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	Density - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Density (symbol: ρ - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per unit of volume.
		In both types of bulk density, some of the volume is taken up by the spaces between the grains of sand.
		A common device for measuring fluid density is a pycnometer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Density (651 words)

	Soil Bulk Density Data (FIFE)
		Soil bulk density is defined as the ratio of the mass of dry solids to the bulk volume of the soil occupied by those dry solids.
		Bulk density is needed for converting water percentage by weight to content by volume, for calculating porosity and void ratio when the particle density is known, and for estimating the weight of a volume of soil too large to weigh conveniently.
		Bulk density measurements were also made (in gravely soils) in the field using a fixed ring to establish a datum and a water displacement method.
	www-eosdis.ornl.gov /FIFE/Datasets/Soil_Properties/Soil_Bulk_Density_Data.html (3311 words)

	Bulk Density Determination
		Bulk density is a measure of the weight of the soil per unit volume (g/cc), usually given on an oven-dry (110° C) basis (figure 1).
		Variation in bulk density is attributable to the relative proportion and specific gravity of solid organic and inorganic particles and to the porosity of the soil.
		Transmitted or scattered gamma radiation is measured; and with suitable calibration, the density of the combined gaseous-liquid-solid components of a soil mass is determined.
	www.geology.iupui.edu /research/SoilsLab/procedures/bulk (1233 words)

	Bulk Density in Milk Powder Analyses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The bulk density is an economically, commercially, and functionally important property.
		Bulk density is defined as the weight of a given volume of powder and is expressed in g/ml, g/100 ml, or g/l.
		The bulk density of milk powders is a very complex property, as it is a result of several other properties.
	www.niro.co.uk /ndk_website/nuk/cmsdoc.nsf/WebDoc/ndkw5y8fg9Library (254 words)

	Density :: The Particle Testing Authority :: Micromeritics Analytical Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sometimes, the density description indicates the analytical method by which it was determined, examples being Hg density (obtained from mercury displacement), foam density (obtained by applying specific analytical methods to gas pycnometry) and tap density (referring to the method of packing a powder sample by tapping the container).
		Bulk density or mercury density is defined as the total volume of material including any interstitial volume AND any open or closed pore volume.
		Envelope density is the mass of an object divided by its volume where the volume includes that of its pores and small cavities.
	www.particletesting.com /density.aspx (481 words)

	bulk-online \| Ask Lyn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This is because the bulk density of a powder is strongly dependent upon both the nature of the particles and the manner is which the sample is prepared and measured.
		The density of fine powders is very sensitive to the amount of gas that is trapped in the voids and to the stresses acting on the bed of material.
		The importance of the reason for interest in bulk density is that, even under static conditions, this value may be stable or transient depending upon the state of the bulk material.
	www.bulk-online.com /Ask/askme.php?id=16 (1253 words)

	SOIL BULK DENSITY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Bulk density is a fundamental soil property which is both itself subject to anthropogenic impact, but is also essential to the interpretation of any nutrient budgets (for instance, to perform carbon inventories).
		Bulk density is only routinely monitored at a few hundred agricultural and ecological research stations.
		Bulk density is an essential accompaniment to soil C, N and P measurements.
	www.wmo.ch /web/gcos/terre/variable/slbulk.html (152 words)

	[No title]
		Soil bulk density, like all density measurements, is an expression of the mass to volume relationship for a given material.
		Bulk density is an indirect measure of pore space and is affected primarily by texture and structure.
		Particle density is used in the calculation of pore space and bulk density on a coarse fragment free basis.
	weather.nmsu.edu /Teaching_Material/Soil252/CHAPT5.HTM (1375 words)

	The Effect of Grazing Intensity on Soil Bulk Density
		Bulk density is also a function of the root mass that occupies the soil column.
		An investigation of soil bulk densities as influenced by grazing intensity was conducted during the summer of 1999 at the Central Grasslands Research Extension Center.
		The bulk density data corresponds to a soil porosity of 64.7 and 60.3 percent on moderate and extreme grazing treatments respectively.
	www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu /streeter/99report/soil_bulk.htm (701 words)

	The Garden with Insight garden simulator v1.0: bulk density
		Bulk density is the weight of soil solids per unit volume of soil.
		Units of bulk density are in weight per volume, as in g/cm3 or t/m3.
		Bulk density can be calculated by weighing a unit volume of soil, say one cubic meter, with all water driven out by oven-drying.
	www.gardenwithinsight.com /help100/00000383.htm (219 words)

	Media: Bulk Density
		Bulk density often represents a good estimation of total porosity; however, since water-holding and aeration porosity are closely related to the individual particle organization and ratio of micropores to macropores, these latter two properties cannot accurately be determined by the media bulk density.
		Bulk density is measured in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3), kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3), pounds per cubic foot (lbs/ft3), or pounds per cubic yard (lbs/yd3).
		Dry bulk density is calculated from oven-dried media and is an important factor in media transport.
	www.hort.cornell.edu /department/faculty/good/growon/media/bulkd.html (318 words)

	Bulk Density (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The bulk density, also termed the effective density, of a material is the weight of a given quantity of the material divided by the sum of the volumes of the particles and voids contained in the same quantity.
		Obviously the bulk density is affected by the degree of compaction of the material.
		The method therefore requires that absolute densities are used to specify the densities of materials, rather than bulk or effective densities.
	www.logicsphere.com /products/firstmix/hlp/html/mixd8ap0.htm (99 words)

	Density Conversion Table and Definitions from READE
		Density: One of the most common density measurements involves the determination of the geometric space occupied within the envelope of a solid material...
		Density Ratio: The ratio of the determined density of a compact to the absolute density of metal of the same composition, usually expressed as a percentage.
		True Density: The true density of powders often differs from that of the bulk material because the process of comminution, or grinding will change the crystal structure near the surface of each particle and therefore the density of each particle in a powder.
	www.reade.com /Particle_Briefings/density_table.html (606 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: DETERMINING BULK DENSITY OF GRANULAR MATERIALS FROM MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS OF THEIR ...
		The bulk density of grain that is moving in a conveyor or through a chute is quite variable, because the bulk density depends on the degree of packing that takes place in the bulk grain.
		Knowledge of the bulk density can be important in operations such as yield monitoring on combines, but it is a difficult quantity to measure in flowing grain.
		A complex-plane representation of the dielectric properties, normalized to bulk density, is used to generate calibration equations at 7 GHz for cereal grain and seed over wide ranges of moisture content and temperature.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=121107 (434 words)

	Bulk density (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Bulk density is defined as the ratio between the mass of oven dried soil to the total volume of soil, i.e.
		Bulk density is a basic soil physical property.
		Bulk density is also affected by, the soil structure, the degree of looseness or degree of compaction, and the shrinkage and swelling characteristics of clay.
	pasture.ecn.purdue.edu /~eql/labmanual2.htm (1838 words)

	Soil bulk density (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Bulk density refers to the weight (mass) of soil per unit volume and the soils bulk density is normally expressed in g cm
		Normally the dry weight and therefore the dry bulk density is determined.
		Figure 1.1 clearly displays a soil that has undergone significant tractor compaction, such that infiltration is impeded due to high soil bulk density.
	www.geog.plym.ac.uk /labskills/bdpg.htm (219 words)

	[No title]
		The objective of this lab was to measure the bulk density of soils and examine how these measurements varied between points where there were different amounts of total basal area due to different stages of primary succession.
		The bulk density at this point was the largest in the study area at 1.54 grams per cubic centimeter.
		The bulk density values at these two points were not very similar, but they were in the middle of the other two measurements.
	www.esf.edu /for/yanai/for332/labs2004/lab4/johngroup.doc (1392 words)

	Mid-Season Prediction of Wheat Grain Yield Potential Using Plant, Soil, and Sensor Measurements
		Lower bulk density means less soil mass for a given depth of soil, therefore lower CEC and less nutrients.
		The bulk density values are calculated as the average of four samples taken from each of the treatments.
		Bulk density values decreased with increasing applied N. This is consistent with results reported by Lal and Ahmadi (55), who studied soils within the 1.2 to 1.4 g cm-3 range.
	www.nue.okstate.edu /Index_Publications/Yield_Prediction.htm (7869 words)

	CORE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Bulk density at Site 1195 was computed from gamma ray attenuation (GRA) using unsplit cores, and from MAD measurements on plug samples.
		The discrepancy in bulk density values in this section could be a function of core diameter variations produced by XCB coring, problems with the GRA calibration, excessive drying of the core prior to sampling for MAD measurements, and/or mass loss during the sample drying and pycnometer measurements.
		From this relationship, it is clear that for large porosity (i.e., shallow within the section), the changes in bulk density are relatively insensitive to the changes in grain density.
	www.ga.gov.au /odp/publications/194_IR/chap_06/c6_8.htm (2543 words)

	Bulk density (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The mass is obtained by drying the sample to a constant weight at 105°C, and the bulk volume is that of soil particles plus pore space at the time of sampling (1).
		Bulk density of soil is dependent on the composition as well as the structural conditions.
		For swelling soils, bulk density is a function of soil water content.
	www.dekker.com /sdek/265059411-34815400/abstract~content=a713571738~db=enc (404 words)

	Production of low bulk density product from sodium bicarbonate - Patent 3944500
		Low bulk density products containing at least 10% Wegscheider's Salt (Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3.3NaHCO.sub.3), by weight, in needlelike form are produced from sodium bicarbonate by heating in two distinct steps an aqueous feed mixture comprising by weight at least about 50% sodium bicarbonate and about 3 to 25% Wegscheider's Salt.
		The product of our invention has, in general, a bulk density ranging from about 70 to about 400 grams per liter, a water content of less than about 1% by weight and a pore volume of from about 0.10 to about 0.16 milliliters per gram (based on pores of 2 micron size and smaller).
		By the process of this invention a low bulk density product is obtained in a relatively short length of time and is substantially free of caking and lumping.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /3944500.html (4520 words)

	PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
		Features prominent in the bulk density profile, including the sharp change at the boundary between Units I and II, the higher variability in the upper part of Unit II and Unit III, and the prominent maxima (density minima) at 153 mbsf, are also present in the porosity profile.
		The sharp increase in density and decrease in porosity that occurs at the boundary between Units I and II is less prominent in the velocity profile.
		The prominent bulk density minimum and porosity maximum in Unit II at 155 mbsf is not evident in the velocity profile, and a broad velocity maximum between 170 and 180 mbsf is not reflected in the density and porosity profiles.
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/199_IR/chap_11/c11_10.htm (2303 words)

	Bulk density: concepts and applications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Whereas bulk density is highest in sandy textural classes, it is appreciably reduced by a high organic matter content.
		Management is directly responsible for changes in bulk density, firstly through its control on the formation of organic matter over time and secondly because it involves the application of forces that either loosen or compact the soil.
		For this reason, bulk density is an important soil property to fertility studies of soils under long term cultivation.
	www.geog.plym.ac.uk /labskills/bdconcepts.htm (241 words)

	News - Update 12 - Automatic Moisture and Bulk Density Measurement
		Bulk density is measured by weight, and moisture by radio frequency.
		This combination is important to adjust for the effect of bulk density changes on observed moisture levels.
		Upper and lower limits of bulk density and moisture can be programmed into a PLC control system, and plant operators alerted to take immediate action if there is any variation beyond these limits.
	www.apvbaker.com /news/update/twelve/moisture.php (283 words)

	BULK-DENSITY VALUES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The interval between 1.75 and 9 mbsf stands apart from the rest of the record illustrated in that the density is slowly increasing over this interval.
		In this interval, there are three periods with common or abundant diatoms in the sediment; all three occur in the upper portion of this depth interval between 1.75 and 3.6 mbsf.
		The decrease in density at 9 mbsf is again accompanied by a period of abundant diatoms.
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/172_SR/chap_08/c8_6.htm (139 words)

	Hovedlaboratoriet: Marine and continental core bulk density analyses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Soil bulk density is the ratio of the oven-dried mass of soil to its volume either at time of sampling or at a specified moisture content.
		Measurement of bulk density generally require cores or clods in their natural structure.
		This is the density of the glass beads (C) and is used to calculate the volume of glass beads added to the soil sample.
	hjs.geol.uib.no /hovedlab/analysis_core_bulk_density_eng.html (1066 words)

	SGP99 Soil Surface Bulk Density
		Bulk density is used to convert the gravimetric samples to volumetric soil moisture.
		Using this technique it is possible to estimate the bulk density.
		Using the volumes extracted and the dry weight of the soil extracted, the bulk density is computed.
	daac.gsfc.nasa.gov /fieldexp/SGP99/bd99.shtml (353 words)

	Tamminen, Pekka & Starr, Michael 1994. Bulk density of forested mineral soils (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Relationships between bulk density and organic matter (OM) content, textural properties and depth are described for forested mineral soils from central and northern Finland.
		Three measures of bulk density were calculated: the bulk density of the < 20 mm fraction (BD20), the bulk density of the < 2 mm fraction (BD2), and laboratory bulk density (BDl).
		All three measures of bulk density were strongly correlated with organic matter content (r ≥ –0.63).
	www.metla.fi /silvafennica/abs/sa28/sa281053.htm (188 words)

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