuznykh respublik po gorodskim poseleniyam i rayonam (Size of the Population of the Union Republics by Urban Settlement and District).
		Chislennost', sostav i dvizheniye naseleniya Respubliki Uzbekistan (The Size, Composition, and Movement of the Population of the Republic of Uzbekistan).
	www.country-data.com /frd/cs/kazakstan/kz_bibl.html (4168 words)

	The Tajikistan Update - Cultural, Language, & Ethnicity
		The Tajiks are descendants of ethnic Iranians who were the traditional sedentary people of Central Asia.
		Another group that is indigenous to Central Asia are the Bukharan Jews, who along with the European Jewry, numbered 14,000 in Tajikistan.
		In the fall of 1992, when the civil war in Tajikistan was full-blown, the Israeli government evacuated most of Tajikistan's Jewish population.
	www.angelfire.com /sd/tajikistanupdate/culture.html (1885 words)

	shashmakom
		the musical culture in Bukhara and the Central Asian peoples' cultures were in crisis.
		This crisis was not overcome until after the formation of the Temurid State in the second half of the 14th century.
		The record was published in 1924 by Nazirat (the Ministry) of Education of the Bukharan Republic.
	www.geocities.com /saidkhodja_99/shashmakom.html (720 words)

	Khwarizm History Summary
		A khanate established in the early sixteenth century by a new wave of Chinggizid nomads, the Uzbeks, was in constant rivalry with the Bukharan khanate and suffered many incursions by nomadic Turkmen raiders.
		In the nineteenth century a new dynasty of military chiefs of the Qungrat tribe held the nomads in check and vigorously resisted Russia's expansion into the area.
		The khanate was replaced by the short-lived Khoresmian People's Soviet Republic, which, four years later, was divided along ethnic lines between the Turkmen and Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republics.
	www.bookrags.com /history/worldhistory/khwarizm-ema-03 (460 words)

	History (from Tajikistan) -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Sporadic fighting continued as the Islamic fundamentalist forces and their allies, now based in Afghanistan, continued to launch attacks on the Russian and Tajik troops guarding the border.
		the discipline that studies the chronological record of events (as affecting a nation or people), based on a critical examination of source materials and usually presenting an explanation of their causes.
		Provides a detailed overview of the people, geography, history, society, environment, economy, government, foreign relations, and armed forces.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-214553 (1611 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Central Asia Republics
		Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Central Asia Republics
		Country Report: Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Central Asian Republics.
		Country Report: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan [London], No. 1, 1996.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/turkmenistan/tm_bibl.html (4186 words)

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