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Topic: Bulge (astronomy)

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	Bulge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Bulge, as in a tightly packed group of stars.
		An extension of a surface due to internal pressure and localized weakness of the containment, as in blood vessels forming an aneurysm.
		A localized discontinuity in an extended military line as in the Battle of the Bulge, a major World War II battle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bulge (205 words)

	Bulge (astronomy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In astronomy, a bulge is a huge, tightly packed group of stars.
		The bulge in galaxy spirals is usually composed of Population II stars, small, red and old.
		Most bulges are thought to host a supermassive fl hole at their center.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/b/bu/bulge__astronomy_.html (206 words)

	Curious About Astronomy? Galaxies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The bulge is located at the centre of the disk and consists of an older stellar population with little interstellar matter.
		The young stars in the disk are classified as stellar population I, and the old bulge and halo stars as population II.
		Galaxies with prominent bulges and pronounced spiral arms are classified as "Sb" (M31, M81) or "SBb" (M95, NGC 4725).
	curious.astro.cornell.edu /galaxies.php (1813 words)

	ScienceDaily: Galaxy formation and evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Large-scale structure of the cosmos -- Astronomy and cosmology examine the universe to understand the large-scale structure of the cosmos.
		Astrophysics -- Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties (luminosity, density, temperature and chemical composition) of astronomical...
		Astronomy Today 4/e (ISBN 0-13-091542-4) is the more comprehensive text by this: proven team of authors.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution (2650 words)

	Astronomy Online
		Spiral galaxies have a bulge of older stars with prominent spiral arms with dust, gas and new star formation.
		The Unified AGN Model is a theory that describes the class of galaxies that result from a fl hole at the center of a galaxy as well as the orientation of the galaxy toward its observer (us).
		It is possible to see some brighter regions of new star growth throughout the spiral structure as well as the overall blue color indicating the presence of larger, hotter new stars as well as associated dust lanes.
	astronomyonline.org /Astrophotography/GalaxyMorphology.asp (1775 words)

	SPACE.com -- Study of Galaxy's Bulge Reveals It May Not Exist
		A strange bulge in a nearby galaxy may not be so strange after all.
		New images show that the long-suspected bulge in a galaxy called M33 is, in the best case, smaller than thought, according to astronomers at Ohio State University.
		While a typical galactic disk is made up of stars of all ages, a bulge is thought to typically contain old stars dating from the time the galaxy formed.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/astronomy/galaxy_bulge_010618.html (553 words)

	Very Small Galactic Bulge Challenge Ideas Of Galaxy Formation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Instead of the old stars that normally populate a galactic bulge, the astronomers found evidence of both young and intermediate-age stars.
		The original spherical shape lives on in an outer region of a galaxy known as the "halo" and, to a lesser extent, in the bulge.
		With the aid of "Hokupa`a", an adaptive optics instrument on loan to Gemini from the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy, the Ohio State astronomers recorded images of M33 in three infrared wavelengths and combined them to form a "color" image.
	www.hypography.com /article.cfm?id=31203 (697 words)

	E.14.2 Why does the Moon always show the same face to the Earth?
		As the Moon rotated, the slight elongation of its tidal bulge was dragged a bit in the direction of its rotation, providing the Earth with a "handle" to slow down the Moon's rotation.
		More specifically, the tidal bulge near the Earth is attracted to the Earth more strongly than the bulge away from the Earth.
		The tidal bulge is perpetually trying to regain its correct position, but the Moon keeps rotating and pushing it a bit out of the way.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/astronomy/faq/part5/section-20.html (746 words)

	Curious About Astronomy: How are galaxies formed?
		The remainder of the cloud forms a disk due to the conservation of angular momentum (the same effect as the spinning up of the dancer when she pulls her arms inside).
		The stars in the disk form later and thus the disk population of stars are younger than those in the bulge and the halo.
		Ask an Astronomer is hosted by the Astronomy Department at Cornell University and is produced with PHP and MySQL.
	curious.astro.cornell.edu /question.php?number=157 (338 words)

	Zoom Astronomy Glossary: N
		A nova is a white dwarf star that suddenly increases in brightness by several magnitudes.
		The nuclear bulge is the central, spherical part of a spiral galaxy.
		If the astronomy term you are looking for is not in the dictionary, please e-mail us.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/astronomy/glossary/indexn.shtml (1451 words)

	Universe Today - Strange Bulge in Saturn's Rings
		It's possible this bulge is created by a kilometer-sized chunk of material that's disrupting the ring material with its gravity.
		The upper image was acquired from less than a tenth of a degree beneath the ringplane and shows a mysterious bulge.
		It also may be that an embedded object of a kilometer or so in size stirs up the neighboring ring particles to create a bulge.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/f_ring_edge-on.html?13122005 (496 words)

	UF, NASA ASTRONOMERS EYE STAR WITH MIDRIFF BULGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		They noticed the size of the star varied with changing angles, which was the tip-off that Altair is not perfectly round.
		Previous studies of Altair raised the prospect that the star might have this type of midriff bulge, but never before had the shape been measured directly.
		Van Belle and Ciardi co-authored the Altair paper, scheduled to appear in the Oct. 1 issue of the Astrophysical Journal, with Elizabeth Lada of UF; Robert Thompson of JPL and the University of Wyoming, Laramie; and Rachel Akeson of the JPL/Caltech Infrared Processing and Analysis Center in Pasadena, Calif.
	www.napa.ufl.edu /2001news/starbulge.htm (637 words)

	1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Abraham Z., Romero G.E. Beaming and precession in the inner jet of 3C373.
		Barbuy B., Renzini A., Ortolani S., Bica E., Guarnieri M.D. High-resolution abundance analysis of two individual stars of the bulge globular cluster NGC 6553.
		Barbuy B. Abundances in individual stars of the galactic bulge.
	www.astro.iag.usp.br /pub99.html (2635 words)

	Astronomy - Science
		The moon's attraction causes the ocean to bulge directly outward toward the moon, and there is another bulge on the opposite side of the earth.
		Draw the bulges, and letter the high and low positions of the ocean.
		seems to be coming in or rising (because the earth is moving into the bulge) and that from position 4, the tide seems to be going out.
	spikesworld.spike-jamie.com /science/astronomy/c152-12.html (620 words)

	ScienceDaily: Very Small Galactic Bulge Could Change Ideas Of Galaxy Formation
		Skinny Galaxy Has Supermassive Black Hole At Core, Just Like Bulging Galaxies (April 11, 2003) -- Scientists have uncovered a supermassive fl hole at the core of a svelte, spiral galaxy, a finding that questions a recently devised rule of thumb in which only galaxies with bulging cores have...
		Galaxy formation and evolution -- The formation of galaxies is still one of the most active research areas in astrophysics; and, to some extent, this is also true for galaxy...
		Equatorial bulge -- An equatorial bulge is a planetological term which describes a bulge which a planet may have around its equator, distorting it into an oblate spheroid.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2001/06/010605080041.htm (1835 words)

	In Search of the Milky Way's Habitable Zone
		While young stars can be found scattered throughout the Galaxy, the stellar population tends to be older in the bulge around the galactic center.
		According to Guillermo Gonzalez, Assistant Professor of Astronomy at the University of Washington, these qualities make the Sun one of the few stars in the Galaxy capable of supporting complex life.
		Many of these older stars are gathered together into globular clusters, which orbit the nucleus of the Galaxy in a region known as the galactic "halo." Strong emissions of infrared radiation and X-rays from the galactic center indicate clouds of ionized gas rapidly moving around some sort of supermassive object, quite possibly a fl hole.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/life-01o.html (1398 words)

	Monique Christine Aller (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A determination of the Cosmic Mass Density of Supermassive Black Holes based on a combination of the Mbh-sigma relationship, a Faber-Jackson relation between velocity dispersion and luminosity, and a luminosity function for galaxies.
		: A search for Host Galaxy Bulge Predictors of Supermassive Black Hole Mass, in particular examining multivariate predictors of fl hole mass, and the success of using the gravitational binding energy of the bulge to predict the fl hole mass.
		This project involves a combination of long-slit spectroscopy data from the MDM 2.4-meter and the Magellan 6.5-meter telescopes and SDSS velocity dispersions.
	www.astro.lsa.umich.edu /~maller (237 words)

	Astronomy - November 2004 astro bytes -
		The bigger a galaxy's central fl hole is, the more stellar mass its central "bulge" component has.
		The researchers found about 10 billion solar masses of molecular gas in the system, with a stellar bulge of 40-50 billion suns.
		The trouble is, the bulge is grossly underweight — it should be trillions of suns — for theories that form the bulge and fl hole at the same time.
	www.astronomy.com /asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=2566 (2686 words)

	Tides- The Moon
		Tides are caused by the gravitational interaction between the Earth and the Moon.
		The gravitational attraction of the moon causes the oceans to bulge out in the direction of the moon.
		Another bulge occurs on the opposite side, since the Earth is also being pulled toward the moon (and away from the water on the far side).
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/astronomy/moon/Tides.shtml (343 words)

	Bulge (astronomy) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Only small and reddish stars can live for this long.
		Such fl holes have never been directly observed, but many indirect proofs exist.
		While far from clearly understood, this is usually taken as evidence of interaction with another galaxy (such as galaxy merging), that sends new gas to the center and promotes star formation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bulge_(astronomy) (193 words)

	Very Small Galactic Bulge Could Change Ideas Of Galaxy Formation
		Stephens did the work with Jay Frogel, professor of astronomy.
		With the aid of "Hokupa`a", an adaptive optics instrument on loan to Gemini from the
		University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy, the Ohio State astronomers recorded images of M33 in three infrared wavelengths and combined them to form a "color" image.
	researchnews.osu.edu /archive/aasm33.htm (705 words)

	ScienceDaily: Star With Midriff Bulge Eyed By Astronomers
		For the first time ever, a star spinning so fast its mid-section is stretched out has been directly measured by an ultra-high-resolution NASA telescope system on Palomar Mountain near San Diego.
		Altair is a well-known member of the Summer Triangle, clearly visible in the summer night sky across the United States.
		Previous studies of Altair raised the prospect that the star might have midriff bulge, but never before had the shape been measured directly.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2001/07/010727094638.htm (1990 words)

	Very small galactic bulge could change ideas of galaxy formation
		Very small galactic bulge could change ideas of galaxy formation
		This infrared image, taken with the 8-meter Gemini North telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, shows the center of nearby galaxy M33.
		COLUMBUS, Ohio -- The nearby galaxy M33 has a much smaller central bulge than astronomers had previously thought -- or perhaps no bulge at all, according to astronomers at Ohio State University.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-06/OSU-Vsgb-0406101.php (683 words)

	GGCs database: bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Janes, K. A.; Heasley, J. NGC 6293 and NGC 6333 - Photometry of two clusters in the central bulge of the Galaxy
		Ortolani, S.; Bica, E.; Barbuy, B. V, I photometry of the bulge metal-rich globular clusters NGC 6380 and Terzan 12
		Ortolani, S.; Bica, E.; Barbuy, B. V, I and Gunn Z photometry of faint bulge globular clusters: Terzan 10, ESO 456-SC 38 and UKS 1.
	www.mporzio.astro.it /~marco/gc/biblio.php (3052 words)

	Our Galaxy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The disk is almost 100,000 light years in diameter with our Sun about two thirds distant from the (Sagittarius located) central bulge.
		The Pleiades in Taurus exemplifies an Open Cluster.
		The halo is a spherical volume of stars surrounding the central bulge.
	hometown.aol.com /astropjm/our_galaxy.html (301 words)

	Newsclippings: Space & Astronomy [10 items]
		* Cosmic bulge around star may be young planet A cosmic bulge** in the dusty blanket surrounding the star Beta Pictoris may be a young planet with the potential for primitive life, scientists reported Thursday.
		New images made by the Hubble Space Telescope add weight to the theory that planets could likely develop outside our solar system, but some scientists contend that the bulge is not caused by a hidden planet but by the pull from a passing star.
		For years, astronomers have looked to Beta Pictoris, a comparatively close sun-like star some 63 light years from Earth, as a possible site for the development of a planetary system.
	www.ufomind.com /misc/1998/jan/d20-007.shtml (1082 words)

	DENIS Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Common proper motion, distance, age, and masses' 2005, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 440, 967
		Or the runaway carbon stars of the Blanco andamp; McCarthy field 37' 2003, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 402, 801
		Borsenberger, P. Fouqué, H.J. Habing, 2000, `DENIS and ISOGAL properties of variable star candidates in the Galactic Bulge', Astron.
	cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr /DENIS/publi.htx (3178 words)

	APOD: 2003 October 8 - The Sombrero Galaxy from HST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Explanation: Why does the Sombrero Galaxy look like a hat?
		Sombrero's unusually large and extended central bulge of stars, and dark prominent dust lanes that appear in a disk that we see nearly edge-on.
		Billions of old stars cause the diffuse glow of the extended central bulge.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap031008.html (133 words)

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