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Topic: Muslim Bulgarians

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	obst_en
		The Bulgarian nation was formed as an ethnic nation on the basis of the Bulgarian ethnos in the age of the National Revival (the Bulgarian Renaissance, late 18th and 19th century), proceeding from a religious (Eastern Orthodox) context and developing a modern nationalism.
		Prior to 1878, Bulgarian emigrants headed north of the Danube, settling from the area of Banat to the west, to the area of the Northern Black Sea and the Sea of Azov to the east, across Transylvania, Oltenia, Muntenia, Moldova and Bessarabia.
		The Bulgarian Turkic communities are descended from one of the components of the Mediaeval Bulgarian ethnos, formed by the symbiosis of Turkic-speaking Bulgarians and Slavs.
	balder.prohosting.com /asen/obst_eng.htm (8247 words)

	Bulgaria - MINORITIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Bulgarians have been recognized as a separate ethnic group on the Balkan Peninsula since the time of Tsar Boris I (852-89), under whom the Bulgars were converted to Christianity.
		The Bulgarian language, which was the first written Slavic language, replaced Greek as the official language of both church and state once the Cyrillic alphabet came into existence in the ninth century.
		Bulgarian is classified as a South Slavic language, together with Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, and Macedonian.
	countrystudies.us /bulgaria/25.htm (2717 words)

	Muslim Minorities Face Increasing Hostility In The Balkans
		In 1804, the Muslim population of the Pashalik of Belgrad (today the heart of the Serbian republic) was some 20,000 with several hundred thousands living in Serbian populated regions to the south of the Pashalik.
		As a result of the depredations caused by Bulgarian Christians during the war and the subsequent proclamation of Bulgarian independence which entailed the expulsion of large numbers of Muslims, the Islamic presence, by the early twentieth century, was reduced to a mere 10 percent (602,000 by 1910).
		Muslims formed 15 percent of the population of Eubia, 10 percent of Attica and 68 percent of the population of Morea.
	muslimsonline.com /babri/balkans1.htm (1915 words)

	WowEssays.com - Analysis On Bulgaria
		The Danube, with steep bluffs on the Bulgarian side and a wide area of swamps and marshes on the Romanian side, was one of the most effective rivers boundaries in Europe.
		Most manifestations of traditional Bulgarian familial and societal relations disappeared in the initial postwar wave of modernization, but some traditions were persistent and survived into the 1990s, especially in parts of western and southwestern Bulgaria.
		In 1990 the majority of Bulgarian women believed two children ideal for a family, but because of economic and social conditions, their personal preference was to raise only one.
	www.wowessays.com /dbase/ab1/utv43.shtml (8541 words)

	Greater Bulgaria, Macedonia, and the Holocaust \| Carl Savich \| Columns \| Serbianna.com
		Bulgarian King Boris III was married to the daughter of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy.
		The Bulgarian law stated that “the Jews are an evil and a foreign element among the Bulgarian People that acts against the State.” The law banned internationalist and supra-nationalist groups and organizations such as the various Zionist organizations in Bulgaria and the B’nai B’rith (Hebrew, Sons of the Covenant) organization.
		The Holy Synod of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and Orthodox metropolitans Cyril and Stefan opposed the deportations.
	www.serbianna.com /columns/savich/056.shtml (3468 words)

	Bulgaria - SOCIETY
		Bulgarian demographers predicted that 75 percent of the population would live in cities by the year 2000.
		The Muslim hierarchy was headed by one chief mufti and eight regional muftis, interpreters of Muslim law, all of whom served five-year terms.
		Bulgarian Muslims were subject to particular persecution in the later years of the Zhivkov regime.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/bulgaria/SOCIETY.html (13526 words)

	Roma Schools In Bulgaria - 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Usually Roma are under-represented in all governmental and educational structures; this appears as a consequence of low educational qualifications: 7,8% of the adult Roma have a high school diploma, compared to 24% of the Turks, and 54% of Bulgarians.
		The period was deliberately chosen to coincide with the time when the Bulgarian educational system draws the public attention with its annually held exams for high school and university admissions.
		However, in regions inhabited with Muslim Bulgarians Roma traditionally are absent.
	www.osi.hu /esp/rei/romaschools.bg.osf/en/description.html (977 words)

	April Thompson - Freelance Writer/Editor specializing in travel, spirituality, environmental and community issues.
		This golden-domed Bulgarian Orthodox church is dedicated to the 200,000 Russian soldiers who died in the 1877-78 war to free Bulgaria from the Ottomans.
		Bulgarians were once confined to traveling within the communist bloc; at least now young people can scrape their leva together to see the outside world.
		Bulgarian clergy, artists and writers started this movement to stop the spread of foreign influence by reviving popular customs and expanding public education.
	www.aprilwrites.com /articles/travel/mysterybulgaria.html (1955 words)

	Bulgarians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bulgarian cultural influence was especially strong in Wallachia and Moldova where the Cyrillic alphabet was used until 1860, while Slavonic was the official language of the princely chancellery and of the church until the end of 17th century.
		The Bulgarian language is also, to a degree, mutually intelligible with Russian on account of the influence which Russian has had on the development of Modern Bulgarian since 1878, as well as the earlier effect of Old Bulgarian on the development of Old Russian.
		In the 16th and the 17th century Roman Catholic missionaries converted the Bulgarian Paulicians in the districts of Plovdiv and Svishtov to Roman Catholicism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bulgarians (2454 words)

	All Empires: History Forum: Pomaks - a history of forcefull assimilation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		I agree that Pomaks have slavic origins and that they were Bulgarian converts to Islam, but whatever the reason for their conversion, today the great majority of them no longer consider themselves Bulgarian, especially so given the assimilatory policy of the BG state against them.
		We discussed the pomaks and their origins with Charge in the BG part of the section, and I wanted to carry the discussion here as well for the benefit of the English speakers, since Greeks and Turks whose countries also have large populations of pomaks might be able to contribute as well.
		I came accross a quote from one of the Bulgarian generals of the time who calls for the "forceful crusade" for the "religios revival" of the pomaks, and that all those that resisted conversion must not be spared.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=11629 (2004 words)

	Ulf Brunnbauer
		In 1989 the Ministry of the Interior gave for the Bulgarian Muslim (Pomak) population of Bulgaria the number of 268 971 which was around 3% of the whole population of the country at the time.
		Since it is a fact that the Pomaks speak Bulgarian as their mother's tongue their main thrust has been to prove that either the language is not Bulgarian or that it was imposed forcefully only in the 20th century - before that time the Pomaks had been speaking Turkish.
		The ambition of the Bulgarian intelligentsia of the period was to try and transform parochial, kin-oriented, and self-centred traditional perceptions of identity - which were only natural in a multiethnic society of mostly illiterate smallholders - into a national one.
	www-gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at /csbsc/ulf/pomak_identities.htm (5917 words)

	Bulgarian Muslims - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They are descendants of Eastern Orthodox Bulgarians who converted to Islam during the period between the 16th and the 18th century through the Ottoman empire influence.
		Muslim Bulgarians live mostly in the Rhodopes – Smolyan Province, the southern part of Pazardzhik and Kardzhali Provinces and the eastern part of Blagoevgrad Province in Southern Bulgaria, as well as the Xanthi and Rhodope Prefectures in Northeastern Greece.
		As Greece has tended to regard its Muslim minority as only Turkish-speaking and has allowed only education in Turkish, the Muslim Bulgarian community in Greece has become largely bilingual and the mother tongue of some of its members now is Turkish.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muslim_Bulgarians (507 words)

	The History of the Family--Volume 7 Issue 3
		This article investigates household structures and household formation patterns among Orthodox Christians and Muslim Bulgarians in the Rhodope Mountains between 1875 and 1935.
		Muslim households were likely to be complex, whereas among the Orthodox population, nuclear families prevailed.
		The complex households of the Muslims were just a phase in the developmental cycle and rarely included more than two simple families.
	www.iastate.edu /~quarterly/vol7issue3.html (1266 words)

	Osmanlı Tarihi Kültürü Medeniyeti Edebiyatı Sanatı
		Muslim Bulgarians, the descendants of Bulgarian Christians who converted to Islam under the Ottomans.
		Their name is usually traced to the words Ğ¿Ğ¾Ğ¼ÑŠÑ‡ĞµĞ½ ("tortured") or Ğ¿Ğ¾Ğ¼Ğ°Ğ³Ğ°Ñ‡ ("collaborator")." They speak Bulgarian as mother tongue and do not mix with the country's ethnic Turks and other Muslims.
		Muslim Slavs in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia are also called Pomaks as well as Torbeshes or Poturs.
	www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com /wiki/Pomaks_.html (137 words)

	Bulgarians infoTurkish.com Herşey Hakkında Türkçe Bilgi
		The modern Bulgarians are descendants of two peoples - the Bulgars, a nomadic people from Central Asia who settled in the Balkans in the 7th century, as well as of a number of southern Slavic tribes who had done the same a century earlier.
		There are significant traditional Bulgarian minorities in Moldova and Ukraine, as well as smaller ones in Romania (Banat), Serbia (the Western Outlands), Greece (some 30,000 Muslim Bulgarians in the Xanthi and Rhodope provinces), the Republic of Macedonia, Albania, and Hungary.
		Bulgarian cultural influence was especially strong in Wallachia and Moldova where Bulgarian was the official language until the end of 17th century and the Cyrillic alphabet was used until 1860.
	www.infoturkish.com /Turkey/Bulgarians.html (5955 words)

	Emigrant money counted - Business news
		The average sum of the transfers sent by Bulgarians abroad to their relatives was about 250 euro a month.
		Bulgarians live in about 70 countries but are officially considered as minorities in seven countries.
		The positive effects for the Bulgarian economy from the migrant money could be seen in the increased quantity of foreign currency and unemployment drop, IME said.
	www.sofiaecho.com /article/emigrant-money-counted/id_10939/catid_23 (658 words)

	Chronology
		24 August 1991: 800 Muslims in the northern town of Xanthi march to protest the appointment of a new Mufti (Islamic religious leader) by the Greek state which is responsible for choosing Muslim religious leaders.
		Also, a Muslim candidate running on the PASOK ticket resigns from the party when it demands that he stop identifying himself as an ethnic Turk.
		On the 19th, the Greek foreign ministry announced that ethnic Turkish Muslim primary school children in the northeastern Thrace region would be allowed to study from Turkish schoolbooks, which would be distributed imminently.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/greemuslchro.htm (1947 words)

	Chronology of Expansion
		The first Slavic states were Moravia (628) in Central Europe and the Bulgarian state (680) in the Balkans.
		Physicians are divided into the equivalent of interns and externs, a primitive nursing system is developed, and the hospital's pharmacy is stocked with drugs from all parts of the known world, including spices thought to have medicinal value.
		Basil defeats the Bulgarian king Samuel on the Sperchelos River, bribing supporters of Samuel to defect as he proceeds to reduce Bulgarian strongholds in a campaign that will continue until 1014, causing him to be known as Basil Bulgaroktonos (Slayer of the Bulgarians).
	www.b17.com /family/lwp/chronology/expansion.html (5909 words)

	Adherents.com: By Location
		It is ruled by a Muslim sultan who permits existing Christian groups (about 3.5 percent of the population) to meet but bans new missionaries.
		But for the majority of Bulgarians, who up to that time were pagans, the new religion was imposed too swiftly and forcibly to take root.
		From the beginning the Bulgarian Orthodox Church had to combat both the older pagan cults and various Christian heresies brought to the Balkans by settlers from Asia.
	www.adherents.com /adhloc/Wh_45.html (2341 words)

	[No title]
		Vulchev explains the fact with a number of factors: the banks cancel their long dollar positions because of the unstable exchange rate between the dollar and the Bulgarian lev and because the January inflation is lower than the interest rates on deposits.
		The film focuses on the forced assimilation in the communist era of Muslim Bulgarians living in the south of the country.
		He sees the purpose of this campaign in "exculpating the assimilators and the assimilation process in the mind of the Bulgarian public and especially in the mind of the young generation." President Zhelev said that the participants in the name-change campaign, which he described as "criminal," must be brought to justice.
	www.hri.org /news/balkans/bta/1995/95-02-27.bta (1964 words)

	Introduction to Gnosis #31
		When we journeyed among the [Muslim] Bulgarians, we beheld how they worship in their temple, called a mosque, while they stand ungirt.
		The Bulgarian bows, sits down, looks hither and thither like one possessed, and there is no happiness among them, but instead only sorrow and a dreadful stench.
		The "Bulgarians" mentioned were a Volga tribe not to be confused with the Balkan Bulgarians, who had mostly converted to Orthodoxy.
	www.lumen.org /intros/intro31.html (2754 words)

	Minorities and Gender
		IEI’s activities are aimed at groups from the Plovdiv, Vidin and Gotse Delchev regions, in which various ethnic and religious groups (Christian Bulgarians, Muslim Bulgarians, Turks, Muslim Roma, Christian Roma, Wallachians and others) coexist.
		Through training and discussion in ethnically mixed female audiences and representatives of various central and local institutions, we look at local problems from the point of view of the violated rights which have led to them and from the perspective of how to advocate for a change in the status quo.
		Participation for education and access to information: Seminar bringing together Bulgarian and Romany schoolchildren who are completing their school education with NGO representatives from Vidin and Sofia.
	www.hri.ca /partners/iei/Programs/Gender.htm (1755 words)

	The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples currently living in Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Some Sorbs profess Protestantism, as do certain Slovaks, and a few Czechs and Slovenians.
		Most Bosniaks, Pomaks, Gorani, and Torbesh are Muslims.
		The Orthodox/Catholic religious divisions become further exacerbated by the use of the Cyrillic alphabet by the Orthodox and Uniates (Greek Catholics) and of the Roman alphabet by Roman Catholics.
	koz.vianet.ca /boshis22.htm (1596 words)

	Adherents.com: By Location
		Approximately 13% of Bulgarians are Muslim, and there are smaller Protestant and Catholic minorities.
		Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs 32%, Muslim 1%; Total population: 6,052,614.
		Few native Barundi have been attracted to the Muslim faith...
	www.adherents.com /adhloc/Wh_46.html (2380 words)

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