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	Nuclear magnetic resonance - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		This spin is defined by the fourth quantum number for any given wave function obtained by solving relativistic form of the Schrödinger equation (SE).
		Spin angular momentum is quantized and can take different integer or half-integer values depending on what system is under study.
		NB: A technique related to NMR is electron spin resonance that exploits the spin of electrons instead of nuclei.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/NMR (3699 words)

	EPR pulse epr theory page
		When an electron spin is placed in a magnetic field, a torque is exerted on the electron spin, causing its magnetic moment to precess about the magnetic field just as a gyroscope precesses in a gravitational field.
		We have already seen that electron spins in a magnetic field are characterized by two quantum mechanical states, one with the magnetic moment parallel and the other state with the magnetic moment anti-parallel to the magnetic field.
		The electron spins interact with the nuclei in their vicinity and this interaction causes a periodic oscillation in the echo height superimposed on the normal echo decay.
	www.bruker-biospin.com /brukerepr/pulseeprtheory.html (4995 words)

	Timeline of quantum computing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The computer is actually a single, small molecule, which stores qubits in the spin of its protons and neutrons.
		That cup is placed in a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) machine, similar to the magnetic resonance imaging machines used in hospitals.
		A scalable quantum computer chip for atomic qubits was built for the first time by researchers at the University of Michigan, offering hopes for making a practical quantum computer using conventional semiconductor manufacturing technology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_computing (1835 words)

	Spin-Flip Raman Scattering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In undoped nanostructures, SFRS can be described as the double resonant process of electronic spin-flip assisted by emission or absorption of acoustic phonons.
		In addition, by tuning the angle between the quantum confinement planes and the external magnetic field, the symmetry of electron and hole g factor tensors can be determined separately, unlike, e.g., in electron-spin resonance or photoluminescence measurements.
		SFRS can also be applied to study excitons localized at quantum well defects and interface roughness or excitons confined in quantum dots formed by self-organized growth.
	web.njit.edu /~sirenko/Research/SpinFlip.htm (671 words)

	Bulk Spin Resonance Quantum Computation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The nuclear spin is beautifully isolated from the environment; its spin coherence can last for thousands of seconds.
		Implementing such a quantum computer requires the mature techniques of multiple pulse spin resonance.
		Using existing NMR spectrometers it will be straightforward to reach about 10 qubits, enough to demonstrate for the first time quantum superfast algorithms and quantum error correction, and to prepare a range of unusual quantum states that have never been realized before (such as the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states that maximally violate Bell's Theorem).
	www.media.mit.edu /physics/projects/spins/home.html (530 words)

	MRI of Electrons
		MRI using electron spin resonance (ESR) is similar to conventional NMR imaging, except that it probes the responses of electron spins to magnetic fields, rather than the responses of nuclear spins.
		The key to magnetic resonance imaging is to apply a magnetic field gradient--a field that varies with position.
		Since the frequency with which the nuclear or electron spins rotate depends on the strength of the local field, the location of an individual spin can be identified by the frequency of radiation it emits.
	focus.aps.org /story/v5/st13 (660 words)

	GaAs: Resonant Spin Amplification
		If the pump pulses are applied resonantly with the nuclear spin precession frequency, this field leads to a tipping of the nuclear spins, which can again be monitored by the electron spin precession frequency.
		Manipulation of the nuclear spin states in semiconductors is possible through the hyperfine interaction with electron spins.
		On the other hand, if the electron spins are oriented, the nuclear precession frequency is altered, which is known as the Knight shift in nuclear spin resonance.
	www.physics.ucsb.edu /~awschalom/research/NMR.html (536 words)

	Quantum Computing
		Nonetheless, a “bulk spin-resonance” system is capable in principle of doing quantum computation, and researchers at MIT have proposed the generation of 6-10 quantum bits (“qubits”), which will be a daunting, but not impossible task with today’s technology.
		Such systems are many orders of magnitude too small to implement Shor’s algorithm in a meaningful way; that algorithm requires on the order of 2000 qubits to factor a 400-bit number (the rough upper limit that modern conventional computers can factorize in a reasonable time).
		H resonances of multiple copies of the same amino acid in different positions of the chain.
	www.princeton.edu /~wwarren/Quancomp.htm (717 words)

	[No title]
		When held in a magnetic field, each nucleus within a molecule spins in a certain direction, which can be used to describe its state; spinning upwards can signify a 1 and spinning down, a 0.
		Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques can be used to detect these spin states and bursts of specific radio waves can flip the nuclei from spinning up (1) to spinning down (0) and vice-versa.
		It is the signal from this small amount of extra spin, behaving as if it were a single molecule that can be detected and manipulated to perform calculations while the rest of the spins will effectively cancel each other out.
	www.doc.ic.ac.uk /~nd/surprise_97/journal/vol4/spb3 (5889 words)

	Pulse EPR Detection of Lipid Exchange between Protein-Rich Raft and Bulk Domains in the Membrane: Methodology ...
		The three states of the doxyl nitrogen nuclear spin are assumed to mix into a single state because of fast nuclear spin relaxation.
		As the concentrations of oxygen or the spin label were increased, the recovery became faster.
		Spin label study on phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol membranes: effect of alkyl chain length and unsaturation in the fluid phase.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/80/2/738 (6355 words)

	Cogprints - Action Potential Modulation of Neural Spin Networks Suggests Possible Role of Spin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In this paper we show that nuclear spin networks in neural membranes are modulated by action potentials through J-coupling, dipolar coupling and chemical shielding tensors and perturbed by microscopically strong and fluctuating internal magnetic fields produced largely by paramagnetic oxygen.
		We suggest that these spin networks could be involved in brain functions since said modulation inputs information carried by the neural spike trains into them, said perturbation activates various dynamics within them and the combination of the two likely produce stochastic resonance thus synchronizing said dynamics to the neural firings.
		Although quantum coherence is desirable and may indeed exist, it is not required for these spin networks to serve as the subatomic components for the conventional neural networks.
	cogprints.org /3458 (611 words)

	McGraw-Hill AccessScience: Magnetic resonance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		phenomenon exhibited by the magnetic spin systems of certain atoms whereby the spin systems absorb energy at specific (resonant) frequencies when subjected to alternating magnetic fields.
		In most cases the natural frequency is that of precession of the bulk magnetic moment M of constituent atoms or nuclei about some magnetic field H.
		Because the natural frequencies are highly specific as to their origin (nuclear magnetism, electron spin magnetism, and so on), the resonant method makes possible the selective study of particular features of interest.
	www.accessscience.com /Encyclopedia/3/39/Est_398300_frameset.html (176 words)

	[No title]
		Introduction to NMR Liquid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is the manipulation of bulk degrees of freedom to obtain information about the underlying nuclear spins in an applied magnetic field.
		We begin with spin polarization and its essential role in the scalability of quantum computers, then address the both quantum and classical nature of NMR in thermal liquids, and finally discuss how to increase the number of qubits in the system.
		A broadening of a waveform in the frequency-domain is associated with a shrinking of the length of the signal in the time-domain, since as the signal components at various frequencies dephase and become random with respect to one another, their sum tends toward zero.
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/sj/393/part3/maguire.txt (7425 words)

	Quantum Computation and Information Literature
		P Berman, D. Campbell, G. Doolen and K. Nagaev, "Dynamics of nuclear spin measurement in a mesoscopic solid-state quantum computer," J. Phys.
		Khitrin and B. Fung, "Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum logic gates using quadrupolar nuclei," J. Chem.
		Ermakov and B. Fung, "Nuclear magnetic resonance implementation of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm using different initial states," J. Chem.
	www.eg.bucknell.edu /~dcollins/research/qcliterature.html (9286 words)

	EAP article on Muon Spin Rotation/Relaxation/Resonance
		spins is manifest in the superimposed oscillations as the muon polarization sweeps past the positron detector.
		This is the greatest advantage of µSR as a magnetic resonance technique: whereas NMR and ESR rely upon a thermal equilibrium spin polarization, usually achieved at low temperatures in strong magnetic fields, µSR begins with a perfectly polarized probe, regardless of conditions in the medium to be studied.
		The time scale for muon spin resonance is restricted by the muon lifetime; to be observed, a resonance effect must affect the muon polarization in \lsim 10 microsec, implying an RF field H_1 \gsim 2 Oe, which is not difficult to achieve but represents fairly high RF power.
	www.fis.unipr.it /~derenzi/eap.html (12505 words)

	High-Conversion Free-Radical Bulk Polymerization of Styrene: Termination Kinetics Studied by Electron Spin Resonance, ...
		C has been studied employing the techniques of Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography.
		The initiator efficiency (f) as a function of monomer conversion was estimated via an equation relating the instantaneous and the cumulative number average degrees of polymerization.
		The reaction diffusion constant was found to decrease with increasing conversion in the high-conversion regime.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/mamobx/2001/34/i22/abs/ma010560y.html (206 words)

	Quantitative spin-lock magnetic resonance imaging: Technical development and biomedical applications
		Spin-lock magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilizes low amplitude spin-lock radiofrequency (rf) pulses to generate novel image contrast.
		This molecular-level information provides a unique insight into biological systems that is otherwise unattainable using conventional MR methods.
		MRI is taken one step further to track progressive changes in both cartilage biochemical content and biomechanical properties in an in vitro cytokine model of osteoarthritis.
	repository.upenn.edu /dissertations/AAI3165766 (382 words)

	The Qubit and Quantum Computing: The Next Wave
		The qubits float in a cup of water and are measured using nuclear magnetic resonance, a process similar to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used in hospitals.
		The molecules interacted with one another as qubits, were "programmed by radio frequency pulses and detected by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instruments similar to those commonly used in hospitals and chemistry labs" (IBM, 2001).
		This is due in part to the lack of attention that hardware researchers receive compared to their software counterparts, but also to some fundamental issues with quantum computing.
	www.people.virginia.edu /~xy9z/qubit/qubit.php (5639 words)

	Bibliography
		Resonance absorption by nuclear magnetic moments in a solid.
		Efficient implementation of selective recoupling in heteronuclear spin systems using hadamard matrices.
		Efficient refocussing of one spin and two spin interactions for NMR.
	www.eskimo.com /~knill/qip/nmrprhtml/node20.html (512 words)

	Center for Materials Research
		The research in the Electron Spin Resonance (ERS) laboratory are focused on the investigation of magnetic properties of inorganic and organic materials for photonics and spin electronics applications.
		For new inorganic materials synthesized in CMR, the ERS facilities are utilized to understand changes in charge and spin states of transition metal dopants that are responsible for unique photonic properties of these materials.
		Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Laboratory concentrates in the following directions: (1) Study of transport properties, spin-lattice and magnetic interactions and spin relaxation processes in magnetic and magnetically diluted systems, in particular, in manganese perovskites, the materials of interst for spintronics applications.
	vigyan.nsu.edu /~cmr/research.htm (1132 words)

	Biological, Carbon and Theory Issues
		Even though the computation may be carried out on a molecular scale, the issue becomes one of having enough molecules to obtain sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to read out the answer.
		Consequently, at least at present, these computations must be carried out in bulk or with extremes in temperature.
		Quantum computing has now been demonstrated on bulk molecules using multiple pulse nuclear magnetic resonance techniques to produce coherences in liquids (Gershenfeld and Chuang 1997).
	www.wtec.org /loyola/nano/us_r_n_d/09_01.htm (3637 words)

	The Initialization Problem in Quantum Computing
		But to consider this problem from a less idealistic perspective, it should be remembered that the object that carries the qubit, be it a photon, an electron, or an atom or a molecule with a certain spin state, is already physically present at its location.
		But we must consider the issue of decoherence that leads to a decay of the superposition of states to a particular base state due to an interaction with the environment.
		sec for electron-hole excitation in the bulk of a semiconductor to
	www.ee.lsu.edu /kak/pubs/inf4 (3811 words)

	39th ENC Oral Abstracts
		They demonstrate that such a "bulk spin-resonance" system is capable in principle of doing quantum computation, and discusses the generation of 6-10 quantum bits ("qubits") which will be a daunting but not impossible task with today's technology.
		The essence of these measurements is to record the extent of microscopic motion of spin magnetization through a sample by directly observing amplitude and phase changes of a well defined spin magnetization grating.
		The spin diffusion measurement records the rate of destruction of a magnetization grating by the random offset of spin magnetization associated with the flip-flop term of the homonuclear dipole-dipole interaction.
	www.enc-conference.org /1998Abstracts/tuesdayoral.html (2671 words)

	[No title]
		Bulk Email Marketing Software - Targeted Bulk Email Spider Extract...
		A representative value for the bulk modulus for steel is...
		Bulk Email Marketing Software Mass Emailing List Newsletter...
	www.textwebring.com /money/44/bulk.3.html (358 words)

	finalpapers
		B.E. Kane, "A silicon-based nuclear spin quantum computer", Nature 393, 133 (1998).
		For a decent web site about NMR and quantum computation, look here.
		"Experimental evidence for resonant tunneling in a Luttinger liquid", Phys.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~phys600/natelson/finalpapers.html (1035 words)

	Quantum computing FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The nucleus of atoms are like spinning bar magnets, and they can be in 2 states, spin up or spin down.
		This would also be a Quantum logic gate, because a radio pulse can also put an atom in a superposition of states, both spin up and spin down at the same time, and anything coupled to that state would also be in a superposition of states.
		That page is about NMR quantum computing, which is really classically-parallel bulk quantum computation, in which an Avogadro's number of molecules are used as individual quantum computers, and NMR is used to apply the quantum logic gates and to read out the final state.
	www.placo.com /~cary/html/quantum_c_faq.html (7848 words)

	Electron spin resonance of europium in silver chloride
		A single silver ion vacancy is associated with each europium ion in a nearest cation position at 93 K and leads to an electron resonance which shows orthorhombic symmetry.
		At room temperature most of the vacancies are dissociated and the predominant spectrum arises from Eu in a field of octahedral symmetry.
		At room temperature irradiation with blue light produces a reduction in the number of Eu ions and an optical absorption peak at 550 nm due to silver colloid, Irradiation with red light bleaches the colloid band and restores the original number of Eu ions.
	stacks.iop.org /0022-3719/4/1231 (311 words)

	Citebase - Spin-1 resonance contributions to the weak Chiral Lagrangian: the vector field formulation
		Citebase - Spin-1 resonance contributions to the weak Chiral Lagrangian: the vector field formulation
		Spin-1 resonance contributions to the weak Chiral Lagrangian: the vector field formulation
		We recover in this framework the bulk of the contributions found previously by Ecker et al.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:hep-ph/9711211 (183 words)

	Studies of 1H@C20H20 and 31P Doped Bucky-Onions for Solid-State Quantum Computers
		[2] As it has been verified experimentally that quantum computers can be built through bulk spin-resonance method via NMR on bulk liquids [3] up to several qubits, there has been increasing interests on physical realization of quantum computers.
		P, which has _ nuclear spin and will be a single qubit, quantum computer can be realized.
		Therefore, we have proposed a design that fullerenes encapsulate _ nuclear spin atomic dopants for the fabricating arrays of _ nuclear spin particle in solid-state materials.
	www.foresight.org /conference/MNT9/Abstracts/Park (397 words)

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