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Topic: Bulat steel

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	Steel: The Spirit of the Blade
		The essence of every blade is in the steel from which it is forged.
		The amount of carbon and other alloys in steel blade affect hardness and flexibility and can be varied according to the skill and desire of the smith.
		Pattern-welded steel – Often referred to as mechanical Damascus, this steel consists of two or more dissimilar irons or steels which are forge welded and then folded or twisted to produce the characteristic Damascus pattern.
	www.angelsword.com /steel.php (356 words)

	Bulat steel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bulat is a type of steel alloy developed by Pavel Petrovich Anosov in 1838, when he completed ten years of study into the nature of Damascus steel swords and eventually managed to duplicate the qualities of that metal.
		Bulat became popular in weapons manufacturing, notably cannons, until the Bessemer process was able to make the same quality steels for far less money.
		Unless quenching is used, carbon steel consists of two components: pure iron, in the form of ferrite, and cementite, a compound of iron and carbon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bulat_steel (357 words)

	Damascus steel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Damascus steel, also known as Damascened steel, is a type of steel alloy that is both strong and malleable, a material that is perfect for the building of swords.
		In general, notably during the era of Damascus steel, one could produce an alloy that was strong and brittle at one extreme by adding up to 2% carbon, or soft and malleable at the other, with about 0.5% carbon.
		The carbides are far harder than the steel, allowing the swordsmith to make an edge centered on one of the carbide bands and thus very strong, while the sword as a whole remained flexible as in normal steels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Damascus_steel (1216 words)

	Carbon steel -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Steel with sufficient carbon compositions can be heat-treated, allowing parts to be fabricated in an easily-formable soft state then made harder for structural applications.
		Steels are often wrought by (additional info and facts about cold-working) cold-working methods, which is the shaping of metal through deformation at a low equilibrium or metastable temperature.
		Cooling through a hypoeutectoid reaction in carbon steels results in a mostly (additional info and facts about pearlitic) pearlitic arrangement of alternating layers of (A solid solution in which alpha iron is the solvent) ferrite and cementite.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ca/carbon_steel.htm (780 words)

	damascus steel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Damascus steel is a type of steel alloy that is both strong and malleable, a material that is perfect for the building of swords.
		The exact process of making Damascus steel was lost, although it appears that the Russian bulat steel is similar, at least in nature if not in process.
		Pattern welded damascus is made by welding layers of steel and iron together to form a billet.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /damascus_steel.html (1220 words)

	eBay Guides - wootz, bulat, and damascus steel
		This is because the term "damascus steel" has been used over the years to describe pattern-welded steel, wootz, and practically anything else that showed a pattern on its surface.
		Pattern-welded steel could most simply be defined as any steel that has been made from two or more pieces forge-welded together and manipulated for the purpose of bringing out a visible pattern.
		Where normal steels react well to forging at 1800-2200F (orange to bright yellow color) and generally react poorly to forging at 1500-1650 (red to dull orange), wootz would crumble if forged at the higher temperatures and could only be forged effectively in the lower range.
	reviews.ebay.com /wootz-bulat-and-damascus-steel_W0QQugidZ10000000002500865?ssPageName=BUYGD:CAT:-1:LISTINGS:4 (2154 words)

	Iran Steel Center Portal - Steel Types
		Steel is often classified by its carbon content: a high-carbon steel is serviceable for dies and cutting tools because of its great hardness and brittleness; low- or medium-carbon steel is used for sheeting and structural forms because of its amenability to welding and tooling.
		Nickel steel is the most widely used of the alloys; it is nonmagnetic and has the tensile properties of high-carbon steel without the brittleness.
		Tool steels are steels that are primarily used to make tools used in manufacturing processes as well as for machining metals, woods, and plastics.
	iransteelcenter.com /portal/content/view/16/32 (320 words)

	Katana - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The way they did the 'makuri-gitae' method was by using two steels, one folded more times than the other, or of a lesser carbon content.
		By the end of the process, the two pieces of steel are functionally the same piece, but with different rigidities.
		When the rough blade was completed, the flsmith would turn the blade over to a polisher, whose job it was to polish the steel of the blade to a glittering shine and sharpen the edge for battle.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Katana (4410 words)

	Method of forming cast alloys having high strength and plasticity - Patent 6764560 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although, the best mechanical characteristics of high-carbon steels may be achieved when these negative effects are overcome at least partially by means of rather high concentration of carbide-forming additives and the demand to perform the intensive high temperature deformation in a narrow temperature window, both of these approaches increase the cost of materials.
		The microstructure of the high-carbon steel formed in accordance with the invention is characterized as having a small grain size and microspherical form of carbide particles dispersed substantially throughout the alloy matrix.
		Developing a cast high-carbon steel with 1.8%C with the structure of small size spherical cementite particles by means of casting into a massive copper form with the subsequent annealing at 750.degree.
	www.freepatentsonline.com:9003 /6764560.html (5721 words)

	Wootz steel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Wootz, a kind of crucible steel, may be produced by placing a mixture of wrought iron or iron ore and charcoal in a crucible with glass, which is then sealed and heated in a furnace with a number of other crucibles.
		Wootz steel was widely exported thoughout the region, and became particularly famous in the Middle East, where it became known as Damascus steel.
		Damascus swords were renowned for their toughness, it being said that they could cut through a man with a single stroke, and be bent around a man and return to their original shape when released.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Steel/Wootz-steel.html (177 words)

	Articles - Crucible steel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Crucible steel describes a number of different techniques for making steel alloy by slowly heating and cooling iron and carbon (typically in the form of charcoal) in a crucible.
		Nevertheless it was possible to produce quality steel in Europe, by importing the highly valued Swedish ore. Although it was not understood at the time, the Swedish ore contained very low levels of common impurities, leading to higher quality irons and steels from otherwise identical techniques applied to other ores.
		The result was an bar of metal known as blister steel - the surface of the bars became uneven from a multitude of blisters (or blebs) - which varied in quality from one bar to the next and within each bar.
	www.findize.com /articles/Crucible_steel (974 words)

	Steel: The Spirit of the Blade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The amount of carbon and other alloys in steel blade affect hardness and flexibility and can be varied according to the skill and desire of the smith.
		Pattern-welded steel – Often referred to as mechanical Damascus, this steel consists of two or more dissimilar irons or steels which are forge welded and then folded or twisted to produce the characteristic Damascus pattern.
		It is not folded, rather it achieves its characteristics through the segregation of a single steel into multiple steels with different carbon contents, crystalline structures and alloy levels.
	www.swordforge.com /steel.php (356 words)

	ipedia.com: Crucible steel Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Crucible steel describes a number of different techiques for making steel alloy by slowly heating and cooling iron and carbon (typically in the form of charcoal) in a crucible.
		Iron is not found in its elemental state due to free oxygen in the atmosphere (at least since the evolution of cyanobacteria some 3.8 billion years ago), so some method must be used to remove the oxygen again and return the iron to a pure state.
		Before the introduction of Huntsman's technique, steel production had been based on using the unusually pure iron from Sweden, packed into stone boxes with charcoal and heated in a furnace for an entire week.
	www.ipedia.com /crucible_steel.html (799 words)

	damascene brocade-syrian textile-syran fabric-syrian embroider-handmade table cloth-damask (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Wootz steel was produced as roughly 2.3 kg ingots, commonly referred to as cakes, that are solidified in a closed crucible.
		The studies show that in two-phase (austenite + Fe C) steels, the divorced eutectoid transformation (DET) dominates at slow cooling rates and the pearlite reaction dominates at higher cooling rates; the DET is favored as the density of the Fe C particles in the transforming austenite increases.
		Hence, analyses of the seven genuine wootz Damascus steels of Table III are consistent with the theory that low levels of carbide-forming elements, apparently mainly vanadium and to a lesser extent manganese, are essential to the surface-pattern formation of these blades.
	www.syriangate.com /texts/damascussteeltext.htm (5742 words)

	Realm of Fantasy - Fantasy Swords and Collectibles
		Spring Steel is a term that refers to any member of a group of steels that various types of springs are usually made out of (e.g, car springs are commonly made of 5160, but they can also be 1065).
		Now this steel is composed of many layers of high and low carbon steel, and when etched, the high and low carbon steels are attacked at different rates by the acid, resulting in a visible pattern.
		Stainless steel is not suitable for real swords, but is acceptable for short knives and decorative swords that are intended to be hung on a wall and not used.
	www.realmoffantasy.com /swords/swordinfo.asp (3172 words)

	Damascus Steel and Hand Forged Knives. P W Mechanical properties
		It may be seen, notch toughness of Damascus steel are close to the notch toughness of tool carbon and low allowed steels.
		It may be seen from received data, the tensile strength of the tested Welded Damascus steels are some inferior to tempered at the same temperature quenched carbon steel with 0.7% C at essentially equal plasticity.
		The samples of modern fabricated Welded Damascus steel (at list, the samples tested by us) do not exceed up-to-day high-carbon and low alloyed steels in combination hardness-toughness and they are considerably inferior to supersteels.
	damascus.free.fr /f_damas/f_quest/steel.htm (1635 words)

	Damascus steel - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Damascus steel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Damascus steel - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Damascus steel.
		The original process of making Damascus steel was lost, and has been eagerly sought by many since that time.
		* J. Verhoeven, A. Pendray, and W. Dauksch, "The Key Role of Impurities in Ancient Damascus Steel Blades ", JOM 50 (9), 58-64 (1998).
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Damascus-steel.html (1230 words)

	Sword Magick -- About Us
		The amount of carbon and other alloys in a steel blade affect hardness and flexibility, and these amounts can be varied according to the skills and desires of the swordsmith.
		The underlying cause of much of the debate is the inability of modern steels to replicate the properties of Damascus steel.
		Pattern-welded steel - Often referred to as mechanical Damascus, this steel consists of two or more dissimilar irons or steels which are forge welded and then folded or twisted to produce the characteristic Damascus pattern.
	www.swordmagick.com /about.html (878 words)

	The world's top damascus steel websites
		Damascus steel is a type of steel alloy that is both strong and malleable, a material that is perfect for the building of swords.
		In general, notably during the era of Damascus steel, one could produce an alloy that was strong and brittle at one extreme by adding up to 2% carbon, or soft and malleable at the other, with about 0.5% carbon.
		For some time it was believed that Damascus steel was made in a similar fashion to what is known as pattern welding, a sword making technique that was widely used in Europe and Japan.
	www.websbiggest.com /dir-wiki.cfm/damascus_steel (1232 words)

	Ethnographic Arms & Armour - FYI Brief history of crucible damascus steel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The origin of the name Damascus steel is frequently attributed to the crusaders, who, as the legend goes, were introduced to these blades in Damascus and brought the word and the legend of the steel back with them upon their return to Europe (e.g.
		This was during a time when Indian crucible steel was being sent to England for laboratory analyses with the purpose of understanding what made it apparently tougher than steel made in Europe.
		The physical characteristics of the crucible steel process used in Central Asia, based on archaeological remains, are made of refractory clay with quartz temper.
	www.vikingsword.com /vb/printthread.php?t=502 (1976 words)

	Damascus steel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		For reasons that are not entirely clear, the process was then lost to the Middle-Eastern metalsmiths around 1600 AD, and has been eagerly sought by many since that time.
		J. Verhoeven, A. Pendray, and W. Dauksch, "The Key Role of Impurities in Ancient Damascus Steel Blades", JOM 50 (9), 58-64 (1998).
		J. Wadsworth and O. Sherby, "On the Bulat — Damascus steel revisited," Prog.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/D/Damascus-steel.htm (1224 words)

	Daily Excelsior...Business
		Stressing that steel was "a perfect engine for the growth of the Indian economy," he said the country could not afford to miss the opportunity.
		Ever since the first steel unit was set up in Jamshedpur by the Tatas in 1907, the country had remained under the shackles of the British for 47 years and in the subsequent 47 years it had shackled itself in steel production.
		The high grade steel made in India was much sought after across the oceans in west Asia to make a naturally patterned sword blade, the ‘Damascus’ blade, which was as beautiful as it was devastating, the book observed.
	www.dailyexcelsior.com /web1/04nov27/busi.htm (4220 words)

	Damascus - Wootz mechanical properties
		In 1997, on the basis of one of defense enterprises of Moscow, I managed to produce first ingots of steel, which could be called Wootz Steel, though not of high quality.
		Special brands of our steel possess such high quality parameters, that currently we are undertaking measures to fix officially these properties of our Wootz Steel with the help of famous metallurgical laboratories.
		By the way, it was Olga Kulyasova, who, being a cold steel specialist in Crosna Gallery on Novy Arbat, pushed me to move from theoretical laboratory researches to practical work on creation of cast Wootz.
	damascus.free.fr /f_damas/f_quest/f_wsteel/lounyov.htm (2058 words)

	The Modern Magazine for Persian Weddings, Cuisine, Culture & Community
		Kirpichev, the Russian word bulat originated from the Persian word pulad and means âsteel.â He adds that the technology of manufacturing bulat steel was lost in and was re-discovered by a Russian metallurgist, Pavel Anosov, who, at the time, was the manager of the Zlatoust Metallurgical Factory.
		Kirpichevâs opinion, swords made of bulat, created by craftsmen from Zlatoust, were not only examples of a fine art, showing marvelous patterns, but also were superior in combat performance when compared to the best samples of steel made in Solingen, Toledo, and London for edged weapons.
		Kirpichev, when comparing the crucible steel blades made in Khorasan with samples of other regions, the Khorasan blades have the best ratio of excellent pattern in comparison to the blades made in other regions.
	www.persianmirror.com /Article_det.cfm?id=917&getArticleCategory=41&getArticleSubCategory=117 (1331 words)

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