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Topic: Bulbocavernosus muscle

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	Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. Page 430 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Bulbocavernosus ( Sphincter vaginæ) surrounds the orifice of the vagina.
		—The Bulbocavernosus diminishes the orifice of the vagina.
		It is an elongated muscle, broader at the middle than at either end, and situated on the side of the lateral boundary of the perineum.
	www.bartleby.com /107/pages/page430.html (586 words)

	The Muscles and FasciÃ¦ of the Perineum - WikiMD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Muscles and FasciÃ¦ of the Perineum - WikiMD
		It lies in the same plane as the Sphincter urethrÃ¦ membranaceÃ¦; formerly the two muscles were described together as the Constrictor urethrÃ¦ 27 The Sphincter urethrÃ¦ membranaceÃ¦ surrounds the whole length of the membranous portion of the urethra, and is enclosed in the fasciÃ¦ of the urogenital diaphragm.
		Its external fibers arise from the junction of the inferior rami of the pubis and ischium to the extent of 1.25 to 2 cm., and from the neighboring fasciÃ¦.
	www.wikimd.org /index.php?title=The_Muscles_and_Fasciæ_of_the_Perineum (2574 words)

	IV. Myology. 1F. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Perineum. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is an elongated muscle, broader in the middle than at either end, and situated on the lateral boundary of the perineum.
		Between the muscles just examined a triangular space exists, bounded medially by the Bulbocavernosus, laterally by the Ischiocavernosus, and behind by the Transversus perinæi superficialis; the floor is formed by the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm.
		If the obturator fascia be traced medially after leaving the Obturator internus muscle, it will be found attached by some of its deeper or anterior fibers to the inner margin of the pubic arch, while its superficial or posterior fibers pass over this attachment to become continuous with the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm.
	www.bartleby.com /107/120.html (2733 words)

	bulbocavernosus muscle -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Striated muscle is attached to bone and produces all of the movements of body parts in relation to each other; unlike smooth and cardiac muscle, striated muscle is under voluntary control.
		The ends of these muscles are attached to different bones by connective tissue bands, called tendons, so that when the muscle contracts, one bone moves in relation to the other.
		Muscle contractions are essential to the functions of life, from ensuring continuous blood flow in the body to enabling long-distance flights of migratory birds or the energetic performance of an athlete.
	www.encyclopaedia.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9017996 (846 words)

	APStracts 2:0051A, 1995. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Muscles of the male rat perineum attaching to the penis are the ischiocavernosus, the medial bulbocavernosus (BC) and the dorsal bulbocavernosus, also known as the levator ani (LA).
		The BC and the LA muscles are innervated by a morphologically, neurochemically and physiologically homogeneous pool of motoneurons, the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB).
		This study demonstrates that the motor units of BC and LA muscle are a metabolically homogeneous population which may be a reflection of the physiological, morphological and neurochemical homogeneity of the innervating SNB motoneurons.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1995/jap/February/51a.html (433 words)

	Patent 5762589: Bulbocavernosus muscle exercising apparatus
		An apparatus for strengthening and toning a person's bulbocavernosus muscle is disclosed which includes a base and a contact portion having a convex elongated upper surface which is fixed relative to the base.
		The bulbocavernosus muscle in the male surrounds and compresses the bulb of the penis and the bulbar portion of the urethra.
		By strengthening the bulbocavernosus muscle and tendons and connective tissue associated therewith, it is believed that in many instances the need for surgical implants and medications or trusses can be eliminated.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5762589.html (1535 words)

	Sexual Dimorphism in the Spinal Cord Is Absent in Mice Lacking the Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Receptor -- Forger et ...
		Freeman LM, Watson NV, Breedlove SM (1997) Androgen spares androgen-insensitive motoneurons from apoptosis in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus in rats.
		Sachs BD (1982) Role of the rat's striated penile muscles in penile reflexes, copulation and the induction of pregnancy.
		Wee BEF, Clemens LG (1987) Characteristics of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus are influenced by genotype in the house mouse.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/17/24/9605 (5051 words)

	How the Penis Becomes Erect
		In the flaccid state, these muscles are tonically contracted by the sympathetic discharge, and vasoconstrictors secreted by endothelium allowing only a small amount of arterial flow for nutritional purposes.
		The somatic nerves are primarily responsible for sensation and the contraction of the bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscles.
		Most researchers agree that erection results from relaxation of the smooth muscle of the arterioles and the cavernous trabeculae, whereas detumescence is the result of contraction of these smooth muscles.
	www.feelingmedicine.org /mecherpn.htm (1869 words)

	eMedicine - Vulvar-Vaginal Reconstruction : Article by Stephen Metz, MD
		This triangular compartment is bounded by (1) the medial bulbocavernosus muscles, which border the vaginal introitus; (2) the lateral ischiocavernosus muscles, which lie along the ischiopubic ramus; and (3) the transverse perineal muscles, which span the gap between the ischial tuberosity and the central perineum.
		This layer, which is a continuation of the Scarpa fascia of the anterior abdominal wall, extends from the lateral aspect of the bulbocavernosus muscle to the ischiopubic ramus and inserts in the connective tissue of the inguinal ligament anteriorly and the fascia of the posterior margin of the anterior perineal triangle.
		The bulbocavernosus muscles originate at the deep surface of the inferior margin of the pubic arch, then course posteriorly along the lateral surfaces of the vaginal introitus to insert in the central tendon of the perineum (perineal body) between the posterior vaginal fourchette and the anus.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3340.htm (6177 words)

	Gynecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The pelvic and perineum are composed of the pelvic diaphragm, the urogenital diaphragm or triangle, and the muscle of the external genitalia and anus
		The second paired muscles of the upper pelvic diaphragm are the closely joint coccygeus muscles These muscles extend from the ischial spines to the coccyx and lower sacrum.
		The bulbocavernosus muscle fibers originate in the perineal body and surround the vaginal openings as the muscle fibers pass forward to insert into the pubis.
	www.tabebak.com /Thesis/Gynae-Nursing/ANATOM~1.htm (4431 words)

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		It’s the muscle you use to expel the last drops of urine from the urethra after urination.
		We believe that bulb muscle contractions are transmitted to the glans via the spongy tissue (corpus spongiosum) around the urethra.
		Repeat the bulb muscle contraction while gently squeezing the urethra between thumb and forefinger at a point midway along the penis.
	research.cirp.org /cgi-bin/feedbk2.cgi (316 words)

	Neuromuscular junctions shrink and expand as muscle fiber size is manipulated: in vivo observations in the ...
		Neuromuscular junctions shrink and expand as muscle fiber size is manipulated: in vivo observations in the androgen-sensitive bulbocavernosus muscle of mice -- Balice-Gordon et al.
		Neuromuscular junctions shrink and expand as muscle fiber size is manipulated: in vivo observations in the androgen-sensitive bulbocavernosus muscle of mice
		junctional area decreased in parallel with muscle fiber atrophy.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/short/10/8/2660 (473 words)

	The physioanatomic entirety of the external anal sphincter with the bulbocavernosus muscle: a new concept - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The physioanatomic entirety of the external anal sphincter with the bulbocavernosus muscle: a new concept - PHYSIOANATOMY - ANDROLOGY - PROF.
		The response of the EAS and muscles BCM to inferior rectal nerve stimulation was assessed in 6 men( mean age 41 years).
		The median fibers, or the ‘retractor penis muscle’, were inserted into the corpora cavernosa and the lateral fibers, or the ‘compressor bulbae muscle’, into the perineal membrane.
	www.micainc.org /profshafik1g014.htm (403 words)

	Femalepatient.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is an incision made midway between the direct posterior and direct transverse positions, which divides the hymenal ring and vaginal mucosa, transecting the labium minus, the labium majus, and the bulbocavernosus muscles.
		The internal sphincter is composed of smooth muscle and is not as well defined as the external sphincter, which is a band of skeletal muscle fibers enclosed in a fibrous capsule.
		Superficially, this structure is also the convergence of the bulbocavernosus muscles, the superficial transverse perineal muscles, and the external anal sphincter.
	www.femalepatient.com /html/arc/sig/skills/articles/article_1.asp (1740 words)

	American Family Physician: Repair of obstetric perineal lacerations - Office Procedures
		The internal anal sphincter, which overlaps and lies superior to the external anal sphincter, is composed of smooth muscle and is continuous with the smooth muscle of the colon.
		The torn ends of the bulbocavernosus muscle are frequently retracted posteriorly and superiorly.
		An alternative approach to repair of the perineal body muscles is a running suture that is continued from the vaginal mucosa repair and brought underneath the hymenal ring.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3225/is_8_68/ai_108993944 (1301 words)

	Downhill running preferentially increases CGRP in fast glycolytic muscle fibers -- Homonko and Theriault 89 (5): 1928 ...
		Muscle fiber type is indicated by the white regions that contain FG fibers, and the light gray indicates mixed-fiber-type region containing fast-twitch glycolytic, fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic, and slow-oxidative (FG, FOG, SO).
		Muscle fibers were identified and classified as SO, FOG, and FG from the ATPase stain ( 8).
		The role of target muscles in the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus.
	www.jap.org /cgi/content/full/89/5/1928 (5114 words)

	Format (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Again, the bladder sphincter muscles and the muscles of the base of the prostate, (the base is the top portion), are very much intertwined with each other.
		During ejaculation, the muscles of the prostate gland, the seminal vesicles and the vas deferens all act in unison to contract, squeeze and propel the ejaculate out of the penis.
		There are branches of the muscle on each side which extend backward and attach to the inside of the pelvis near the inner part of the hip socket.
	www.prostatepointers.org /prostate/lay/apilgrim/chapter3.HTML (10138 words)

	eMedicine - Urological Management in Neurological Disease : Article by Frances M Dyro, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Muscle fibers in the periurethral striated muscle are predominantly type Ia, the slow-twitch, fatigue-resistant fibers.
		The motor units of the sphincters are of shorter duration than the motor units of skeletal muscles and resemble the units of facial muscles.
		Franksson C, Petersen I: Electromyographic investigation of disturbances in the striated muscle of the urethral sphincter.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/topic673.htm (5722 words)

	MECHANISM OF EJECTION DURING EJACULATION: IDENTIFICATION OF A URETHROCAVERNOSUS REFLEX - REFLEX - ANDROLOGY - PROF. DR ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The mechanism of bulbocavernosus muscle (BCM) contraction, once the seminal fluid reaches the bulbous urethra, is not exactly known.
		The muscle response augmented with the increase of the distending volume.
		Shafik A (1995): Response of the urethral and intra-corporeal pressure to cavernosus muscles stimulation: Role of the muscles in erection and ejaculation.
	www.micainc.org /profshafik1i005.htm (531 words)

	Woman's Diagnostic Cyber Articles -
		In fact the most common way that instruction in Kegel exercises is carried out today is as an isometric contraction in which the bulbocavernosus muscle is contracted and held contracted for about 6 seconds.
		The main problem has been that in order to effective, the right muscle has to be contracted and about 50% of women cannot identify and isolate the correct muscle with just verbal instructions ( 2).
		Also, if she learns to give a quick squeeze of the bulbocavernosus muscle (perineal lock) just before any sudden increase in intraabdominal pressure from a sneeze or a cough, that can be the most effective mechanism for maintaining long term success.
	www.wdxcyber.com /nurine10.htm (856 words)

	RadioGraphics -- Ali et al. 23 (4): 951 Figure 14B
		(a) CT scan of a patient with a type III urethral injury shows a distorted contour of the bulbocavernosus muscle (arrowheads) with an obscured fat plane.
		(b) CT scan of a patient with a type I urethral injury shows a slightly obscured bulbocavernosus muscle, which cannot be clearly identified around the bulb of the penis (b).
		Arrowheads = expected location of the bulbocavernosus muscle.
	radiographics.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content-nw/full/23/4/951/F14B (107 words)

	Motor potentials of bulbocavernosus muscle after transcranial and lumbar magnetic stimulation: comparative study with ...
		Motor potentials of bulbocavernosus muscle after transcranial and lumbar magnetic stimulation: comparative study with bulbocavernosus reflex and pudendal evoked potentials -- Ghezzi et al.
		Motor potentials of bulbocavernosus muscle after transcranial and lumbar magnetic stimulation: comparative study with bulbocavernosus reflex and pudendal evoked potentials
		Motor potentials of the bulbocavernosus muscle were recorded in 17 healthy
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/abstract/54/6/524 (172 words)

	El_Sakka
		During erection, the arterial flow increases in a similar manner; however, the pressure in the corpus spongiosum and glans is only one-third to one-half that in the corpora cavernosa because the tunical covering (thin over the corpus spongiosum and virtually absent over the glans) ensures minimal venous occlusion.
		Cholinergic nerves have been demonstrated within the human cavernous smooth muscle and surrounding penile arteries, and ultrastructural examination has also identified terminals containing cholinergic vesicles in the same area 18.
		The mechanism of smooth muscle relaxation in response to various vasodilators is complex and is not completely understood, especially when a combination of drugs such as papaverine, phentolamine and prostaglandin E1 is used.
	www.duj.com /Article/El_Sakka/El_Sakka.html (3105 words)

	Tramadol, buy tramadol, antibiotics, Weight Loss drugs, weight loss herbs, weight loss herbal formula, weight loss, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Early postnatal response of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus and target muscles to testosterone in male gerbils.
		This study examined the response of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) and the bulbocavernosus (BC) muscle, to testosterone in male Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) during the early postnatal period.
		The increase in muscle weight following TP treatment was greatest at PND10, while fiber size increased to a similar degree at all ages suggesting that hyperplasia as well as hypertrophy was responsible for the increase in muscle mass at this time.
	auramon.com /ref-testosterone/testosterone-research-abs4.329.html (1311 words)

	US Identification of the Anal Sphincter Complex and Levator Ani Muscle in Neonates: Infracoccygeal Approach -- Han et ...
		muscle by the connective tissues ( 7, 11).
		portion of longitudinal smooth muscle of the rectum ( 13).
		muscle is a landmark used in distinguishing patients with low-type
	radiology.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/217/2/392 (1894 words)

	ccrenal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Muscle depolarization is a source of K in blood.
		Without central inhibition, the sensory afferents stimulate relaxation of the perineal muscles and external spincter and contraction of the detrusor muscle, a parasympathetic function.
		In males, contraction of the bulbocavernosus muscle of the penis expels urine from the penile urethra.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~alanburr/physiol/webcc99/ccrenal.htm (2281 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The tests consisted of spinal and scalp somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to stimulation of the dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the bulbocavernosus muscle (BC) and anal sphincter (AS) in response to scalp and sacral root stimulation, and measurement of sacral reflex latency (SRL) from BC and AS.
		Motor total conduction times (motor TCT) to BC and AS muscles were respectively 28.8 and 30.0 msec at rest, and 22.5 and 22.8 msec during contraction.
		The mean latencies of SRL were respectively 31.4 msec in the bulbocavernosus muscle and 35.9 msec in the anal sphincter.
	www.diabetic-help.com /mmDMFEMSEX.txt (5711 words)

	APStracts 6:0393A, 1999. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The effects of castration and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment on levels of skeletal muscle androgen receptor (AR) were examined in three groups of adult male rats: 1) intact normal rats, 2) rats castrated at 16 weeks of age, and 3) rats castrated at 16 weeks and given DHT for one week starting at week 17.
		Castration caused a significant downregulation of AR levels in the bulbocavernosus [p<0.05] but had no significant effect on AR levels in levator ani muscle.
		The plantaris muscle did not significantly [p>0.05] change for any of the treatments.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1999/jap/August/393a.html (232 words)

	Nerve-independent formation of a topologically complex postsynaptic apparatus -- Kummer et al. 164 (7): 1077 -- The ...
		Distinct roles of nerve and muscle in postsynaptic differentiation of the neuromuscular synapse.
		Postnatal maturation of nerve-muscle junctions in hindlimb muscles of the mouse.
		Patterning of muscle acetylcholine receptor gene expression in the absence of motor innervation.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/164/7/1077 (6808 words)

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