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	Bulk modulus - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The bulk modulus (or incompressibility) K of a fluid or solid is the inverse of the compressibility:
		The bulk modulus thus measures the response in pressure due to a change in relative volume, essentially measuring the substance's resistance to uniform compression.
		Strictly speaking, the bulk modulus is a thermodynamic quantity, and it is necessary to specify how the temperature varies in order to specify a bulk modulus: constant-temperature ( $K_T$ ), constant-enthalpy (adiabatic $K_S$ ), and other variations are possible.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Bulk_modulus (288 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Bulk modulus
		The bulk modulus K of a fluid or solid is the inverse of the compressibility:
		Strictly speaking, the bulk modulus is a thermodynamic quantity, and it is necessary to specify how the temperature varies in order to specify a bulk modulus: constant-temperature, constant-enthalpy (adiabatic), and other variations are possible.
		The bulk modulus governs the speed of sound (for pressure waves) in a material.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Bulk_modulus (424 words)

	Elasticity, Elastic Properties
		The ratio of the change in pressure to the fractional volume compression is called the bulk modulus of the material.
		The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is called the compressibility of the substance.
		The bulk modulus of a solid influences the speed of sound and other mechanical waves in the material.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/permot3.html (318 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Hardness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		However, hardness to yield has to do with the microdurability or small-scale shear modulus in any direction, and not to any rigid or stiff properties such as the bulk modulus or Young's modulus.
		In materials science, shear modulus S, sometimes referred to as the modulus of rigidity, is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain: S = shear stress/shear strain = (F/A)/and#934;.
		The bulk modulus K of a fluid or solid is the inverse of the compressibility: where p is pressure and V is volume.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hardness (1683 words)

	Shear modulus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shear modulus is usually measured in ksi (thousands of pounds per square inch) or GPa (gigapascals).
		The shear modulus is one of several quantities for measuring the strength of materials.
		Young's modulus describes the material's response to linear strain (like pulling on the ends of a wire), the bulk modulus describes the material's response to uniform pressure, and the shear modulus describes the material's response to shearing strains.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shear_modulus (191 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		An elastic modulus, or modulus of elasticity, is the mathematical description of an object or substance's tendency to be deformed when a force is applied to it.
		The concept of a constant elastic modulus is dependent on the assumption that the stress-strain curve is always linear.
		The bulk modulus is an extension of Young's modulus to three dimensions.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Modulus_of_elasticity (389 words)

	Method and apparatus for measuring the density of a dirty fluid - Patent 3983744
		Apparatus as claimed in claim 5 comprising compensation means for compensating for the bulk modulus and temperature coefficient of the clean liquid so that said density signal is respectively substantially unaffected by the pressure and temperature of the dirty fluid.
		There are preferably compensation means for compensating for the bulk modulus and/or temperature coefficient of the clean liquid so that said density signal is respectively substantially unaffected by the pressure and/or temperature of the dirty fluid.
		Thus the bulk modulus is compensated for by ensuring that the pressure of the clean liquid 22 is always appropriately less than that of the dirty fluid.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /3983744.html (3289 words)

	bulk modulus -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Sometimes referred to as the incompressibility, the bulk modulus is a measure of the ability of a substance to withstand changes in...
		For a liquid medium, the appropriate modulus is the bulk modulus, so that the speed of sound is equal to the square root of the ratio of the bulk modulus (B) to the equilibrium density (), as shown in) above.
		For a long, thin solid the appropriate modulus is the Young's, or stretching, modulus (the ratio of the applied stretching force per unit area of the solid to the resulting change in length per unit length; named for the English physicist and physician Thomas Young).
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9018020?tocId=9018020 (811 words)

	Waves III FAQs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The bulk modulus characterizes how much a material's volume changes when force per area (pressure) is exerted on all sides of it.
		The bulk modulus reflects the stiffness of the intermolecular bonds in a medium: The stronger the bonds, the stiffer the medium, and the weaker the bonds, the more easily compressed is the medium.
		The term related to the stiffness that appears in the numerator of the expression for the wave speed is not the elastic or bulk modulus of the string.
	acad.udallas.edu /physics/GP1/waves_iii_faqs.htm (1029 words)

	Search Results for bulk - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Bulk polymerization is carried out in the absence of any solvent or dispersant and is thus the simplest in terms of formulation.
		The enormous increase in the marine transit of materials in bulk, with petroleum leading the way, has given rise to the development of special terminals for the loading and discharge of such...
		The behaviour of bulk matter depends on the relative magnitude of the binding forces between atoms or molecules and the thermal energy of motion.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=bulk&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (328 words)

	Elastomer Bulk Modulus/Resiliency; we design, sell o-rings.
		The bulk modulus is a property of a material which defines its resistance to volume change when compressed.
		The bulk modulus can be expressed as the derivative (slope) of the pressure-strain curve.
		When a pendulum hammer impacts a rubber specimen from a certain distance or angle, the degree or distance that the pendulum does not return is an indication of the energy lost during the deformation.
	www.pspglobal.com /properties-bulk-modulus.html (150 words)

	Contact medium for use in probe of ultrasonic flaw detector - Patent 4760738
		A contact medium for use in a probe of an ultrasonic flaw detector is made of a macromolecular substance possessing such specific physical constants as a bulk modulus of elasticity in the range of 0.30.times.10.sup.10 to 2.00.times.10.sup.10 dynes/cm.sup.2 and an acoustic impedance in the range of 1.80.times.10.sup.5 to 2.67.times.10.sup.5 g/cm.sup.2 -sec.
		wherein said contact medium has a bulk modulus of elasticity in the range of 0.30.times.10.sup.10 to 2.00.times.10.sup.10 dynes/cm.sup.2, has an acoustic impedance in the range of 1.80.times.10.sup.5 to 2.67.times.10.sup.5 g./cm.sup.2 -sec, is adapted to operate in a temperature range of -20.degree.
		a bulk modulus of elasticity in the range of 0.30.times.10.sup.10 to 2.00.times.10.sup.10 dynes/cm.sup.2 and an acoustic impedance in the range of 1.80.times.10.sup.5 to 2.67.times.10.sup.5 g./cm.sup.2 -sec.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4760738.html (1669 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Multiphase composites with extremal bulk modulus by Leonid V. Gibiansky Globomax LLC in collaboration with Ole Sigmund Department of Solid Mechanics, Technical University of Denmark INSCC 110, 3:30pm Monday, January 25, 1999 Abstract This talk is devoted to the analytical and numerical study of isotropic elastic composites made of three or more isotropic phases.
		Moreover, new types of microstructures with the bulk moduli close to the bound are found numerically for the situations where the aforementioned attainability conditions are not met.
		The bulk moduli of the new structures are either equal to the HSW bound or higher than the bulk modulus of any other known composite with the same phase moduli and volume fractions.
	www.math.utah.edu /applied-math/Spring99/gibiansky2.txt (307 words)

	Bulk Modulus Of Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In materials science, modulus (or elastic modulus) isa measure of the stiffness of a material.
		The modulus of a vector is its length.
		Because of the importance of precipitation to agriculture, and to mankind in general, we give different names to its various forms : while rain is common in most countries, other phenomena are quite surprising when seen for the firsttime: hail, snow, fog or dew for example.
	www.swingdancemusic.com /send/27546-bulk%20modulus%20of%20water.html (721 words)

	Equivalent bulk modulus
		The bulk modulus of a liquid can be substantially lowered by gas or vapor entrained in the liquid in the form of bubbles and/or pockets and by the mechanical compliance of a flexible container.
		The isothermal bulk modulus of air is equal to the pressure level
		In any practical case it is difficult to determine the effective bulk modulus other than by direct measurement.
	virtual.cvut.cz /dynlabmodules/currentcourse/node89.html (187 words)

	Thermodynamics
		is the ratio of the adiabatic (isentropic) bulk modulus to the isothermal bulk modulus.
		From this, we also conclude that the adiabatic bulk modulus is always greater than the isothermal bulk modulus, and that they are equal at T = 0 or extrema of the density as a function of temperature.
		The isothermal bulk modulus of an ideal gas is the pressure.
	www.du.edu /%7Ejcalvert/phys/thermo.htm (4775 words)

	MachineDesign.com: SPEED LIMITS: Relating flow velocity to hydraulic performance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The tangent bulk modulus at isothermal and isentropic conditions is the value as V approaches zero and ΔP/ΔV approaches its limit.
		Shock is related to bulk modulus — the stiffer the system, the higher the shock pressure.
		Key parameters are the hose (or control volume) length and system-related bulk modulus on one hand, and the bulk flow velocity on the other.
	www.machinedesign.com /ASP/strArticleID/56830/strSite/MDSite/viewSelectedArticle.asp (1492 words)

	Baker Abstract: metal solids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A stringent test of the model is the calculated bulk modulus, found by differentiation of the equation of state.
		March's model has large errors for bulk modulus apparently because it omits next nearest neighbor 2-atom interactions as well as 3- and 4-atom clusters.
		The effect of 3- and 4-atom clusters on Bulk modulus are small judging from the results by Malrieu's model.
	www.poshusta.chem.wsu.edu /ch535/99_PROJECTS/baker.htm (365 words)

	Method for the measurement of bulk modulus and pressure viscosity of liquids (US5383352) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A method is disclosed for determining bulk modulus of a liquid based on a pressure-volume-temperature relationship at constant volume corrected for changes in system volume due to elevated pressure and temperature.
		The apparatus used to determine bulk modulus comprises a pressure vessel in which the liquid to be tested is introduced, and from which all gases are removed.
		The method for determining bulk modulus and density requires calibration of the vessel volume changs due to pressure and temperature.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US05383352__ (372 words)

	Bulk Modulus Of Air (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In mathematics, the modulus of a number (real or complex) is its absolute value.
		The word modulus also denotes the number by which two numbers are said to be congruent in modulararithmetic.
		The word modulo, which is the Latin ablative of modulus, has manymeanings (all somewhat related) in mathematics and computing.
	www.swingdancemusic.com /send/27544-bulk%20modulus%20of%20air.html (416 words)

	The Actinide Research Quarterly: 1st Quarter 2005
		The bulk modulus joins the binding energy and volume to form the triumvirate of cohesion properties of a crystalline solid.
		The relative bulk and shear moduli, B and G, versus temperature are shown for alpha (α)-plutonium.
		Substituting the observed bulk modulus B = 71 GPa for α-plutonium at 0 K, and the atomic radius ro = 1.34 Å (obtained from handbook unit-cell dimensions), we obtain an ionic charge q = 2.0, meaning that six of α-plutonium's eight outer electrons are localized.
	www.lanl.gov /source/orgs/nmt/nmtdo/AQarchive/05spring/alphapu.html (2144 words)

	math lessons - Bulk modulus
		Strictly speaking, the bulk modulus is a thermodynamic quantity, and it is necessary to specify how the temperature varies in order to specify a bulk modulus: constant-temperature, constant-enthalpy (adiabatic), and other variations are possible.
		For a gas, the adiabatic bulk modulus K is approximately given by
		Solids can also sustain transverse waves ; for these the shear modulus is the key determining factor.
	www.mathdaily.com /lessons/Bulk_modulus (284 words)

	Seismic Wave Speeds and Rock Properties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Bulk Modulus - Is also known as the incompressibility of the medium.
		The bulk modulus describes the ratio of the pressure applied to the cube to the amount of volume change that the cube undergoes.
		If the material has a small shear modulus, you will be able to deform the cube in the direction you are pushing it so that the cube will take on the shape of a parallelogram.
	www.geo.ucalgary.ca /~maillol/goph365/SEIS/evel.html (725 words)

	Equal shear modulus
		A result that can be very useful in testing elastic programs is the equal shear modulus result, true for any microstructure [21,22].
		The effective bulk modulus is computed as a function of system size L x L, where each "check" is L/2 x L/2.
		For L > 16, the error in the effective bulk modulus is about 1% or less.
	ciks.cbt.nist.gov /garbocz/manual/node29.html (359 words)

	High Pressure & Vacuum
		The bulk modulus cell consists of a hollow cylindrical steel probe closed at the inner end with a projecting stem on the outer end (Figure 4-2).
		When exposed to a process pressure, the probe is compressed, the probe tip is moved to the right by the isotropic contraction, and the stem moves further outward.
		The bulk modulus cell can detect pressures up to 200,000 psig with 1% to 2% full span error.
	www.omega.com /literature/transactions/volume3/high.html (884 words)

	The bulk modulus, B, is a material property that relates the change in volume with a chang ein pressure:
		The bulk modulus, B, is a material property that relates the change in volume with a chang ein pressure:
		The bulk modulus, B, is a material property that relates the change in volume with a change in pressure:
		The bulk modulus can be calculated by distorting all of the dimensions of the unit cell using the program cellvec_xyz and calculating the energy as a function of the change in volume.
	chsfpc5.chem.ncsu.edu /~franzen/CH795N/dft_modules/polymer_module/crystalline/elastic_constants.htm (852 words)

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