Bulgarian National Revival

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Topic: Bulgarian National Revival

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	History of Bulgaria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bulgarian national feeling began to revive in the early 19th century under the influence of western ideas such as liberalism and nationalism, which trickled into the country after the French revolution, mostly via Greece.
		Resistance to the Germans and the Bulgarian regime was widespread by 1943, co-ordinated mainly by the Communists.
		In 1870 the Bulgarian Patriarchate was revived, and the Patriarch became the natural leader of the emerging nation.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Bulgaria

	Bulgaria - a brief history ouline - The Bulgarian national revival
		The Bulgarian Revival, this 'wonder of the 19th century', as Louis Leger called it, does not lend to a sketchy, diagrammatical description; it cannot be conceived as the direct result of the existing economic base, which remained but implicit.
		The movement for Bulgarian education and an independent Bulgarian church, this 'bourgeois peaceful revolution in the Bulgarian lands' (Dimiter Blagoev) engaged generations of national enlighteners, some of whom fell prey to the persecution and slander of the Patriarchy and the Ottoman rule.
		Vassil Levski advanced a new tactics of revolutionary struggle which consisted in carrying out a purposeful and prolonged political and organizing work among the Bulgarians within the movement for national education and for an independent Bulgarian church, a movement that had developed during the preceding decades.
	www.digsys.bg /books/history/bulga-national.html

	Bulgaria - NATIONAL REVIVAL, EARLY STAGES
		The Bulgarian national revival took place in the larger context of Christian resistance to Turkish occupation of Eastern and Central Europe--a cause whose momentum increased as the Ottoman Empire crumbled from within.
		The monasteries of an increasingly independent Bulgarian church fostered national thought and writing; Western influences altered the nature of commerce and landholding in the Balkans; and the forcible assimilation of Bulgarian culture into a cosmopolitan Asian society ended, allowing Bulgarian national consciousness to reawaken.
		Meanwhile, large population shifts occurred as Bulgarians fled the taxation and violence inflicted by this anarchic condition; the new communities they founded in Romania and southern Russia were important sources of cultural and political ideas in the nineteenth century.
	www.countrystudies.us /bulgaria/9.htm

	Interdisciplinary studies
		The discriminative policy of the Bulgarian authorities, termed the revival process, has left indelible traces in the minds of a large number of the Bulgarian people, regardless of their ethnic or religious identification.
		National identity represents this aspect of identity which has undergone most serious transformations and this is due to the attained Turkish citizenship and rights, as well as to their overall disposition to settle permanently in their new home country.
		The nation is perceived as a big family, and its members - as brothers and sisters, as close relatives.” Within the framework of this discourse, national identity should also be supposed to mean identification with the nation-community in its two models.
	www.omda.bg /imir/studies/nostalgia_4.html

	Bulgaria - BULGARIAN INDEPENDENCE
		In spite of Bulgarian sympathy for national liberation movements nearby, and although the ideals of those movements permeated the Balkans from 1804 on, the anarchy of the early 1800s confined expression of Bulgarian national feeling primarily to the cultural realm until the 1860s.
		(Bulgarians still celebrate the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano rather than the Treaty of Berlin as their national independence day.) In late 1878, a provisional Bulgarian government and armed uprisings had already surfaced in the Kresna and Razlog regions of Macedonia.
		Bulgarian aid to the Russians in the Russo-Turkish wars of 1806-12 and 1828-29 did nothing to loosen Ottoman control.
	www.countrystudies.us /bulgaria/10.htm

	Bulgaria Travel Guide
		During the Bulgarian National Revival period in the second half of the 18th and the 19th centuries the town was an important administrative, trade and industrial centre.
		During the 15th-19th centuries period Tarnovo was a symbol of the former Bulgarian state system and a stronghold of the Bulgarian national spirit, a leading centre of the struggle for cultural independence.
		The Bulgarian national hero and democrat V. Levski (1837-1873) founded the Revolutionary Committee in Troyan.
	www.bulgariantour.com /news

	Bulgarian Monasteries
		During the Ottoman domination (l5th -l9th century), and particularly during the period of the National Revival (l8th-l9th century), the monastic communities acquired a key role in Bulgaria's public life as the monasteries turned into animated sociopolitical and artistic centres and a field of spiritual and material expression of the reviving Bulgarian nation.
		During the period of the National Revival in Bulgaria considerable progress was made by the Rila and Bachkovo, Troyan and Preobrazhenie, Kilifarevo and Kapinovo, Arapovo and Ossenovlashko, Gorno Vodene and Rozhen monasteries and dozens of other monasteries, convents and cloisters.
		The excavations in the old Bulgarian capitals of Pliska and Preslav are a convincing proof of the fact that it was in the monastery complexes that the new Christian culture in Bulgaria came into being.
	www.bulgaria.com /travel/resorts/monasteries/index.html

	Bulgarian Red Cross
		The establishment of the Red Cross National Society was endorsed with a Decree of the first Bulgarian Prince Alexander I. The tradition for the crowned persons to protect the Red Cross was preserved in the Tsar’s dinasty.
		The Bulgarian Youth Red Cross is the greatest concern and brightest hope of the National Society.
		The National Society with Metropolit Kliment as President was established on 20 September 1885 and was recognized by the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva with a letter from 20 October 1885.
	www.redcross.bg /history.html

	National Revival Museum
		The eminent Bulgarian national revivalist and pedagogue Sava Dobroplodny was appointed a headmaster.
		It has much to tell about the cultural, social and political life of Bulgarians during their National Revival period.
		The first Bulgarian Municipality in Varna was created on 11 May 1860 by the brothers Nicola and Sava Georgievich, Stamat Siderov, Christo Popovich and others.
	www.tourinfo.bg /staticweb/cities/varna/museums/renails/index_eng.php3?lang=_eng¶m=74201239&fr

	Plovdiv Museum Town
		Old Plovdiv on Trimontium is the centre of Bulgarian National Revival architecture at its height.
		Evmolpia - the city of the ancient Thracians, Philippopolis (372 B.C.) - the city of Philip II of Macedon, the Roman Trimontium - the city on three hills, and Old Plovdiv - a picturesque architectural National Revival period ensemble fashioned by the generous talent, heart and mind of the Bulgarian masters.
		During the National Revival period were built many churches in prominent places: the threenave basilical churches St. Nedelya and St. Dimiter (1831).
	www.travel-bulgaria.com /content/plovdiv_museum_town.shtml

	Bulgarian Printmakers: Woodcut Print Artists
		The real beginning of Bulgarian woodblock prints is in the middle of 19th century, during the national revival period when the foundations of Bulgarian culture were laid.
		Two formal trends; appear in the graphic works of the Revival periods, which are patriotic and educational in content: a striving to imitate ‘academic’ European drawing, and the continuation of the old Bulgarian “style of painting”; the second is the better and more skillfully manifested in woodcuts.
		In the medieval icon and in Bulgarian mural paintings, but chiefly in the Old Bulgarian miniatures, there are elements, which, as far as plastic idiom and style are concerned, belong to graphic art, rather than to painting.
	www.1000woodcuts.com /invitedartists/bulgaria/bulgariawoodcuts.html

	Bridging Worlds - February 2004
		Macedonians in the Bulgarian State were under the control of the Bulgarian exarchate, those in Yugoslavia were under the control of the Serbian autocephalous Church, while those in Greece were again under the jurisdiction of the Greek patriarch in Constantinople.
		In respect to `nationality', in 1993 Macedonia was accorded recognition by the UN under the name of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
		As Pearson argues the patterns of the claims "were either on the grounds that its national identity was most akin to their own or because it was an identity-less `geographic expression'"(Pearson, 1983:90).
	www.momiroski.com /02-01-2004_02-29-2004.html

	Transfiguration Monastery
		The famous architect of the Bulgarian National Revival, Kolyo Ficheto, embarked on the construction of the new church.
		A part of the building and the Holy Virgin Church were erected - a revival of the late 14th century Athos type of architecture, an absolute exception from the ideas and construction principles of the National Revival period.
		It was burned to the ground when the capital of the Second Bulgarian State was taken; centuries had pass before life was reinstated here, on the top of the ruins.
	www.travel-bulgaria.com /content/transfiguration_monastery.shtml

	More about Melnik
		But the imagination of the Bulgarian master masons of the National Revival period inspired probably by the fascinating architectural style of the Melnik house.
		THE KORDOPOULOV HOUSE (1754) is a veritable gem of Bulgarian architecture of the National Revival, remarkably planned and executed.
		Archaeologists have found in the building elements typical of mediaeval Bulgarian construction and have listed it is a Bulgarian feudal fortress, probably built in the 12th - 13th centuries.
	members.tripod.com /~mmmitov/bulgaria/melnik.html

	Bulgaria
		Turnova has many fine examples of houses built in the National Revival style (18-19th century), many of which were designed by master builder Kolyo Phicheto and typically seem to grow out of the steep slopes flanking the river.
		In the 19th century, Bulgarian nationalists began to organise, noting the decline of the Ottoman empire and in expectation of eventual independence.
		The Front, dominated by the Bulgarian Communist Party, took 70% of the vote in a national plebiscite.
	website.lineone.net /~bpyoung/bulgaria.htm

	BULGARIAN LANGUAGE
		During the Bulgarian National Revival the modern Bulgarian literary language is formed.
		The Old Bulgarian language is a basis for the creation of Russian, Serbian, Slovene, Croatian variants and gained the significance of a universal literary Slavonic language.
		The Bulgarian language is the earliest written Slavonic language.
	www.cl.bas.bg /Library/English/Ebez.html

	Sofia - National History Museum, Map
		Bulgarian Culture and Art of the Middle Ages, VII - Xl c.
		First Settlers in the Bulgarian Lands, 20 000 - 7000 B. First Farmers and Stock-breeders, 7000 - 5000 B. Appearance of Metallurgy, 5000 B. The Spiritual World of the Ancient Farmers and Stock-breeders
		The Struggles of the Bulgarian People Against the Otoman Rule
	www.sofia.com /museums/map.html

	indexbookcatalogueNEW
		One of those revived nationalities is the Carpathos-Rusyns, who since 1989 have been recognised officially in 5 countries: Slovakia, Poland, C zech Rep.
		The present grammar aims at giving a systematic exposition of Bulgarian morphology, pronunciation and spelling for foreigners speaking English as a native or as a second language and studying Bulgarian with or without a teacher, and for teachers in Bulgarian.
		During the Revival period this symbolism is a synthesis between Christian and Pre-Christian patterns, preserved in the folklore thinking.
	www.thorntonsbooks.co.uk /Catalogue%20Balkans.html

	Welkya - The Creation of the Slav Script - Part2
		This was a period of a national advance, for which the inclusion of the Bulgarian people in the family of Slav peoples was of particularly great significance.
		Since the Old Bulgarian writings were written in two alphabets – the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic – there has been a long dispute over the question: which of the two Old Bulgarian alphabets was the one created by Cyril.
		Under these circumstances the work of Cyril and Methodius was a passport with which the Bulgarian people entered the family of Slav nations.
	www.bulgaria.com /welkya/kritika/slave2.html

	The Bulgarian National Revival
		In 1762, Paisii of Hilendar's piece, Slav-Bulgarian History, was particularly inspiring and the National Revival, a time of Bulgarian cultural renaissance, was born.
		Having the economic means and also the renewed emotional strength of the Revival behind them, middle class merchants and artisans went about developing secular Bulgarian language schools.
		However, continued efforts in isolated monasteries to nurture the native Bulgarian culture and religion gained momentum in the 17th century, aided by the inspiration of the haiduk movement.
	www.sofiaecho.com /the-national-revival/p_38

	WOOD-CARVING
		Unlike their predecessors from the National Revival who chiselled iconostases and thrones, altar gates and private ceilings, contemporary woodcarvers are commissioned mostly for thematic and decorative panels, ceilings, chests, chairs and mirror frames.
		he woodcarvers were skilled professionals in the spirit of the National Revival (18th and 19th century).
		Some of the oldest woodcarvings date back to the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1396): the gates of Hrelyo's Tower (Rila Monastery), the Sv.
	www.art.bg /i_wood.htm

	Bibliography and Glossary - Bulgarian Reformation - Bringing the Reformation to Bulgaria!
		The national currency unit of Bulgaria, consisting of 100 stotinki.
		An organization for international cooperation established by the Allied powers after World War I. Discredited by failure to oppose aggression in the 1930s, it became inactive at the beginning of World War II and was replaced in 1946 by the United Nations.
		The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920.
	bulrefsite.entrewave.com /view/bulrefsite/s129p173.htm

	The World Factbook 2004 -- Field Listing - Political parties and leaders
		National Alliance or NA [George ODLUM]; Saint Lucia Freedom Party or SFP [Martinus FRANCOIS]; Saint Lucia Labor Party or SLP [Kenneth ANTHONY]; Sou Tout Apwe Fete Fini or STAFF [Christopher HUNTE]; United Workers Party or UWP [Dr. Morella JOSEPH]
		National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman, AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP (proregime) [THA KYAW]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [U KHUN TUN OO]; Union Solidarity and Development Association or USDA (proregime, a social and political organization) [THAN AUNG, general secretary]; and other smaller parties
		National Liberal Party or NLP [Dessaline WALDRON]; Progressive Labor Party or PLP [Jennifer SMITH]; United Bermuda Party or UBP [Dr. Grant GIBBONS]
	www.brainyatlas.com /fields/2118.html

	Web Resources 12
		A Multimedia Project for the Columbia University Core Curriculum is supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities.
		World Art Treasures this is a major resource, based on a 100,000 image archive.
		Russian and European Network Information Center- UT-REENIC provides scholars of Russia and Eastern Europe with access to academic databases and information services throughout the Internet World, and provides information on and from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (FSU).
	www.ouhsd.k12.ca.us /sites/cihs/history/wrwc12.html

	Bulgarian Population Info
		of the National Institute of Statistics as of March 1, 2001)
		In the latest issue of The Sofia Echo: Flood crisis...IMF calm on budget...Rila magic
		Location of population as average across age groups (2001)
	www.sofiaecho.com /statistics-about-bulgaria/p_15

	yourDictionary Agora - Print Page
		During the so-called national revival in the 19 c., there were strong pro-Bulgarian currents in Macedonia, and a great part of the Macedonian komiti (guerilla rebellees against the Ottoman Empire) have fought for a free Macedonia as a part of a free Bulgaria.
		It was conducted by the regime, not by the ordinary Serbs or Bulgarians or Macedonians.
		Thus, Macedonian dialects which were originally very close to Western Bulgarian dialects became a language in their own right and are considered as such by all the countries that have acknowledged the Macedonian state so far, except Bulgaria.
	www.yourdictionary.com /cgi-bin/agora/agora.cgi?board=translate;action=print;num=1115789799 (2308 words)

	95-03-01.bta
		The issuing of this firman was one of the great victories of the Bulgarian National Revival and of the Bulgarian liberation movement, said Toncho Zhechev, a Bulgarian National Revival historian and specialist in folk psychology.
		The almost half a century struggle for church independence was an important part of the Bulgarian national movement of the 19th century for liberating the Bulgarian lands from Turkish domination.
		The 125th anniversary of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church was marked this weekend in Istanbul by a liturgy at the chapel of the building of the Exarchate and at the Bulgaria St. Stephen Church.
	www.hri.org /news/balkans/bta/1995/95-03-01.bta (1276 words)

	Bulgarian History. ScenarioNational Revival
		A revolutionary democrat, he became a champion of the social aspirations of the Bulgarian national-liberation movement, lending a new, class content is the Bulgarian national revolution.
		This act was a clear manifestation of the national sense of the Bulgarians.
		By persecuting the Bulgarian teachers and hindering the spread of Bulgarian books; the Greek clergy was in every possible way trying to hamper the development of the Bulgarian cultural and educational movement.
	www.balcanica.org /content/doc_147.shtml (1276 words)

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